GEOG Unit 3 Test

Evolution of Aerial Photography

-(1858) French photographer, Gaspard-Feliz Tournachon ("Nadar") used hot air balloon to take 1st aerial photo of Paris -(1906) used kite to take pic of San Francisco from 1000 ft in the air -Photo taken of France on airplane w Wilbur Wright -Kites took pics of San Fransicso in Ruins -Aerial photos used during WW1 (look at trenches) and WW2 -Spy planes (U2) used to take pics during Cuban Missile Crisis (Bay of Pigs)

Potential Errors of Geocoding

-Input errors can lead to matching errors -Not using complete info can lead to matching errors -Problem if entered address is not available in the reference database (doesn't contain all line segments) -Problem if reference database contains inaccurate info or missing attribute info

Map Scale = 1 : 12,000 Sidewalk on map = 0.59 in Sidewalk in aerial photo = 1.77 in What is the scale of the aerial photo?

1 : 4,000 0.59 x 12,000 = 7080 in RF = PD : GD = 1.77 : 7080 (divide by 1.77) = 1 : 4,000

3 Questions to Help Define a map

1. ***What is the map's purpose and who will be using it? 2. Is the info on the map being effectively conveyed to the map reader? 3. Is the map well designed and laid out properly as a representation of the area being mapped?

Steps of Geocoding

1. Have reference database in place to use as source to find locations 2. Parsing of address info 3. Address standardization or geocoding system may generate list of representations of an address (ex = treat Avenue, Ave, AVE, or Av as same thing) 4. Matching -- find line segments in reference database that best matches to component pieces of the address 5. Address Interpolation 6. Calculate and return x & y coordinates

A file containing line segments representing roads is a... A) Street centerline file B) Transit cost file C) Connectivity file D) Address matching file

A

A map template provides... A) A pre-arranged way of placing elements on a map B) A blank space that can be used to place items on a map C) A pre-made map that can immediately be printed D) Previously created symbology already applied to the maps legend

A

A photo takes from a camera looking straight down at the ground is a... A) Vertical photo B) Oblique photo C) Scale photo D) Programmatic photo

A

A small scale map would show... A) A larger geographic area than a large scale map B) A smaller geographic area than a large scale map C) The same geographic area as a large scale map, just at a smaller resolution D) The same geographic area as a large scale map, just at a larger resolution

A

A very large scale map would likely show... A) More detail than a very small scale map B) Less detail than a very small scale map C) The same amount of detail as a very small scale map, just at a smaller resolution D) The same amount of detail as a very small scare map, just at a larger resolution

A

The base network data used for geocoding is referred to as... A) Reference database B) Street view C) Linear match D) Standard data set

A

The shortest path btw an origin and other nodes on a network can be determined with... A) Dijkstra's Algorithm B) Network jucntions C) Address standardization D) Impedance values

A

Tiger files typically contain all of the following data except... A) Number of houses per street B) Address ranges on streets C) Zip code info for streets D) Name of streets

A

Which of the following data classification methods attempts to place an equal number of data values in each class A) Quantiles B) Standard Deviation C) Equal Interval D) Natural Breaks

A

Aerial photography was first obtained from an aircraft in... A) 1903, from the first flight at Kitty Hawk B) 1906, from a Wright Brother's plane C) 1914, from a German WW1 reconnaissance plane D) 1940, from a British reconnaissance mission

B

In 1906, aerial photography of "San Francisco in Ruins" was taken by... A) A series of balloon B) A series of kites C) A fleet of gliders D) the U-2 spy plane

B

In a GIS network, a junction represents... A) A link on the network B) An intersection on the network C) The side of the road on a network D) The boundary of a road on the network

B

In a TIGER 2000 file, the FEDIRP file refers to... A) Name of the street B) The direction of the prefix of a street C) The direction of the suffix of a street D) The type of road

B

Setting up the components of an address in a regular format describes... A) Parsing B) Standardization C) Linear Interpolation D) Connectivity

B

The first aerial photograph was taken in... A) 1826, from a kite B) 1858, from a balloon C) 1876, from a glider D) 1903, from an aircraft

B

Which of the following is NOT an example of a thematic map? A) A map of the US 2012 presidential election, showing whether a state's electoral college voted democratic or republican B) A map of the counties in Nevada, showing whether that county has casinos in it or not C) A map of the Las Vegas Strip, showing the location of each casino resort, along w the number of slot machines in each establishment D) A map of the townships of Ohio, showing whether or not hydraulic fracturing permits have been issued

B

The tool used for viewing imagery at a particular location on a road is... A) Transit view B) Geocoding VIS C) Street view D) Road visualizer

C

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are flown... A) At more than 80,000 ft above the ground B) At the edge of the Earth's atmosphere C) Via remote control from the ground D) By a robot system at the controls

C

A file with line segments containing roads for the US is a... A) Street centerline file B) Transit cost file C) Connectivity file D) TIGER/Line file

D

Destinations to visit on a network are referred to as... A) Junctions B) Edges C) Batches D) Stops

D

The U-2 aircraft's remote sensing capabilities were especially proven during which of the following? A) The San Francisco earthquake B) WW1 C) WW2 D) The Cuban Missile Crisis

D

True/False: Photos can be used as maps.

False -- bc a photo doesn't have the same scale at every spot on the image (relief displacement); areas closer to camera/center of pic have larger scales

Gaspard Felix Tournachon (Nadar)

French photographer; (1858) took 1st aerial photo by strapping himself into hot air balloon and capturing image of landscape outside Paris

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group; image or graphic file format; can experience some data loss due to file compression involved; usually have smaller file sizes for viewing and downloading; **saves just an image of the map (can NOT look at different layers)

What 2 things affect the scale of a photo?

Lens and the distance the area is from the camera.

NAIP

National Agricultural Imagery Program; produces orthophotos of the US; takes aerial photos of US on regular basis and processes them into DOQs; made publicly available; administered thru US Department of Agriculture's Farm Service Agency; began in 2003 and still used today

4 Types of Data Classifications

Natural breaks, Quantile, Equal interval, and Standard deviation

Geospatial Technology Application

Navigation systems use many concepts (GPS to find location and pinpoint on map, network basedata, geocoding, & finding shortest path); use real time data broadcast to determine traffic, congestion, construction, and road accidents; MapQuest, Google Maps; street view of data

Elements of Image Interpretation

Pattern, Site & Association, Size, Shadow, Shape, Texture, Tone

RF (representative fraction) =

Photo distance / ground distance photo distance = distance measures on image ground distance = distance measures and calculated on map -Used to calculate photo scale, which can be used to determine real world size of objects -Must use same units for both measurements

2 Main Types of Maps

Reference and Thematic Map

sUAS

Small Unmanned Aircraft System; UAS that weighs less than 55 lbs

TIFF

Tagged Image File Format; used for graphics or images placed on website; larger file size, but good choice for clearer graphics; **saves just an image of the map (can NOT look at different layers)

TIGER/Line

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding Referencing; a file produced by the U.S. Census Bureau that contains (among other items) the line segments that correspond with roads all over the US; files delineate different boundaries throughout the US (such as block groups or congressional districts) in addition to containing road line data; each record represents small segments of road, and each segment (record) can have multiple layers (attributes)

True/False: Satellite images are taken in paths and rows.

True

True/False: Scale affects how much info the map can convey and what symbols and features can be used.

True

UAS

Unmanned Aircraft System; AKA: drone, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) reconnaissance aircraft that is piloted form the ground via remote control; used for military operations to collect aerial imagery for reconnaissance and weaponized for both imaging and combat strikes; wide range of sizes; also used for civilian and commercial use; civilian UAS regulated by FAA (where can and can't fly) -- civilian use becoming more popular bc more affordable and easy to use (control w apps on phones)

CMYK

a color scheme based on using the colors cyan, magenta, yellow, and black; used in graphic design

Street View

a component of Google Maps and Google Earth that allows the viewer to see 360 degree imagery around an area on a road; user can examine 360 degrees of location photography; get this data from cars equipped w special cameras capable of capturing 360 view and traveling down roads and taking imagery; Google extending street view to places that cars can't drive to

True Orthophoto

a corrected orthophoto where all objects look as if they're being seen from directly above; achieved by using several images of the area for filling in the missing info while keeping constant scale in the final photo

Quantile

a data classification method that attempts to place an equal # of data values in each class; creates relatively even distribution of values ex = looking at total percentage of seasonal homes in different states --> divides data into 4 classes, each having ~13 states in each class

Standard Deviation

a data classification method that computes class break values by using the mean of data values and average distance a value is away from the mean; breakpoints of range based on standard deviation of data values from the mean ex = looking at total percentage of seasonal homes in different states --> breakpoints for classes depend on standard deviation

Natural Breaks

a data classification method that selects class break levels by searching for spaces in the data values; accounts for normal/natural clusters; classes are within ranges from the data values ex = looking at total percentage of seasonal homes in different states --> lowest percentage of seasonal home values grouped together and highest percentage of seasonal home values grouped together

Equal Interval

a data classification method that selects class break levels by taking the total span of values (from highest to lowest) and dividing by the number of desired classes; can create any # of equal sized ranges then splits data values among these ranges; does NOT account for clusters of data ex = looking at total percentage of seasonal homes in different states --> takes all data and divides it into any number of equal sized ranges and splits data values among these ranges (4 classes, each with 3.75% in each class)

Satellite Navigation System

a device used to plot the user's position on a map, using GPS technology to obtain the location; devices rely on GPS style system at their core to handle spatial data; only as accurate as the base network data they have available to them; most devices use GPS receiver to find location (w same method as GPS -- 3D trilateration), then use GIS style system to navigate from 1 point to another; ex = Garmin, TomTom, routing emergency vehicles, delivery truck routes, MapQuest, Google Maps, in most smartphones

Street Centerline

a file containing line segments representing roads; type of geospatial road network file; models each road as a line and has different type lines for the different types of roads; produced as GIS line layers that represent roads; available for numerous sources; each record represents small segment of road and each segment (record) can have multiple attributes (fields)

GeoPDF

a format that allows for maps to be exported to a PDF format, yet contain geographic information or multiple layers; another option for exporting and distributing maps; different from regular PDF bc allows user to interact w map layers and get info about coordinates of locations shown; **can contain multiple layers of data that user can turn on and off

North Arrow

a graphical device on a map used to show the orientation of the map; points in the direction of due North; sometimes drawn as compass rose (shows all cardinal direction of the map); element of good map

Scale Bar

a graphical device used on a map to represent map scale; provides a means of measuring the map scale itself --> x distance on the scale bar = y units of distance in the real world; element of good map

Legend

a graphical device used to explain what various map symbols and colors represent; important bc explains the map to the readers; element of good map

Small Scale Map

a map that shows a larger geographic area without much detail; can include points and some lines, but a lot less detail; ex = 1 : 250,000

Large Scale Map

a map with a relatively large RF that displays a small geographic area in more detail; can include points, lines, and polygons in detail; largest scale map => 1 : 1 (impossible bc would need map to be actual size of Earth); ex = 1 : 4,000

Linear Interpolation

a method used in geocoding to place an address location among a range of addresses along a segment; methods used to plot a point at its appropriate distance along a segment; plots approximately where the point should be

Map Scale

a metric used to determine the relationship btw measurements made on a map and their real-world equivalents; value that represents that x number of units of measurement on the map = y number of units of measurement in the real world; relationship btw map and real world represented by RF; scale usually in inches unless otherwise stated

Color Ramp

a particular range of colors applied to the thematic data on a map; select set of colors that show different color changes for color scheme; color ramp goes from lightest to darkest to show lowest to highest values of data

Map Template

a pre-made arrangement of items in a map layout; some software programs (ArcGIS) have templates for maps; useful to create quick printable map layouts, but can also customize map design; helps w map layout; element of good map

Orthorectification

a process used on aerial photos to remove the effects of relief displacement and give the image uniform scale (but scale still unknown, so must be calculated

Network

a series of junctions and edges connected together for modeling concepts; connections btw locations; ex = streets in Stillwater (Main, Duck, Hall of Fame, Monroe)

Algorithm

a set of steps used in a process designed to solve a particular type of problem; an algorithm is used to computer shortest path; there are various shortest path algorithms (Dijkstra's Algorithm) that calculate shortest path given constraints of the network

Choropleth Map

a type of thematic map in which data is displayed according to one of several different classifications; attributes do NOT have defined boundaries; different choropleth maps carry different messages and are different based on the data classification used

Transit Cost

a value that represents how many units (of time or distance, for example) are used in moving along a network edge; each line segment within a navigation system (or GIS) are assigned a value (either time takes to drive or distance in miles), but value can be affected by other factors (traffic); transit cost used to compute shortest path

Electromagnetic Spectrum

all of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation; infrared range consists of near infrared (NIR), middle infrared (MIR), and far infrared (FIR); humans can see visible light part of spectrum -- see colors green, red, and blue and mixtures of those colors

Normalized

altering count data values so that they are at the same level of representation (such as using them as percentages instead of regular count values); used for choropleth maps when the areas being mapped vary in size

Vertical Photo

an aerial photo in which the camera is looking directly down at a landscape

Oblique Photo

an aerial photo taken at an angle -- camera tilted so not positioned directly at nadir; can see sides of buildings and see city from perspective view (instead of overhead); provides different into than overhead photo (ex = where exits are located on building); used by law enforcement to see how they can enter a building

Orthophoto

an aerial photo w uniform scale; can be used in maps bc uniform scale; used to create DOQs; still possible to see side of buildings that are away from center of building

Cartography

art and science of creating and designing maps; involves color selection, positioning of items on the map, and kind of message final map is intended to convey to reader

Panchromatic

black and white aerial imagery; only captures visible portions of light in its entity; photos are grayscale (composed from range of gray color values that exist btw black and white)

Parsing

breaking an address up into its component parts -- address #, street name, street type, city, state, zip, etc.

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> CFCC

code to determine kind of road (residential, highway, etc)

CIR Photo

color infrared photo; a photo where infrared reflection (NIR - near infrared) is shown in shades of red, red reflection is shown in shades of green, and green reflection is shown in shades of blue; blue reflection NOT shows in image bc blocked by filter, so displayed as black; bare or developed areas are shows as white or cyan; infrared invisible to eye, but captured w special type of film that's sensitive to infrared light; useful in environmental studies

RBG

color scheme based on using 3 primary colors: red, green, blue; can mix the primary colors as needed to make more hues; set up used for designs on computer screens

Color Imagery

colored aerial imagery; captures 3 main bands of visible light -- red, green, and blue; colors are composited together in the digital imagery as a true color composite

Shadow

dark shapes in an image caused by light source shining on an object, used as an element of image interpretation; provide info about height or depth of objects that are casting the shadows; can help identify objects that are virtually unidentifiable from overview (ex = railings, telephone poles); long shadow = tall building

Stops

destinations to visit on a network; stops in a route; 2 scenarios when using geospatial technology to calculate shortest route w stops --> (1) find shortest path when visiting stops in pre-defined order, or (2) find shortest path when you can rearrange the order of visiting the stops (system evaluates different options by changing order of stops to find overall shortest path)

DOQ

digital orthophoto quad; AKA: DOQQ (digital orthophoto quarter quads); orthophotos that cover an area of 3.75 minutes of latitude by 3.75 minutes of longitude, or one fourth of a 7.5 minute USGS quad (USGS does produce other DOQ products that over area of an entire quad); can be georeferenced so they can be matches up w other geospatial datasets; created from orthophotos

Shape

distinctive form of an object, used as an element of image interpretation; ex = identify baseball field or racetrack from their distinct shapes

DPI

dots per inch; a measurement of how coarse (low values) or sharp (high values) an image or map resolution will be when exported to graphical format; values that tells clarity of an image; low # = blocky, pixelated image; high # = crisp, clear image; larger DPI value, larger file size will be (therefore needs more time to transfer or display images)

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> TOADDL

end of address ranges on left side of road

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> TOADDR

end of address ranges on right side of road

Tone

grayscale levels (from black to white), or range of intensity of a particular color discerned as a characteristic of particular features present in an image, used as an element of image interpretation; ex = light blue color of swimming pool easy to pick out and identify

Visual Hierarchy

how features are displayed on a map to emphasize their level of prominence; ex = different types of roads represented differently (interstates larger than county roads)

Site and Association

info referring the location of objects and their related attributes in an image, used as elements of image interpretation; site = location characteristics of an item; association = relates an object in an image to other nearby features in the image; ex = # of seats and amt of parking could be used to determine if football field is NFL or high school

Type

lettering used on a map; used for the title, data of map's creation, name of map's creators, origin of data sources used to make the map, lettering of map features; helps make map easier to read and understand; can use different fonts for type; element of good map

Nadir

location on the ground that lies directly below the camera in aerial photography

Batch Geocoding

matching a group of addresses together at once; process of geocoding multiple addresses; if no match found or really poor ranking, sometimes a point will NOT be matches at all for that address (sometimes incorrectly placed or sometimes placed somewhere like center of the zip code area) and other times prompted to recheck address or asked to match address interactively; ex = look up coffee shops in Stillwater

FFA Regulated No Fly Zones for UAS/Drones

military bases, airports, cities, and national/state parks

Aerial Photography Application

military reconnaissance (map enemy and planning tactics), surveillance, studies of landscape, land planning purposes, Google Earth, map of road networks, help create and update geospatial data & maps

Uses of UAS

military reconnaissance, boarder control, port security, police, precision farming, irrigation monitoring, data collection for projects for researchers & universities, pics can be used to build 3D models on the ground

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> FENAME

name of road; ex = N (Smith) Rd

Calculate Height of Object in Image by Using Shadows

need to know: (1) scale of the photo, (2) must be able to fully see and on level ground, the shadow of all objects whose height you want to measure, (3) already know the height of an object that also has a shadow you can measure; calculate angle of sun and use that to find height of other object

Pattern

physical arrangement of objects in an image, used as an element of image interpretation; ex = lot of cars next to small building is probably car dealership

Size

physical dimensions (length, width, area on ground) of objects, used as an element of image interpretation; relative size of objects in images can act as clues; ex = knowing car is ~15 ft can be used to compare to size of nearby building (small could be house, large could be shopping center)

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> FEDIRP =

prefix direction of road; ex = (N) Smith Rd

Address Matching (Geocoding)

process of using the text of an address to display a point at that location on a map; process of taking a bunch of letters and #s and finding the corresponding locations that matches up w them; only as accurate as base data that it is being matched to

Active Remote Sensing

remote sensing methods that provide their own source of electromagnetic radiation to illuminate the terrain; satellites provide "flash" or own source of energy and capture the reflections; ex = radar; ADV: not affected by bad lighting

Passive Remote Sensing

remote sensing of energy naturally reflected or radiated from the terrain; object reflect rays from light or sunlight and satellites take pics of these reflections; ex = eyes; DISADV: susceptible to water droplet and cloud interference

Texture

repeated shadings or colors in an image, used as an element of image interpretation; either coarse (lot of varied colors and textured) or smooth (similar color and not as textured); ex = trees look rough compared to field of grass

Map

representation of geographic/spatial data; designed to convey info to its readers; good map should be easy to read, fits its purpose, well balanced w regard to placement of map elements, and representative of the area mapped; requires skills and time to make a map

Photo Scale

representation used to determine how many units of measurement in the real world are equivalent to one unit of measurement on an aerial photo; scale of photo relies on focal length of camera's lens and altitude of plane when image was captured; scale of vertical photo taken over level terrain can be determined using 2nd source w knows scales (such as topographic map), as long as item is visible and can be measured in both sources; better to use orthophoto bc uniform scale instead of regular aerial photo

Exporting a Map as Graphical Raster File

saves "snapshot" of map as digital graphic that can be viewed like a pic, either as file (JPEG) or an image placed on website (TIFF)

Elements of a Good Map

scale bar, north arrow, legend, easy to read type, label, easy to read fonts, map outline, good layout (use map template)

Address Standardization

setting up the components of an address in a regular, consistent format; change attributes that mean same thing to match the attributes used in the reference database (ex = change Avenue, Ave, or Av to "AVE" so all those representations off the address are the same); standardize address to properly match a location using its appropriate attributes to the reference database

Line Segment

single edge of a network that corresponds to one portion of a street; multiple can be put together to represent a long street; breaking up roads allow you to model different attributes for each section; ex = Monroe from University to Hall of Fame & Monroe from Hall of Fame to McElroy

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> FRADDL

start of address ranges on left side of road

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> FRADDR

start of address ranges on right side of road

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> FEDIRS

suffix direction of road; ex = Canal Street (E)

Angle of Sun (a)

tan (a) = h / L h = real world height L = real world length of shadow (calculate w photo scale)

Edge

term used for links of a network; connect junctions of a network -- roads, lines, links; road itself; ex = Monroe from Hall of Fame to University

Junctions

term used for the nodes (or places where edges come together) in a network; place where edges of networks come together -- intersection, nodes, point locations; starting and end point of roads ex = where Monroe meets Hall of Fame

Label

text placed on map to identify features; ex = names of rivers, roads, cities; element of good map

Layout

the assemblage and placement of various map elements used in constructing a map; map elements arrangement; important to balance placements of map elements -- not overloaded or blank places, items should be uniform size and placed in proportion to each other; can use map template; element of good map

Reference Database

the base network data used as a source for geocoding; needs The National Map transportation data, TIGER/Line files, or similar type of street centerline file that contains attribute info about the streets --> uses this info as source to match address to and source for final plotting map

Principal Point

the center point of an aerial photo; no relief displacement

Relief Displacement

the effect seen in aerial imagery where tall items (buildings) appear to "bend" outward from the photo's center toward the edges; further away from center, more it "leans"

Connectivity

the linkages between edges and junctions of a network; essential to model networks in GIS; if correct, all junctions and edges that should connect are properly connected and those that shouldn't aren't; ex = connect 2 roads that intersect, but don't connect road that intersects w railroad (bc can't drive on railroad), connect road to highway w ramp

Visual Image Interpretation

the process of examining info to identify objects in an aerial (or other remotely sensed) image; based on # of elements

Photogrammetry

the process of making measurements using aerial photos; technique used for determining things like height and depth of objects in aerial photo; lot of possible photogrammetric measurements --> 2 simple ones are photo scale and calculating height using shadows

Geographic Scale

the real world size or extent of an area; larger something is in real world, larger it is in terms of geographic scale

Shortest Path

the route that corresponds to the lowest cumulative transit cost btw stops in a network; can mean many different things -- shortest distance (miles), shortest drive time; navigation systems offer multiple options so people can choose how they want to go; once shortest path is calculated, navigation system generates directions by translating the selected path into various turns and names of streets you take as you follow the path to the destination; shortest path depends on how you must go to stops

Cartographic Generalization

the simplification of representing items on a map; less details on a map; common w small scale maps; affects the kind of data you can derive from the map

Graduated Symbols

the use of different sized symbology to convey thematic information on a map; type of thematic map

Remote Sensing

type of geospatial technology; process of collecting info about an area without coming into contact with it; process of collecting info related to the reflection or emitted electromagnetic energy from a target by a device in an aircraft or spacecraft at a considerable distance from that target -- collect data about light energy being reflected off of a target; 2 types -- passive and active; ex = pic from satellite or aircraft, pic from digital camera, eyes looking at something

Thematic Map

type of map; can be made w GIS; a map that displays a particular theme or feature; displays attributes on a map; sometimes use graduated symbols; ex = state population map, election results by county

Reference Map

type of map; can be made w GIS; a map that serves to show the LOCATION of features, rather than thematic information; gives location info and highlights different features; ONLY shows where things are located; ex = topographic map, map of park trails, zoning map

Aerial Photography

type of remote sensing; taking of photographs of objects on the ground from an airborne platform; can be done w balloon, kite, airplane, rocket, satellite, & drones; today able to take pics from greater and greater distance; distortion so can NOT be used for maps

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> FETYPE

type of road; ex = N Smith (Rd)

Dijkstra's Algorithm

type of shortest path algorithm; an algorithm used in calculating the shortest path btw an origin node and other destination nodes in a network; computes the path of lowest cost to travel from starting point to any destination in the network

Representative Factor (RF)

value indicative how many units of measurement in the real world are equivalent to how many of the same units of measurement on a map; ex = 1 in : 24,000 in; scale usually in inches unless otherwise stated

Data Classification

various methods used for grouping together (and displaying) values on a choropleth map; 4 types

Fonts

various styles of lettering used on maps; most maps use 2 types of fonts; should avoid using too many or hard to read fonts; fonts affect ability to read and understand maps; can used different fonts for type; element of good map

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> ZIPL

zip code on left side of road

How Road Attributes are Named in TIGER 2000 --> ZIPR

zip code on right side of road