Geography Ch.11,13-16

Communities of organisms that function togeter in an interdependent relationship with the environment that they are in

Ecosystems

3 main categories of rocks

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Plates moving past each other horizontally. Create large fault zones

Transform boundaries

Two main types of grasslands:

Tropical Mid-latitude: tall and short-grass prairie

Forest biomes occur in:

Tropics, mid latitudes with high freq. of cyclonic storms

Subsurface water zones:

Zone of aeration intermediate zone zone of saturation

Physical environment that plants and animals live in

abiotic

Extrusive ingenious rocks:

cool above the surface of earth's crust

Why is the rock cycle important?

creation of new material and recycling of old rock material

Types of slides (4)

debris slide, mud slide, land slide, slump

3 plate boundaries:

divergent (pull apart) convergent (push together) transform (sliding)

How is air on earth heated?

earth's surface absorbs short wave radiation from sun and radiates it back to to the atmosphere to heat the air

evidence of present day tectonic activity. result from the release of energy.

earthquakes

The environmental conditions in which a species will flourish

ecological optimum

overlap or zone of transition between two species

ecotone

vertical translation of focus to earth's surface, location of greatest shocks:

epicenter

removal of broken landform pieces

erosion

The physical weathering process known as "unloading" produces what landform?

exfoliation dome

weathering and erosion are examples of ______ processes

exogenic

Weathering and erosion are both examples of:

exogenic processes

point of an earthquake where movement occurs

focus

The banding process that aligns minerals

foliation

Four primary types of biomes:

forest, grassland, desert, tundra

water enters joints freezes/ expands and pushes rock apart

freeze/ thaw weathering

______ has water year round, fed by groundwater. High water table

gaining streams (perennial)

look at spatial patterns (why things are located where they are)

geographists

focused on structure and process of landforms:

geologists

The study of genesis and creation/ modification of landforms

geomorphology

example of an obstructive outlet of geothermal water

geyser

overlapping uvala and sinkholes creates _____

haystack hills

Creation of Hawiian Islands:

hot spots: semi-stationary magma plume. volcanic activity on hawaii, and youngest. plume=close to hawaii

unobstructive outlet of geothermal water

hot spring

molten enters cracks and cools:

igenous intrusion

where does the percolation process occur?

below zone of aeration

Within warm blooded species, body size usually increases as the mean temperature decreases

bergmann's rule

The study of how environmental factors affect the locations, distributions, and life processes of plants and animals

biogeography

terrestrial ecosystems defined by temp and precipitation

biomes

___ are linear connections between trophic levels while ______ are the overlap between multiple chains

chains; webs

Problem with wells?

cone of depression; well goes dry, drill new= dangerous.

Oceanic crust is _____ continental crust?

more dense than

Convergent boundaries create what landform?

mountains

Active fault in arkansas?

newmadric fault

Secondary seismic waves travel through?

only solid material

Name one example of an endogenic process

orogeny: mountain building

most common element in rocks?

oxygen (46.6%), silicon, carbon

Primary seismic waves can travel through?

solid, liquids, gasses

permafrost under an active layer, summer thaws allow 'flow'

solifluctuation

movement of large chunks of material

spalling

natural outflow of water

spring

point where surface water disappears, related to disappearing streams

swallow hole

Mass wasting is the movement of material that occurs as a result of?

the gravitational force of earth

When oceanic crust collides with continental crust:

the oceanic crust is subducted under the continental crust

extreme ranges of temps overtime disintegrate rock (arid/ desert environments)

thermal expansion

distribution of landscape features:

topology

4 types of mass wasting

-creep -falls -slides -flows

Three factors that contribute to earth's seasons

1. Axil tilt 2. revolution around the sun 3. parallelism of the axis

Three types of sedimentary rocks

1. Clastic- formed from class, sandstone/ shale 2. organic- coal/ limestone, formed from marine organisms. Highly reactive with water, easily dissolved 3. Chemical- dolomite, durable

7 major plates

1. North American 2. Eurasian 3. african 4. pacific 5. Australian 6. Antarctic 7. South American

ground water dependent on (5):

1. amount and rate or precipitation 2. evaporation 3. ability to infiltrate 4. permeability (connectivity of pores) 5. porosity (holes in substance) 4&5 control volume and movmement of gw

factors promoting variability in weathering (3)

1. climate 2. rock type 3. structure of rock

3 principal tectonic forces

1. compressional 2. tensional 3. shearing (lateral movement)

2 types of aquifers

1. confined: porous rock on inside, aquaclude on edges. difficult to recharge and pollute 2. unconfined: no aquaclude at top of system, easier to recharge, fewer barriers

Factors that contribute to highland climates:

1. direction slope faces (slope aspect) 2. elevation 3. exposure/ land cover

Mass Wasting Classification depends on?

1. earth material 2.categorized by speed

2 processes

1. endogenic, originate within surface of earth (build up relief) 2. exogenic (break down)

2 types of eruptions

1. explosive (mt. st. helens) 2. effusive (Hawai'i)

two ways igneous rocks form

1. extrusive: cool above ground (lava) 2. Intrusive: formed below ground

2 types of weathering?

1. mechanical 2. Chemical

Nature of eruption depends on: (4)

1. mineral composition (felsic (thick)/ mafic(flow easier and hotter)) 2. gas content 3. pressure 4. pyroclastic material (large flaming rocks and ash)

3 types of faults

1. normal caused by tensional forces 2. reverse, caused by compression 3. transform, caused by lateral movement

three types of plate interactions

1. oceanic-oceanic (produce islands, allution isl.) 2. Oceanic- Continental (cause volcanoes) 3. Cont.-Cont. (form mountains, himalayas)

Supporting evidence for continental drift idea by alfred wegener

1. past glaciations 2. rocks of ancient mountain ranges 3. fossil record

quakes are measured by? (2)

1. size of the event (richter scale) 2. impact on humans (mercalli scale)

Name and describe two types of sinkholes:

1. solution- infiltration, weathers, erodes 2. collapse- cavern underneath, gw weakens structure, cave in

optimum conditions for karst landforms (4):

1. type and minerality of carbonate rock 2. Porosity and permeability 3. climate 4. active movement of subsurface water

In warm-blooded species, the relative size of exposed portions of the body decreases as the mean temp dec.

Allen's Rule

steepest angle a substance can maintain before it moves

Angle of Repose

An up folding resulting from tectonic compression is called a?

Anticline

Short growing season dominated by subfreezing temps and thin snow cover. top 36-60cm of ground thaws during summer period.

Arctic and Alpine Tundra Bush tundra, grass tundra, desert tundra

The idea that the "body size of warm blooded species usually increases as the mean temperature decreases" is known as:

Bergman's Rule

Physical weathering is most effective in:

Cold and Arid Climates

What makes up earth's structure?

Core: 1/3 of mass, inner/outer (molten) Mantle: Crust: 1% of mass. Oceanic and Continental

Occur in regions lacking precipitation (ET>Precip) Plants deeply rooted or widely spread out Xerophytes Animals Primarily Nocturnal

Desert Biomes

Xerophytes are plants that grow best in?

Dry Environments

how are caverns formed?

Formed by dissolution of rock through- chemical weathering, lowered water table, formation of cave deposits

Order the following types of volcanoes from least explosive to most explosive:

Lava flows, Shield volcanoes, Composite Cones, and Calderas

The portion of the Earth that extends from the bottom of the oceanic crust to a depth of approximately 100 kilometers is called the:

Lithosphere

______ add to gw systems, in arid dry climates. only has water in it when there has been large input of water. Low water table

Loosing streams (ephemral)

___ begins with a bare substrate, no soil or seedbed (100-1000 yrs) pioneer community develops over the bare substrate

Primary succession

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and floods all occur following a build-up and violent release of energy. This process of accumulating energy with a violent release event is called:

Punctuated equilibrium

Talus slope, talus cone, angle of repose..

Rock falls

How was the Adacoma desert formed?

andes mountains on one side (atlantic side): leeward side of mountain dry, air gets warmer as it sinks because air volume is compressing and will never reach saturation. Humboldt current: water cold, air is cold, cold air sinks therefor no precipitation west of adacoma desert. Phenomenon called a DOUBLE RAIN SHADOW

_____ results from compressional forces

anticlines and cynclines

Equal compressional force forms ____ and ___ while unequal pressure forms _____

anticlines and cynclines; recombinant folds

Impermieable layer, confining units of aquifer

aquaclude

area that can store or transmit water

aquifer

bad water line

area where salt water enters fresh water

water comes to surface without being pumped. pressure differences causes water to move to output

artesian systems

Endogenic and exogenic processes always operate together to sculpt the surface of the Earth. Endogenic processes ________ surface relief, while exogenic processes ________ surface relief.

increase, decrease

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

intense heat and pressure. No melting. Limestone to granite. Harder than parent rocks.

zone that is only saturated during ample precipitation

intermediate zone

What uses bulk of ground water?

irrigation

surface terrain features:

landforms

downslope transport of material due to gravity

mass movement

Building blocks of rocks, inorganic, naturally occuring, chemically distinct, recognizable characteristics

minerals

water table sitting on top of aquaclude, source of water for elevated systems (fragile systems)

perched water table

The same characteristics that allow generalist species to adapt to different environmental conditions can also cause them to become:

pests in the absence of natural predators

Primary productivity is affected by what factors?

photosynthesis, latitude, soil moisture, temp, nutrients, age, atmospheric composition

two types of limiting factors:

physical: temp/ moisture regimes, light requirements, soil/ sustrate Biotic: competition, predation, presence/ absence of food supply

modern theory to explain movement of continents

plate tectonics

the conversion of solar energy (insolation) to plant matter through photosynthesis

primary productivity

Static then large change in short time

punctuated equilibrium

collection of one or more minerals

rocks

Fire, hurricanes, and human disturbance are the top three causes of:

secondary succession

_____ occurs when some natural process, such as forest fire, tornado, or landslide has destroyed or damaged a great deal of existing vegetation creating gap for new communities to establish. Also created by secondary succession (100-200 years)

secondary succession

Factors contributing to mass wasting

slope angle, GRAVITY, water

Chemical weathering cannot occur without?

water

The process of breaking landform into smaller pieces

weathering

top most portion, soil water, water bonds to soil by electrostatic bonds

zone of aeration