Geography Exam 1
brain drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people. - the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
Name three types of movement (flows in space).
Migration is one of these types. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Diffusion is the spreading of ideas, beliefs, values, or innovations from one place to another. In general, all types of movement involve some sort of spatial interaction
Identify the three general types of landforms, the type of rock that comprise each, and the resources commonly found within.
Mountains: landforms that are characterized as having high elevation and high relief. Igneous and metamorphic rock. Plateaus: High elevation and low relief. Igneous and metamorphic rock. Plains: Low elevation and low relief. Sedimentary rock.
geopolitics
A foreign policy based on a consideration of the strategic locations or products of other lands.
Identify the characteristics associated with place.
A given locale where the physical and human qualities at that locale help distinguish it from all others.
cultural landscape
A landscape that has been changed by human beings and that reflects their culture
Differentiate between a nation and a state (or nation-state) and be able to identify examples of each.
A nation is a group of people with shared political aspirations whose collective identity is rooted in a common history, heritage, and attachment to a specific territory. The process of a nation deciding how they will govern themselves is called self-determinism
natural hazard
A natural event (for example an earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, flood) that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death. - Any natural process that is a potential threat to human life and property
model
A pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept
colonization
A physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land
map
A representation of various phenomena over all or a part of the Earth, either on a globe or a flat surface.
Identify the four stages in the evolution of the state (nation-state) and the features of each.
A state (country) is one in which the people (often a nation) have sovereignty - authority over its own affairs and freedom from control by outside forces - over a given geographic area, demarcated by political boundaries.
biome
A terrestrial ecosystem type, categorized by a dominant type of natural vegetation.
Differentiate between the typical population pyramid for the Underdeveloped World versus the typical population pyramid for the Developed World (pyramid shape vs. bullet shape).
A typical population Pyramid is a graph that shows the total population of a place or culture and is divided by the males and females on both sides vertically by age.For underdeveloped country's it is more likely to have a high birth rate and high mortality rate. This would give the graph a more traditional pyramid look.However, for the more developed country's that have better health care people live longer and due to the cost of kids may chose not to have kids. This lead to a more bullet shaped Pyramid.
mental map
An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
Identify the (approximate) population of the world today.
Approx. 7 billion
Understand the term biodiversity and identify examples of biodiversity "hotspots" (pp. 35-36 and Fig. 2.8 from the text).
Biodiversity: the number of plant and animal species present and the variety of genetic materials these organisms contain.Biodiversity Hotspots: regions where human activities are rapidly depleting the rich variety of plant and animal life. Ex: Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Caucasus, Himalaya
Identify the two criteria used in determining landform types.
Elevation: the distance of a particular landform from sea level to the highest point. Relief: the difference in distance between the highest point and lowest point of a particular landform.
Differentiate between universal and ethnic religions and identify examples for each.
Ethnic religions are religions that are difficult to separate from ones culture. That is, what identifies a particular culture has been largely shaped and influenced by its religion. Some examples of ethnic religions are Hinduism, Judaism, and Shintoism (the native religion of Japan).Universal religions are those that do tend to seek converts (or welcome those who wish to become members of their faith) and people who join can be from any ethnicity or culture. Some examples include Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
climate
Overall weather in an area over a long period of time
Identify the three sectors of an economy and the characteristics of each.
Primary sector - extraction of raw materials - mining, fishing and agriculture. Secondary / manufacturing sector - concerned with producing finished goods, e.g. Construction sector, manufacturing and utilities, e.g. electricity. Service / 'tertiary' sector - concerned with offering intangible goods and services to consumers. This includes retail, tourism, banking, entertainment and I.T. services. Quaternary sector (knowledge economy, education, research and development)
Identify push and pull factors that affect migration patterns.
Push factors are resions why people may leave there home, this can be anything from hate crimes, lack of food, jobs or in some cases education.Pull factors are why people go to a curton place- such as the immigrants that came to America in the late 1800`s and early 1900`s in search of freedom, land and gold.People responding to push factors are often called nonselective migrants and those that are responding to a pull are often called selective migrants.
Focus attention on where Mediterranean climates can be found.
Southern California, Southern Europe, coastal Northern Africa
Identify the stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) that the United States is currently in (pp. 72-73 from the text).
Stage 4
Identify examples of international organizations that can be considered Multi-National Alliances.
States that have come together for a specific purpose. The United Nations, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), and EU (European Union) are good examples of Multi-National Alliances.
diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time - Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. - the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Identify examples of environmental impacts on underdevelopment (pp. 64-67 from the text).
This is affected by the relationship of LDCs and MDC's, when lower developed countries or LDCs are lacking financial means to operate they often take out loans from MDC`s or majorly developed countries. Often times these loans come with a hefty interest rate and many times LDCs and up paying more in interests than they do on health care education. In order to come up with the money to pay back their loan and interest many LDCs and having to expand their cash crops, this includes sugar, rice, coffee and tea for some examples. However the expansion of these crops means the depletion of natural resources often times they exceed sustainable yield or the NRR. In addition many times it will result in deforestation, and with less trees to help filter toxins from the ground more of the water supply ends up tainted and people can become sick.
geographic information systems (GIS)
a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data
Understand what a lingua franca is and identify examples.
a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. A mixture of Italian with French, Greek, Arabic, and Spanish, formerly used in the Levant.
Identify the components that comprise the Human Development Index (HDI).
a measure that incorporates information about the wealth, health, and education of a country as a single statistic. Four specific indicators are used to generate the HDI - one economic and three sociodemographic: 1) GDP (PPP) per capita; 2) life expectancy; 3) adult literacy rate; and 4) the gross enrollment ratio (the total enrollment in education as a percentage of the total school-age population)
Identify examples of sub-disciplines found with the realms of human and physical geography, respectively.
climatology/urban geography geomorphology (study of landforms), climatology (study of climates), or biogeography (study of plants and animals)
natural landscape
the physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities
Identify the basic effects of global climate change (pp. 40-43 from text).
warmer climate overall •Rising sea levels more precipitation overall, but also more pronounced drought pronounced warming in the polar regions shifting biomes, with species extinction and agricultural changes geopolitical instability
Identify four specific types of climates, their characteristics, and examples where each may be found.
• 1. Maritime: Northwest Europe, US Pacific NW2. Continental: North & South Dakota3. Desert: Northern Africa, Australia, Antarctica4. Mediterranean: Southern California, Southern Europe, coastal Northern Africa
Understand the features and impact of the Industrial Revolution.
• Improvements in agricultural productivity• Population growth• Extensive & permanent impact on the natural environment
Identify the elements or processes involved in creating the climates found throughout the world.
• Solar energy• Greenhouse effect• Latitude• Differences between land and water• Global pressure systems• Global wind patterns• Ocean currents
Understand the features and impact of the Agricultural Revolution.
• domestication / agriculture• approx. 10,000 years ago• intensive use of agriculture & animal husbandry• settlements• irrigation• impacts on natural environment increased
Understand the features associated with the Hunting and Gathering era of human history (pp. 50-51 from the text)
• more than 100,000 years• small bands of extended family members• scouted large areas to locate foods• relatively limited impact on the natural environment, but did modify their landscapes• "original affluent society"
Identify the features for pockets of development (characteristic of the Underdeveloped World).
In contrast to the Core, the distinguishing characteristics of the Periphery are 1) a much smaller percentage of a country's/region's secondary activity; 2) a smaller percentage of the country's/region's total population; 3) a smaller number of large cities; and 4) the infrastructure is not as highly developed or tightly integrated as that found in the Core. Both the economic and sociodemographic indicators of development tend to be lower than the Core. This Core-Periphery development pattern is the distinguishing development pattern for developed regions of the world (For example, United States and Canada, Europe, Australia/New Zealand, and Japan).
Identify the features of the core and of the periphery in a core-periphery development pattern, respectively (characteristic of the Developed World).
In countries or regions, the Core is that portion which is small relative to the rest of the region or country in question. Distinguishing characteristics are 1) a large percentage the secondary economic activity (manufacturing) that takes place in the country/region is found in the Core; 2) there is a large percentage of the country's/region's population situated in the Core; 3) consequently, there are a large number of large cities located within the Core; 4) the infrastructure (especially the transportation and communications networks connecting the large number of large cities) is highly developed and tightly integrated throughout the Core. Both the economic and sociodemographic indicators of development of the Core tend to mirror the country as a whole (and are indicative of a high level of development).
greenhouse effect
In which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases.
Identify examples of biomes and the characteristics of each.
Tropical forests Grasslands Desert Shrub Tundra
Given two countries with different labor force profiles, be able to deduce the correct answer with respect to economic and social measures of development such as GDP/Capita, life expectancy, urbanization rate, infant mortality rates, literacy rates, etc. Note: You should understand the general developmental differences that exist between countries in the Developed World versus countries in the Underdeveloped World (refer to the section Development Characteristics - Developed World versus Underdeveloped World in the Development folder of the Introduction to Geography notes. In addition, see Table 3.1, p. 55 from the text).
-- GDP/Capita high low-- Income high low-- % labor force - primary sector low high-- % below poverty line low high-- Life expectancy high low-- Literacy rate high low-- Population growth rate low high-- Infant mortality rate low high-- Urbanization rate high low
Identify the four major population centers of the world. Identify the factors that affect urban growth.
1) East Asia2) South Asia3) Europe4) Northeast North America
Differentiate between industrial and traditional agriculture and understand the characteristics associated with subsistence agriculture.
1) Industrial: characterized as using large amounts of fossil fuels (mechanized farming, pesticides, and fertilizers) and water.2) Traditional: practiced by almost half the people on Earth. Generally labor intensive, use of fossil fuels is low. synonymous with: subsistence agriculture: farming that produces only enough crops or livestock for a farm family's survival.
Identify the major migration patterns of the world today.
1) Latin America and Asia to the United States - this migration trend has been especially strong since the end of World War Two. This migration trend has contributed to the population growth of many western states. 2) Eastern Europe to Western Europe - this migration trend has been especially strong since the collapse of the communist governments in Eastern Europe in the 1990s and the integration of these countries into the European Union (EU). 3) Asia and Africa to Western Europe - the trend in migration for Asia and Africa is for migrants to travel to those countries that were once former colonizing powers. For example, people who migrate from Africa to France tend to come from countries such as Algeria, Morocco, or Mali - all former French colonies. Another strong migration flow is the large influx of Turks into Germany. 4) Asia to Australia - this trend has only recently emerged since Australia changed its immigration policy in the 1970's. 5) Asia to the Middle East - people from Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines, for example, are migrating to the Middle East because of the economic opportunities that have resulted from the oil industry in the region.
Identify the four major (earliest) cultural hearths of the world.
1) Mesopotamia - encompasses present day Iraq. The different cultures of Mesopotamia emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. 2) Nile River - the ancient Egyptians established their cultural region around the Nile River in present day Egypt. 3) Indus River - the source area for Indian culture, the Indus River is located in present-day Pakistan. 4) North China - the source area for Chinese culture around the Yellow River (Hwang Ho) in northern China.
Identify the factors that affect development.
1) Technology - refers to the totality of tools and methods available to and used by a society in producing the goods and services needed and/or enhance the quality of life. In general, the more technology available to a society, the greater the level of development. 2) Productivity - refers to how many goods and services a person, group, or society can produce and/or enhance the quality of life given the available technology. In general, the more technology available, the greater the level of productivity and, hence, the greater level of development. 3) Infrastructure - refers to those institutions, organizations, or structures which help people effectively conduct economic activity or maintain the quality of life on a daily basis. Good examples of infrastructure include the educational systems, financial systems, legal and administrative systems, and transport/communications networks of a given society. 4) Access to Resources - refers to the availability of natural resources (e.g. agricultural products, minerals, fossil fuels) and the human, financial, and physical capital (labor, money, and machines) required to produce the goods and services needed. In general, the greater the access to resources, the greater the level of development. A country may be poorly endowed with natural resources (example - Japan). Yet, that country may have access to natural resources via trade and be endowed with the human, financial, and physical capital to help them become developed (example - Japan). 5) Physical Environment - A country's climate and physical makeup (mountains, swamps, deserts, etc.) will play a role in a country's ability to engage in certain types of economic activity. For example, a country that primarily has a desert climate (example - Saudi Arabia) is not going to be a major agricultural producer. Conversely, a country endowed with large amounts of arable (usable) land with good soils, plentiful fresh water resources, and receives substantial precipitation is well equipped to be a major agricultural producer (example - United States). 6) Culture - refers to the shared beliefs and values that generate behavior and is used to interpret experiences. Different cultures have different ways of viewing the world (world-views). These world-views will affect the types of economic activities preferred and, hence, the level of development. For example, a Bedouin (nomad) living in the Sahara desert has a completely different world-view from someone living in the United States. He probably has little material possessions and is unconcerned with earning (or having) large sums of money . An American, on the other hand, probably has and desires many material possessions. He may be very concerned in earning (or having) large sums of money.
Name and define the two Greek words that make up the word geography.
1) geo - Earth; 2) graphos - to write about or describe. So the word geography literally means "to write about or describe the Earth."
Identify the four spheres of the earth and the characteristics of each.
1. Atmosphere: the gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth. Where the world's weather occurs 3 zones: Tropical, Temperate, Polar.2. Lithosphere: Earth's crust. Plates on magma.3. Hydrosphere: Earth's water: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams.4. Biosphere: All the living creatures that exist in the other three spheres.
Identify the three types of processes involved in the formation of precipitation and the characteristics of each.
1. Convectional: formed via the normal process of water evaporation, condensation, cloud formation, and precipitation.2. Frontal: formed via two or more large air masses coming in contact with one another.3. Orographic: found where weather patterns come in contact with large landforms (like mountains).
Identify the factors involved (and the major reason) for why Ohio experiences the change of seasons.
1. The tilt of the earth's axis2. The revolution of the earth around the sun3. Ohio is located within the temperate zone.
Identify the three major atmospheric zones and the general characteristics of each.
1. Tropical: Between Lat 23°N and 23°S. Hot, no seasons2. Temperate: between Lat 23°N and 67°N and between 23°S and 67°S. Hot or cold, depends on season3. Polar: between Lat 67°N and 90°N and between 67°S and 90°S. cold year round, temp. variations are small.
Identify the eight essential changes in the way people perceive and use their environments associated with sustainable development (pp. 83-84 from the text).
1.) People must change their worldwide views and value systems, and come to recognize that there is a limit to resources and reducing their expectations to a level more in keeping with the Earth's environmental capabilities.2.) People should recognize that development and environmental protection are compatible. Rather than viewing environmental conservation as a drain on economics we should see it as the best guarantee for a solid economic future.3.) People all over the world should consider the needs of future generations more than we do now. Much of the wealth we generate is in effect borrowed or stolen from our descendents. Our economic system values current environmental benefits and costs far more than future benefits and costs, and so we try to improve our standard of living today without regard to tomorrow.4.) Communities and country should strive for self-reliant, particularly through the use of appropriate technologies. For example, remote villages could rely increasingly on solar power for electricity rather than be linked into national grids of coal burning plants.5.) LDCs need to limit population growth as a means of avoiding the destructive impact of people overpopulation.6.) Governments need to practice land reform, particularly in the LDCs. Poverty is often not the result of too many people on too little total land area, but of a small, wealthy minority holding a disproportionately high share of quality land.7.) Economic growth in the MDC's should be slowed to reduce the effects of consumption overpopulation. If economic growth, understood as the result of consumption of natural resources, continues at its percent rate in excess of sustainable yield, the Earth's environmental capital will continue to diminish rapidly.8.) Wealth should be redistributed between the MDC's and LDCs. Because poverty is such a fundamental cause of environmental degeneration, the spread of her reasonable level of prosperity and security to the LDCs is essential. Proposers of this theory argue that this does not mean that rich countries should give cash outright poor countries. Instead, the lending institutions of MDC's can forgive some existing debts owed by LDCs or use such innovations as debt for nature swaps, in which a certain portion of debt is forgiven and return for the borrowers pledged to invest that amount in national parks or other conservation programs.
Differentiate between modernization theory and dependency theory of development and the basic features of each.
A) Modernization Theory - Modernization Theory states that the way the underdeveloped nations of the world can grow and develop economically is by doing what the developed nations did. That is, to become developed they need to modernize their economic systems. The emphasis is on developing the secondary sector, improving the infrastructure, and instituting the legal and financial systems that can enhance capital accumulation. This is the approach that has been taken by some of the newly industrialized countries (NICs, like Mexico) that have emerged throughout the underdeveloped world. The best expression of the modernization (or classical model) of development was formulated by W. W. Rostow in his Five Stages of Development. Rostow's model provides an evolutionary approach to how countries have evolved (or are evolving) over the course of their history. B) Dependency Theory - After Rostow's theory was put forth, others developed alternative theories. A school of thought known as dependency theory emerged and argued that development is better understood as a relational process rather than a series of stages, and that this process was linked to international trade. Studying the system of international trade revealed two kinds of countries - dominant and dependent. Dominant countries are those that are most developed - such as the United States and Japan - that command the economic resources and power to shape the policies and practices of international trade. Dependent countries lack these economic resources and power and represent developing or underdeveloped countries (like many countries in Africa today).
globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
Identify the three general types of map projections and the characteristics of each.
Certain map projections, or ways of displaying the Earth in the most accurate ways by scale, are more well-known and used than other kinds. Three of these common types of map projections are cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal. Cylindrical map projections are rectangles, but are called cylindrical because they can be rolled up and their edges mapped in a tube, or cylinder. The only factor that distinguishes different cylindrical map projections from one another is the scale used when spacing the parallel lines on the map. Cylindrical map projections are great for comparing latitudes to each other and are useful for teaching and visualizing the world as a whole, but really aren't the most accurate way of visualizing how the world really looks in its entirety. Types of cylindrical map projections you may know include the popular Mercator projection, Cassini, Gauss-Kruger, Miller, Behrmann, Hobo-Dyer, and Gall-Peters. These maps are defined by the cone constant, which dictates the angular distance between meridians. These meridians are equidistant and straight lines which converge in locations along the projection regardless of if there's a pole or not. Like the cylindrical projection, conic map projections have parallels that cross the meridians at right angles with a constant measure of distortion throughout. Conic map projections are designed to be able to be wrapped around a cone on top of a sphere (globe), but aren't supposed to be geometrically accurate. Conic map projections are best suited for use as regional or hemispheric maps, but rarely for a complete world map. The distortion in a conic map makes it inappropriate for use as a visual of the entire Earth but does make it great for use visualizing temperate regions, weather maps, climate projections, and more. The azimuthal map projection is angular- given three points on a map (A, B, and C) the azimuth from Point B to Point C dictates the angle someone would have to look or travel in order to get to A. These angular relationships are more commonly known as great circle arcs or geodesic arcs. The main features of azimuthal map projections are straight meridian lines, radiating out from a central point, parallels that are circular around the central point, and equidistant parallel spacing. Light paths in three different categories (orthographic, stereographic, and gnomonic) can also be used. Azimuthal maps are beneficial for finding direction from any point on the Earth using the central point as a reference.
Identify the three types of plains. Pay particular attention to the term associated with rivers (alluvial).
Coastal: plains that exist along the coasts of large land masses like continents. Interior: exist in the interior of large land masses. Alluvial: exist along the sides of rivers.
weather
Condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place
Focus attention on the type of projection used to create a Mercator map.
Cylindrical Map Projections
sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Differentiate between formal and informal economic activity and identify examples of each.
Formal sector: The formal sector, it is a system of employment with distinct rules and regulations and a common understanding or agreement of the job requirements, working hours as well as the amount of the fixed monthly salary and offered benefits that are all bonded together between the employer and the employee through a legal document known as a contract. A formal sector is defined as "a sector which encompasses all jobs with normal hours and regular wages, and is recognised as income sources on which income taxes must be paid." (www.businessdictionary.com) Informal sector: The informal sector is a system of employment that does not abide by any form of legal requirements, generally it is defined by workers in the employment systems that are self-employed and or works for those who are self-employed. These workers are not a part of a payroll scheme and therefore do not pay income tax or value added tax. The workers in this sector do not get the security of a fixed monthly salary and are not offered similar benefits of the employees in the formal sector.
Differentiate between formal, functional, and vernacular regions and understand examples of each.
Formal-few dominant physical or cultural characteristics that make it distinctive. Formal regions tend to be static; that is, they do not change their shape or location over time.Identify the characteristics associated with place. This is any kind of region that can be proven to exist by using date to show how one area is simerly related to another area.Functional- Serve a perpus, a example of this is a pizza delivery rout, the pizza place is the center and all the houses they deliver to is part of their functional region. The interactions and connections of the functional region give it a dynamic, organizational basis. The functional region's boundaries, therefore, can change shape and location depending on the type and intensity of the activity under scrutiny.Vernacular- vernacular regions can be based on either formal or functional criteria, but are generally less distinct than either and largely based on the knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions of the people establishing its boundaries.
Identify the three theories that deal with carrying capacity and the characteristics of each.
Malthusian - Thomas Malthus was an 18th century economist who studied the pattern of population growth and food production for various countries in Europe. What he found was that food production, over time, tended to increase at an arithmetic (linear) rate. That is, the amount of food that was being produced increased a little more each successive year (1,2,3,4,5,6...). He also discovered that populations, over time, tended to increase at a geometric (exponential) rate. That is, the population of a country increased a little in the early years and then began increasing in larger quantities each successive year (2,4,8,16,32,64...). Given the tendency for populations to increase geometrically and food production to increase arithmetically, Malthus postulated that at some time in the future the population of the world would exceed its ability to feed itself. War, disease, and famine would become the lot of humanity and would reduced the population to the level with which it could sustain itself.2) Neo-Malthusian - Very similar to the Malthusian theory, but incorporates technological advances in food production to explain why Malthus' gloom and doom scenario has not happened on a worldwide scale. Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution, advances in food production have kept pace with world population growth. But according to the Neo-Malthusians, we have just delayed the inevitable. Carrying capacity limits will be reached with war, disease, and famine becoming common for humanity until the population is reduced to food production levels.3) Technocratic (Cornucopian) - The technocratic theory states that at no time in the future will the world's population exceed its ability to feed itself. Malthus' theory is dismissed because human beings will continue to keep food production ahead of population growth. In the future, as the underdeveloped countries begin to develop, their population growth rates will decline and stabilize as is the case for the developed countries. Therefore, the world's population will stabilize below overall world food production. Hence, the gloom and doom scenario of Malthus will not occur (on a global scale). Note: read the section The Malthusian Scenario (p. 58 from the text) for more information on the theories that deal with carrying capacity.
Given a country with a Crude Birth Rate (per thousand) and a Crude Death Rate (per thousand), correctly identify the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) as a percentage.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): The difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate. Rate of natural increase measures much a population is increasing (or decreasing) by natural means. RNI is normally reported on a per 1000 or percentage basis. For example, a country with a population of 1 million people with 10,000 births and 5,000 deaths a year would have a rate of natural increase of 5 per 1000 or 0.5% (10/1000 - 5/1000 = 5/1000 or 0.5%). In general, the rate of natural increase is greatest in the Underdeveloped World and lowest in the Developed World.Zero Population Growth (ZPG) refers to the attempt by some nations to reduce their rate of natural increase to zero. Some countries in the world have adopted a zero population growth policy to limit large growth (for example, China), while others have reached zero population growth without governmental policies (for example, several countries in Europe).
Differentiate between absolute and relative location and understand examples of each.
Relative Location - based on the location of some physical or human created feature. Where something is located is based on the location of other things. Absolute Location - based on a coordinate grid system that gives a precise location on the earth's surface.
Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources and identify examples of each.
Renewable resources are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biofuels, cultivated plants, biomass, air, water and soil. In contrast, non-renewable resources are those that are available to us in limited quantities, or those that are renewed so slowly that the rate at which they are consumed is too fast.
culture
The Values, beliefs, aspirations, modes of behavior, social institution, knowledge, and skills that are transmitted and learned within a group of people.
carrying capacity
The largest population that an area can support. - Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Identify the components of culture and the basic characteristics of each.
The major elements of culture are symbols, language, norms, values, and artifacts.
physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Identify the basic features of plate tectonics.
The plates are all interconnected like a set of jigsaw puzzle pieces. Movement of the plates often occurs along the junctions where the plates meet. Seismic events - such as earthquakes - occur along these junctions or fault lines. A classic example is the San Andreas Fault of Southern California. The fault is where two plates meet, and movement along this fault creates earthquakes. The process of plate movement and subsequent landform creation is called plate tectonics.
Identify examples of how the environment influences human behavior and, likewise, how human beings alter or change the environment.
The relationship and interactive effects between the environment and humans. The environment influences certain types of human activity. For example, you are not going to finding wheat and corn farming in the Arctic regions of the world.Likewise, humans change or disrupt their surrounding environments. We build homes, plow fields to grow crops, build roads, pollute the air and water, cut down trees in the tropical rain forests, etc. The transformation of the natural landscape (the environment unaffected by human activity) to the cultural landscape (the environment changed or disrupted by human activity) is a part of the interactive relationship between humans and the environment.
demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
geography
The study of the spatial order and associations of things. Also defined as the Study of Places, the study of relationships between people and environment, and the study of spatial organization.
arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Given two countries with different rates of population growth, be able to deduce the correct answer with respect to other development measures such as GDP/Capita, life expectancy, urbanization rate, infant mortality rates, literacy rates, etc. Note: You should understand the general developmental differences that exist between countries in the Developed World versus countries in the Underdeveloped World (refer to the section Development Characteristics - Developed World versus Underdeveloped World in the Population, Demographics, and Migrations folder of the Introduction to Geography notes. In addition, see Table 3.1, p. 55 of text).Know what doubling time refers to and how it can be affected depending on the rate of population growth.
This is found in a similar way to RNI first find the RNI of the population and lets say t is 60/1000Now we need to find the net migration: this found by take Immigrants/population and emigrants/population.Now take your totals for Immigration - emigration and x100 this is your RNM. Now just all your RNI and RNM and in decimal form x100.
Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs)
countries in the transition stage between developing and developed countries. Newly industrializing countries typically have rapidly growing economies. - Third world states that have achieved self-sustaining capital accumulation, with impressive economic growth. The most successful are the "four tigers" or "four dragons" of East Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
