Geography 2
If 80 calories of heat energy are added to 1g of ice at 0°, what will the temperature of the ice be after the phase change?
0°C
Water has a density of
1 g/ cm3.
An individual raindrop consists of approximately __________ moisture droplets.
1 million
Air that is not saturated will cool or heat at a rate of __________ as it rises or descends, respectively.
10 C° per 1000 m (5.5 F° per 1000 ft.)
The dry adiabatic rate (DAR) is
10 C° per 1000 m (5.5 F° per 1000 ft.) a fixed rate.
In order to melt two grams of ice, how many calories of heat energy must be added to the ice during its phase change? (specific heat of water = 1 cal/gm; heat of fusion = 80 cal/g;) (heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g; heat of sublimation = 620 cal/g)
160 cal
Which of the following statements regarding rising air, in which dew point temperature has been reached, is correct?
The air is simultaneously being cooled by expansion and heated by condensation.
Which of the following is true regarding the evaporation of water?
The phase change involves the latent heat of evaporation.
Which of the following would be true of the humidity above the hot, dry, subtropical deserts of the world during the daytime?
The specific humidity would be very low.
Which of the following is not generally true of well-developed cumulonimbus clouds?
They are more likely to form in association with a warm front than a cold front.
Water movement through the soil and water held in a straw above the surface of the liquid you are drinking result from a common phenomenon. What is this phenomenon?
capillary action
When you put a straw into a drink and take a sip of it, the drink in the straw will remain above the height of the surface of the drinkeven after you stop sipping the drink. This occurs because of
capillary action.
Glacio-eustatic factors refer to
changes in sea level related to the increase or decrease in quantities of ice.
What type of cloud that has a thin wispy appearance, consists of ice crystals, and often precedes a warm front?
cirrus
The principal process for raindrop formation in tropical warm clouds is
collision-coalescence process.
The condensation process requires
condensation nuclei and saturated air.
Air in a thunderstorm is being heated to temperatures higher than those of the surrounding air by the process of __________, and because of this, the air is __________.
condensation; unstable
If an air parcel will begin to rise when condensation begins in that parcel, the air is considered to be
conditionally unstable.
When the environmental lapse rate is between the dry and moist adiabatic lapse rates conditions are described as
conditionally unstable.
An air parcel is considered unstable when it
continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has a similar temperature.
Which type of cloud would dominate the weather in a region under the ITCZ?
cumulonimbus
Clouds that have vertical development and produce thunderstorms are called
cumulonimbus.
The weather of the tropics is dominated by __________ clouds which forms as a result of __________.
cumulonimbus; convection
When water freezes, its density
decreases
Areas between 25° to 35° latitude usually become __________ because this area is dominated by air that is sinking and being __________.
deserts; heated by compression
A mass of air always becomes saturated when it reaches the
dew-point temperature.
The greater the difference in temperature between the wet bulb and dry bulb on a sling psychrometer, the __________ the air is and the __________ the relative humidity.
drier; lower
During the height of the last ice age, approximately 18,000 years ago, sea level
dropped by a few hundred feet.
When water condenses, it __________ heat energy and __________ the surrounding air.
releases; heats
Condensation nuclei over the ocean consist primarily of
salt particles.
The process of sublimation (deposition) in the atmosphere produces
snowflakes
A humidity measure that remains constant as temperature and pressure change, and which is expressed as a mass of water vapor per mass (g/kg) of air, is
specific humidity.
The general term that refers to the tendency of a parcel of air to either remain in place or change its initial position is __________.
stability
Which of the following phase changes involves the greatest number of calories?
sublimation
The attraction of water molecules for one another manifests itself as __________, whereas the attraction of water molecules for other materials is manifested by __________.
surface tension; capillary action
If the saturation vapor pressure increases while the amount of water vapor in the air remains constant, this would indicate
that the temperature had increased.
The fact that the saturation vapor pressure above a water surface is higher than that above an ice surface means that
the air above an ice crystal will become saturated more quickly than that around a water droplet.
The phase changes water and other substances undergo are based on
the amount of motion of molecules and the strength of the bonds between them.
Relative humidity is
the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature expressed as a percentage of the water vapor capacity of the air.
Hydrogen bonding results from the fact that
the hydrogen end of a water molecule is positively charged and the oxygen end is negatively charged.
If you visited Mount Shasta City (elevation 900 m [3000 ft.]) and found the outside air temperature to be 27°C (81°F), what would be the air temperature at the summit of Mount Shasta (elevation 4200 m [14,000 ft.]) at that momentassuming that the temperature conditions with altitude change at an average, or normal, lapse rate?
5.9°C (42.5°F)
Assume a warm air parcel, at sea level, has a temperature of 21°C (70°F) and begins to rise upward. Assume it becomes saturated at 1000 m (3300 ft) altitude, and continues to rise to 2000 m (6600 ft.) altitude. What would the approximate temperature of the parcel be at an elevation of 2000 m (6600 ft.)?
5°C (46.4°F)
Water covers approximately __________ of Earth's surface.
71 percent
Both the latent heat of melting (heat of fusion) and the latent heat of freezing involve the absorption or release of __________ calories per gram of water changing state.
80
If water behaved like other compounds, A) icebergs would sink to the bottom of the oceans. B) the whole iceberg would float just below the surface. C) it would shrink as it cooled and froze. D) all of the above. E) A and C only.
A and C only.
A large difference in temperature between a wet bulb and a dry bulb on a sling psychrometer indicates A) that the air is cooling by adiabatic expansion. B) that the relative humidity is high. C) that substantial evaporation is occurring from the wet bulb. D) all of the above. E) none of the above.
C) that substantial evaporation is occurring from the wet bulb.
Which of the following is true regarding condensation nuclei?
Continental air masses contain more than 10 times the condensation nuclei of maritime air masses.
If the heat of fusion and the heat of vaporization were reversed, which of the following statements would be true? A) The phase change from ice to liquid would occur more slowly than it now does. B) Water would vaporize much more readily than it now does. C) Earth's water bodies might freeze because, once frozen, the ice would not melt as easily. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above are true.
D) All of the above are true.
Which of the following is true regarding the amount of water in rivers, streams, and the atmosphere? A) They contain 0.033 percent of the world's fresh water supply. B) The total amount of water in these locations is equal to 14,250 km3 (3400 mi3). C) Their volume is 1/10 the volume of water in fresh water lakes. D) All of these are correct.
D) All of these are correct.
Which of the following is true regarding fresh water on Earth? A) Most of it is in large lakes. B) Most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. C) Freshwater lakes and streams hold only .0091% of Earth's total water. D) B and C E) All of the above.
D) B and C
The elevation at which the bottoms of clouds begin to form represents the elevation at which A) dew point occurs. B) relative humidity reaches 100 percent. C) absolute humidity reaches 100 percent. D) Both A and B. E) Both A and C.
D) Both A and B.
Which of the following normally would be true of the humidity above the hot, moist, tropical rain forests of the world? A) The specific humidity would be high. B) The relative humidity would be high. C) The saturation vapor pressure would be high. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
Which of the following is true of the distribution of land and water on Earth?
The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by water.
Which of the following can be concluded given the information shown below? Saturation vapor pressure = 20 mb, Actual vapor pressure = 19.5 mb A) The difference in temperature between the wet bulb and dry bulb on a sling psychrometer would be large. B) The air temperature and dew point temperature are almost the same. C) The relative humidity is high. D) all of the above E) B and C only
E) B and C only
__________ lakes occur in areas of interior drainage, which means that __________.
Saline; the water in the lakes flows into basins that have no outlet to the sea
In winter, freezing water can break pipes and even crack engine blocks .Why does this happen?
Water expands in volume as it freezes in response to hydrogen bonding.
Which of the following is true? A) Water has been discovered on no other planet. B) There is no evidence of water ever existing on Mars. C) Water occurs in significant quantities only on Earth. D) Ice has not been detected below the surface of our Moon.
Water occurs in significant quantities only on Earth.
When water evaporates, it __________ heat energy and __________ the surrounding air.
absorbs; cools
Water is lost from the hydrologic system when A) it dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen. B) it breaks down during chemical reactions and forms new compounds with other elements. C) all of the above occur. D) none of the abovewater cannot be destroyed.
all of the above occur.
Which of the following is a middle-level cloud type?
altostratus
Some insects can walk on water. This is possible
because of a water property known as surface tension.
Water, like most compounds, decreases in volume as it cools; however, at 4°C (39°F), water
begins to expand to as much as nine percent of its volume.
The Bergeron process occurs because A) water evaporates more easily from water droplets than from ice crystals. B) water evaporates more easily from ice crystals than from water droplets. C) water has a higher saturation vapor pressure than ice crystals have. D) both A and C E) both B and C
both A and C
Other than ice sheets and glaciers, the largest repository of fresh water is located in
groundwater
In a mass of air in which no water is being added or removed, a temperature increase will
have no effect on the specific humidity, but will decrease the relative humidity.
As air sinks down the leeward side of a mountain, it will move into a region of __________ air pressure and will therefore be __________ by compression.
higher; heated
Water vapor in the atmosphere is called
humidity.
Surface tension and capillarity are the result of
hydrogen bonding.
Water molecules bind tightly to one another. This is a result of
hydrogen bonding.
Which of the following is correctly matched?
ice = largest volume of freshwater on Earth
The largest portion of fresh water today is located in
ice caps and glaciers.
Which of the following phase changes decreases the temperature of the air?
ice to water
Much of Earth's water supply originated from
icy comets.
Collision-coalescence and the Bergeron process both act to
increase the size of water droplets and ice crystals.
Which of the following would cause the evaporation rate to decrease?
increased relative humidity
As temperature increases, the amount of energy available for evaporation
increases
When water freezes, its volume
increases
Water is a good solvent because
it has an asymmetrical charge distribution (one end is positive and the other negative).
What is the heat energy involved in the change of state, or phase, in water?
latent heat
If the heat of fusion and the heat of vaporization were reversed, ice would be
less likely to melt.
The wet adiabatic rate is __________ than the dry adiabatic rate because __________.
less; condensation heats the air
Because the saturation vapor pressure above an ice surface is __________ than that above a water surface means that water vapor is more likely to __________.
less; sublime (deposit) onto the ice surface
About 50 percent of the 125,000 km3 (30,000 mi3) of freshwater in lakes is
located in just seven lakes.
As air rises up the windward side of a mountain, it will move into a region of __________ air pressure and will therefore be cooled by __________.
lower; expansion
Earth's oceans possess
ninety-seven percent of Earth's waters.
The island of Oahu is located at about 18° north latitude and has a mountain range on it which runs in an east-west direction. Based on this, which side of the island receives the greatest amount of rainfall? (Consider the wind belt in which Oahu is located in order to answer this question.)
north
Most of the precipitation and evaporation on Earth takes place over the
oceans
Coalescence and/or the Bergeron process are necessary in order for
precipitation to occur.
Which of the following are correctly matched?
puffy or globular clouds - cumuliform
The capacity of the air to hold water vapor is basically a function of
the temperature of both the water vapor and the air.
The present quantity of water on Earth was achieved approximately __________ years before the present.
two billion years ago
A parcel of air, with less than 100% relative humidity, that is rising because of heat energy derived from the surface is
unstable.
A way of describing humidity in millibars is termed
vapor pressure.
Water at the surface of Earth was released from the interior of Earth primarily by
volcanic outgassing.
When frost forms, it
warms the air by releasing 680 calories of heat energy to the air per gram of water.
In the Bergeron process, water droplets transform from
water droplets to ice crystals.
The term deposition refers to
water vapor freezing to ice.
Which of the following is not used to measure relative humidity?
wet and dry barometers
The smaller the difference in temperature between the wet bulb and dry bulb on a sling psychrometer, the __________ the air is and the __________.
wetter; closer the air temperature is to dew point
Eustasy refers to
worldwide changes in sea level.
