GEOL 117 Final

Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by: (A) large, sensitive eyes (B) bioluminescence (C) no eyes (A) and (B) are correct (A) and (C) are correct

(A) and (B) are correct

In one solar day, how far does the Moon move around the Earth? 28 complete revolutions 1/6th of a complete revolution 1/12th of a complete revolution 1 complete revolution 1/28th of a complete revolution

1/28th of a complete revolution

Waves begin to break when their wave steepness, defined as the ratio between height height to wave length is greater than ______. 1/2 1/3 1/5 1/7 1/9

1/7

The last time the atmospheric carbon dioxide level was as high as it is today was _________ years ago. 140 1.5 million 30 million 800,000 15 million

15 million

If today high tide is at 1:00 p.m., what time will the same high tide be tomorrow? 1:25 p.m. 1:00 p.m. 12:10 p.m. 12:35 p.m. 1:50 p.m.

1:50 p.m.

It is Thursday and an angler is planning a fishing trip in two days on Saturday. The angler knows from experience that the fishing is best at a particular location at the beginning of high tide. He does not have a tide table, but the angler noted that the high tide on Thursday was at 12:15 PM. At what time on Saturday should he plan to arrive to start fishing, assuming that this location has a diurnal tide type? 12:15 PM 12:15 AM 2:45 PM 1:55 PM 1:05 PM

1:55 PM (High tide (or any part of the tide cycle) is 50 minutes later each solar day, so the time of high tide on Saturday will be about 100 minutes (1 hour 40 minutes) later than on Thursday.)

How many spring and neap tides will a tide-recording station experience in a given month? 3 to 4 spring tides and 1 to 3 neap tides 2 spring tides and 2 neap tides 1 spring tide and 1 neap tide 1 to 3 spring tides and 3 to 4 neap tides

2 spring tides and 2 neap tides

The CoML study found that some of the largest and best known sea organisms such as whales, seals, sea birds, turtles, and walruses account for only ____ % of the known marine species in the 25 regions included in the study. 10% 2% 98% 56% 20%

2%

Calculate the speed (S) in meters per second for a deep-water wave with a wavelength (L) of 351 meters and a period (T) of 15 seconds. 23.4 m/s 0.04 m/s 547.5 m/s 42.3 m/s 8.75 m/s

23.4 m/s

A lunar day is __________ in duration. 24 hours and 50 minutes 12 hours and 25 minutes 24 hours 48 hours 12 hours

24 hours and 50 minutes (The Moon orbits Earth in the same direction as Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day - about 24 hours and 50 minutes - for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky.)

Ocean scientists estimate that for every 1 known species, ___ have yet to be discovered. 10 2 700 4 1000

4

In an amphidromic cell with a normal tidal cycle, what cotidal line would experience high tide if low tide were occurring along cotidal line 2? 8 4 6 0 10

8

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the lunar day and the solar day? A lunar day is the time it takes for a location on Earth that is directly underneath the Moon to make one rotation and reach the same location directly underneath the Moon. The tides follow the solar day. Earth's rotation on its axis is why we experience day and night. One solar day is the time it takes for Earth to make one complete revolution around the Sun. It takes 50 minutes for a given location on Earth to "catch up" to the Moon.

A lunar day is the time it takes for a location on Earth that is directly underneath the Moon to make one rotation and reach the same location directly underneath the Moon. Earth's rotation on its axis is why we experience day and night. It takes 50 minutes for a given location on Earth to "catch up" to the Moon.

How does sonar work? A laser signal is bounced off the ocean floor. An infrared signal is bounced off the ocean floor. A sound signal is bounced off the ocean floor. A gravitational signal is bounced off the ocean floor. An electromagnetic signal is bounced off the ocean floor.

A sound signal is bounced off the ocean floor.

In the figure above, which shows a hypothetical tidal pattern over a 24-hour period. Which letter(s) represent(s) high tide? https://session.masteringgeology.com/problemAsset/2491254/5/MGEO_2491254_B.jpg A B C D E

A, C, E

Rogue waves are created along the "Wild Coast" off the southeast coast of ________, where the Agulhas Current flows directly against large Antarctic storm waves. Africa Australia South America Antarctica China

Africa

Which estuary is most likely to be highly stratified? Columbia River Estuary Alaskan fjord Laguna Madre Chesapeake Bay Pamlico Sound

Alaskan fjord

Which of the following characteristics are shared by all marine mammals? Choose all that apply. All marine animals breathe oxygen that is dissolved in seawater. All marine animals have fur. All marine animal mothers nurse their young with their milk. All marine animals are warm-blooded. All marine animals bear live young.

All marine animals have fur. All marine animal mothers nurse their young with their milk. All marine animals are warm-blooded. All marine animals bear live young.

Why does the Moon generate larger tidal forces than the Sun? Although the Sun is bigger, the Moon is much closer. Although the Moon is bigger, the Sun is much closer. Although the Sun is further away, the Moon is much smaller. Although the Moon is further away, the Sun is much smaller.

Although the Sun is bigger, the Moon is much closer.

In the figure above, assume black arrow (1) is the gravitational force and black arrow (2) is the centripetal force on the surface of a hypothetical planet. Which of the red arrows would represent the resultant force? https://session.masteringgeology.com/problemAsset/2491074/3/MGEO_2491074_D.jpg A B C D E

B

Of the following statements about bioluminescence in deep-water nekton, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Bioluminescent light can be used to stake out territory. Bioluminescent light can attract and lure prey to a predator. Bioluminescent organs can be used to achieve neutral buoyancy. The majority of deep-water nekton can bioluminesce. A flash of bioluminescent light can temporarily blind a predator, allowing the prey to escape. Bioluminescence can be used to attract a mate.

Bioluminescent light can be used to stake out territory. Bioluminescent light can attract and lure prey to a predator. The majority of deep-water nekton can bioluminesce. A flash of bioluminescent light can temporarily blind a predator, allowing the prey to escape. Bioluminescence can be used to attract a mate.

The most recent international project to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life was called which of the following? International Census of Marine Microbes Census of Marine Life Systematic Census of the Ocean History of Marine Animal Populations The Ocean Biogeographic Information System

Census of Marine Life

Of the following statements about the muscle tissue of cruising and lunging fish, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue. White muscle tissue has increased levels of myoglobin compared to red muscle tissue. Red muscle tissue is designed for quick bursts of speed. White muscle tissue is designed for sustained, long-distance travel. Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance. Lungers have mostly red muscle tissue.

Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue. Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance.

The pollutant responsible for major declines in the populations of pelicans, ospreys, and other marine birds was __________. plastics sewage sludge PCBs mercury DDT

DDT

What is the harbor seal controversy at Children's Pool in La Jolla California about? Should harbor seal mating activities been seen by children who occupy the beach at Children's Pool? Do harbor seals and sea lions have the right to inhabit the waters offshore of Children's Pool? Should harbor seals be allowed to claw and destroy the seawall at Children's Pool? Should harbor seals be allowed to burrow into sand on the beach at Children's Pool? Do harbor seals have the right to use the beach at Children's Pool?

Do harbor seals have the right to use the beach at Children's Pool?

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding sound and echolocation in dolphins? Choose all that apply. Reflected sound is received by the melon. Dolphins create a wide variety of sounds, including clicks, buzzes, and whistles. Low-frequency sounds are used to detect objects that are far away, and high-frequency sounds are used to detect objects that are close by. Dolphins are known to use short bursts of sound to stun prey before they move in for the kill. Echolocation is not very detailed, but it allows dolphins to sense large objects and schools of fish close to them.

Dolphins create a wide variety of sounds, including clicks, buzzes, and whistles. Low-frequency sounds are used to detect objects that are far away, and high-frequency sounds are used to detect objects that are close by. Dolphins are known to use short bursts of sound to stun prey before they move in for the kill.

How are echolocation and sonar different? Echolocation is used by dolphins and whales, whereas sonar is a data collection tool developed by people. Echolocation is used by dolphins, whereas sonar is used by whales and is a data collection tool developed by people. Sonar is used by dolphins and whales, whereas echolocation is a data collection tool developed by people. Sonar and echolocation are two words for the same process.

Echolocation is used by dolphins and whales, whereas sonar is a data collection tool developed by people.

What is Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation? F = Gm1m2/r2 F = m1m2/r2 F = m1m2/r F = ma P = mv

F = Gm1m2/r2

True or False? 18,000 years ago, sea level was much higher than it is today because of the glacial maximum.

False

True or False? Barrier islands can be found on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America?

False

True or False? Beaches always remain the same.

False

True or False? Climate changes on Earth always occur in isolation.

False

True or False? Clouds have more difficulty forming in dirty air because of the increased presence of particles, which take up too much space.

False

True or False? Coastlines are very static environments that do not change much with time.

False

True or False? If greenhouse gas concentrations were maintained at present levels, with no additional emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities (including capping methane released from farting cows), the Earth would NOT warm any more.

False

True or False? Many types of true plants that have roots and photosynthesize can be found in marine environments.

False

True or False? Most bethic marine organisms live in very deep water environments far away from the shore.

False

True or False? Recent global warming can be explained by solar activity and the increase in solar irradiance.

False

True or False? Sea arches and sea stacks are features typically found along depositional shorelines.

False

True or False? The longshore currents on the East Coast of the USA flow in the same direction as the Gulf Stream.

False

True or False? The marine environment is less stable than on land.

False

True or False? Tubeworms, recently found in deep sea hydrothermal vent environments, host bacteria on their bodies that use photosynthesis for food.

False

True or False? Volcanic eruptions cannot change Earth's climate.

False

True or false? Tsunamis travel very slowly in the open ocean.

False

What example of global engineering aims to accelerate the ocean's natural biological pump? Increase the amount of sunlight reflected back into the atmosphere Fertilization of ocean water with iron Increase the secretion of carbonate shells by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the water Spraying sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere Sequestering of carbon dioxide in the deep ocean

Fertilization of ocean water with iron

What example of global engineering aims to accelerate the ocean's natural biological pump? Increase the secretion of carbonate shells by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the water Fertilization of ocean water with iron Increase the amount of sunlight reflected back into the atmosphere Sequestering of carbon dioxide in the deep ocean Spraying sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere

Fertilization of ocean water with iron

The estuary in the image above is an example of which of the following? https://session.masteringgeology.com/problemAsset/2492022/1/10-7.jpg Bar-built estuary Coastal plain estuary Fjord Salt wedge estuary Tectonic estuary

Fjord

Of the following statements about groins, which is/are true? Groins trap sand on their downstream side and cause erosion on their upstream side. Groins add more sediment to the beach. Groins are built parallel to the coast beyond the surf zone. Groins can be constructed out of large blocky rocky material (rip-rap) or of sturdy wood pilings. Groins can be singular or many.

Groins can be constructed out of large blocky rocky material (rip-rap) or of sturdy wood pilings. Groins can be singular or many.

What is the main opposition of having harbor seals at Children's Pool in La Jolla? Harbor seals have been known to roll onto sunbathers, thus causing people to be injured. Harbor seals are very noisy and create an unpleasant beach experience. Children can easily see harbor seals mate during harbor seal breeding activities. Harbor seals aggressively defend the beach area, thus endangering beachgoers. Harbor seals defecate in the water, producing high levels of bacteria in the water offshore.

Harbor seals defecate in the water, producing high levels of bacteria in the water offshore.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding neap tides? Neap tides occur when solar tides and lunar tides are additive. High tides are low. Neap tides occur when there is a small tidal range. Low tides are low. Neap tides occur during first quarter moon and third quarter moon.

High tides are low. Neap tides occur when there is a small tidal range. Neap tides occur during first quarter moon and third quarter moon.

Of the following statements about ocean ownership and the Law of the Sea, which is/are true? If the continental shelf (defined geologically) exceeds the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), countries are allowed to extend their ownership to 350 nautical miles from shore. Many areas of the deep ocean can be purchased from the United Nations in a sealed bidding process. The Law of the Sea Treaty, which establishes the rights of nations in ocean ownership, was ratified by the required 60th nation in 1993. Forty-two percent of the world's oceans are under the control of coastal nations. Coastal nations own the resources of the area 200 nautical miles from their shoreline, which is called the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Offshore areas have very little to offer in the way of resources, so ownership here is not an issue.

If the continental shelf (defined geologically) exceeds the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), countries are allowed to extend their ownership to 350 nautical miles from shore. The Law of the Sea Treaty, which establishes the rights of nations in ocean ownership, was ratified by the required 60th nation in 1993. Forty-two percent of the world's oceans are under the control of coastal nations. Coastal nations own the resources of the area 200 nautical miles from their shoreline, which is called the exclusive economic zone (EEZ).

What form of energy is absorbed by atmospheric carbon dioxide? Ultraviolet light reflected by clouds Incoming solar radiation Visible light reflected by ice caps Infrared heat radiated from rocks

Infrared heat radiated from rocks

Which of the following is considered the world's largest oil spill? Rupturing of the Exxon Valdez supertanker in 1989. Blowout of the Ixtoc #1 oil-drilling platform in 1979. Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991. Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010. Spillage from natural seeps and regular human activities every year.

Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991.

Of the following statements about the location of the barycenter of the Earth-Moon system, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. It is located at a point beneath Earth's surface within the mantle. It is located at the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system. It is located at the exact center of Earth. It is located in space between the Sun and the Earth-Moon system. It is located in space exactly halfway between Earth and the Moon. It is located in space between Earth and the Moon, but it is closer to Earth.

It is located at a point beneath Earth's surface within the mantle. It is located at the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system.

How does a dolphin make the sounds that are used for echolocation? It pulls air in through its monkey's muzzle. When the monkey's muzzle closes, it makes a clicking sound. It pulls air in through its right nostril. The spermaceti vibrate, making a ringing sound. It pushes air through its vocal cords. It slaps its tail on the surface of the water. The melon absorbs the resulting sound waves. It pulls air in through its blowhole and contracts the muscles near the blowhole to make different sounds.

It pulls air in through its blowhole and contracts the muscles near the blowhole to make different sounds.

How does a sperm whale make the sounds that are used for echolocation? It pulls air in through its monkey's muzzle. The monkey's muzzle acts like a vocal cord to make a singing sound. It pulls air in through its monkey's muzzle. When the monkey's muzzle closes, it makes a clicking sound. It pulls air in through its right nostril. The spermaceti vibrate, making a ringing sound. Air is pushed through the vocal cords. It pulls air in through its blowhole and contracts the muscles near the blowhole to make different sounds.

It pulls air in through its monkey's muzzle. When the monkey's muzzle closes, it makes a clicking sound.

What path did the rotating item take at the moment when the string was let go? It flung off and hit the globe. Its path did not change; it continued in a nearly circular orbit. It traveled in a straight-line path that was tangent to its circular orbit. It flew off directly toward the camera. It went behind him and hit the vase of flowers.

It traveled in a straight-line path that was tangent to its circular orbit.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the issues with plastics in the marine environment? Large durable pieces of plastic can entangle marine animals. Accumulating plastic debris acts as an artificial habitat for marine life in the open ocean. Drifting plastics can be ingested by animals that mistake them for their natural gelatinous prey. Microbeads bind chemical pollutants like PCBs and DDTs. Plastics photodegrade into smaller fragments, ultimately becoming microplastics. Plastics do not biodegrade.

Large durable pieces of plastic can entangle marine animals. Drifting plastics can be ingested by animals that mistake them for their natural gelatinous prey. Microbeads bind chemical pollutants like PCBs and DDTs. Plastics photodegrade into smaller fragments, ultimately becoming microplastics. Plastics do not biodegrade.

Why are the idealized high tides at the equator all about the same height? Locations at the equator pass through the same part of the two tidal bulges with each high tide. The equator does not pass through the tidal bulges. The equator goes all the way around Earth. Water at the equator cannot move as fast because it is hot. Locations at the equator pass through different parts of the two tidal bulges with each high tide.

Locations at the equator pass through the same part of the two tidal bulges with each high tide.

What type of caudal fin is characteristic of fast-swimming fish that migrate long distances? Lunate fins Rounded fins Truncate fins Forked fins Heterocercal fins

Lunate fins

Of the following statements, which is/are included in the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution? Marine pollution is human-made. Marine pollution is harmful to human health only. Marine pollution can be a natural occurrence. Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life. Marine pollution is aesthetically displeasing (an eyesore). Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy.

Marine pollution is human-made. Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life. Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy.

Periodic variations in Earth's orbit that can cause natural climate changes are called _________. geospatial periodicity Mohorovicíc cycles Wilson cycles Bouma cycles Milankovitch cycles

Milankovitch cycles

The most important factor that causes ocean tides on Earth is the __________. Earth's rotation Moon configuration and depth of the ocean basins Sun Coriolis effect

Moon (Although the Moon is relatively small compared to the Sun, it is much closer and therefore has the strongest influence on Earth's tides.)

What suborder includes baleen whales? Mysticeti Rorqual Odontoceti Cetacea Minke

Mysticeti

A group of animals that "violates" the trophic pyramid by feeding on organisms two or three levels below it is the _________. polar bears Odontoceti or toothed whales sea otters pinnipeds Mysticeti or baleen whales

Mysticeti or baleen whales

As explained in the video, how is the appearance of newborn gray whales different than adults (besides the obvious size difference)? Newborn gray whales are born without functioning eyes, which open and become functional later in life. Newborn gray whales lack teeth. Newborn gray whales lack both barnacles and whale lice, which attach later in life. Newborn gray whales have no tail flukes. Newborn gray whales have so much hair on their bodies that they appear shaggy as compared to adult whales.

Newborn gray whales lack both barnacles and whale lice, which attach later in life.

Of the following statements about ocean waves, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Ocean waves can be described by their period, wavelength, and height. Ocean waves occur only at the air/water interface. Ocean waves can be classified by the force that created them. Ocean waves involve the transport of water across ocean basins. Ocean waves can be classified by the depth of water in which they move.

Ocean waves can be described by their period, wavelength, and height. Ocean waves can be classified by the force that created them. Ocean waves can be classified by the depth of water in which they move.

Which of the following statements about odontocetes are true? Choose all that apply. Odontoceti form long-lived social groups. Odontoceti have the ability to use echolocation. Odontoceti use vocal cords to make clicks and whistles. Odontoceti have prominent teeth and good vision. Odontoceti have large brains relative to their body size.

Odontoceti form long-lived social groups. Odontoceti have the ability to use echolocation. Odontoceti have prominent teeth and good vision. Odontoceti have large brains relative to their body size.

What feeding strategy best describes that of humpback whales? One or more whales will blow bubbles to scare their prey into deeper waters, where they can easily catch their prey in large quantities. Individual whales will chase their prey and target a few of the largest fish. One or more individuals cooperate to corral prey using bubbles and then swim vertically to scoop up large quantities of fish. They scoop up large quantities of sediments from the ocean floor to filter out invertebrates. They cooperatively swim along the surface of the water with their mouths open to create dense patches of plankton that they all feed on.

One or more individuals cooperate to corral prey using bubbles and then swim vertically to scoop up large quantities of fish.

Of the following statements about lunar phases, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range increases. Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range decreases. Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. Over the few days of a waning crescent moon, the tidal range decreases. Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range decreases. Over the few days of a waning gibbous moon, the tidal range increases.

Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range decreases. Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range increases.

What tools does the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) use in creating tsunami warnings? the PTWC only uses tidal buoys to detect the presence of an abnormal sea height, like a tsunami PTWC uses ocean buoys, deep-ocean pressure sensors, and satellites to detect tsunamis PTWC only uses satellites to detect large anomalies (differences from the average) like tsunamis in the ocean surface height PTWC uses human observers on boats to detect potential tsunamis and tidal buoys to confirm the presence

PTWC uses ocean buoys, deep-ocean pressure sensors, and satellites to detect tsunamis

A vast majority of all large tsunami are generated in the ________ Ocean. Antarctic Southern Indian Atlantic Pacific

Pacific

What is the difference between perihelion and aphelion? Perihelion is when the Moon is closest to the Sun, and aphelion is when it is farthest from the Sun. Perihelion is when Earth is closest to the Sun, and aphelion is when it is farthest from the Moon. Perihelion is when Earth is closest to the Sun, and aphelion is when it is farthest from the Sun. Perihelion is when Earth is closest to the Moon, and aphelion is when it is farthest from the Moon. Perihelion is when Earth is farthest from the Sun, and aphelion is when it is closest to the Sun.

Perihelion is when Earth is closest to the Sun, and aphelion is when it is farthest from the Sun.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the order Cetacea? Choose all that apply. Porpoises and dolphins are considered to be small whales. The gray whale is the largest mammal on Earth. Many species of whales were hunted to the brink of extinction, but with protection, many of them are now making a comeback. The toothed whales eat fish and squid, and the baleen whales are vegetarian. Baleens are made out of the same material that makes up humans' fingernails and hair.

Porpoises and dolphins are considered to be small whales. Many species of whales were hunted to the brink of extinction, but with protection, many of them are now making a comeback. Baleens are made out of the same material that makes up humans' fingernails and hair.

Which of the following statements about fish schooling behavior are true? Choose all that apply. Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking. Schooling allows fish to learn avoidance techniques from each other through observation and socialization. Schools can gang up on larger predators and chase them away, thus avoiding an attack. Schooling reduces the percentage of ocean volume in which a cruising predator might find one of their kind. More than half of all fish species are known to join schools during at least a portion of their lives. Schooling provides conservation of body heat and allows fish to be warmer, thus using less energy to keep warm.

Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking. Schooling reduces the percentage of ocean volume in which a cruising predator might find one of their kind. More than half of all fish species are known to join schools during at least a portion of their lives.

Which of the following statements is/are true concerning spring tides? Spring tides occur only during the spring season. Spring tides occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned. Spring tides occur at first quarter moon and third quarter moon. Spring tides have high high tides. Spring tides have high low tides.

Spring tides occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned. Spring tides have high high tides.

Which of the following statements about tides in a simple tidal bulge model is/are true? Choose all that apply. Spring tides result from constructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. Tides are greatest when the Moon is at perigee and Earth is at perihelion. Wave interference does not affect tidal bulges. Neap tides result from destructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. Tides are greatest when the Moon is at apogee and Earth is at aphelion. A lunar or solar eclipse can occur only when the Moon is in syzygy.

Spring tides result from constructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. Tides are greatest when the Moon is at perigee and Earth is at perihelion. Neap tides result from destructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. A lunar or solar eclipse can occur only when the Moon is in syzygy.

The estuary in the image above is an example of which of the following? https://session.masteringgeology.com/problemAsset/2492023/1/10-8.jpg Bar-built estuary Coastal plain estuary Fjord Salt wedge estuary Tectonic estuary

Tectonic estuary

Why is the idealized highest high tide at 28 degrees south latitude delayed by 12 hours from the highest high tide at 28 degrees north latitude? The locations are at different latitudes, so they experience different idealized tidal patterns. That is how long it takes for the location at 28 degrees south latitude to rotate into the largest part of the high tide bulge. That is how long it takes for the location at 28 degrees south latitude to make one complete rotation. That is how long it takes for the location at 28 degrees south latitude to rotate into the tail end of the high tide bulge. Twelve hours is half of a day, so it takes 12 hours for the tides to catch up.

That is how long it takes for the location at 28 degrees south latitude to rotate into the largest part of the high tide bulge.

Why does the Moon reach perigee two days before it completes its 29-and-a-half-day lunar cycle? Earth's orbit around the Moon is elliptical. The Sun's orbit around Earth changes the position of the Moon's elliptical orbit. The Moon's orbit around Earth shifts position over time. Earth's orbit around the Sun shifts position over time. The Moon's orbit around Earth is elliptical.

The Moon's orbit around Earth shifts position over time.

Where on Earth is the centripetal force toward the Moon the greatest? at the North Pole at the nadir The centripetal force is the same everywhere on Earth. at the zenith at the South Pole

The centripetal force is the same everywhere on Earth

What evidence exists that harbor seals have always been in the area? Fossils of harbor seals found buried in the beach. The name "harbor seals" is used as a local nickname for La Jolla. Old photographs of the area showing harbor seals. The existence of a rock offshore known as Seal Rock. Ancient legends from native peoples who lived in the area.

The existence of a rock offshore known as Seal Rock.

What would happen to a fish with a body less dense than the surrounding seawater? The fish would float on the ocean surface. The fish would get dehydrated due to increased osmosis. The fish would freeze because it would not be able to absorb heat as readily. The fish would sink to the ocean floor. The fish would get dehydrated due to decreased osmosis.

The fish would float on the ocean surface.

Of the following statements about the force of gravity between two bodies, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The force of gravity between two bodies decreases as distance increases. The force of gravity between two bodies increases with an increase in mass. The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in distance. The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in mass. The force of gravity between two bodies decreases with an increase in mass. The force of gravity between two bodies increases as distance increases.

The force of gravity between two bodies decreases as distance increases. The force of gravity between two bodies increases with an increase in mass. The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in distance.

Of the following statements about the monthly tidal cycle, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The full moon and the new moon affect the tides about the same. Neap tides occur twice a month. Spring tides occur twice a month. The full moon is associated with spring tide conditions. The new moon is associated with the smallest tidal range of the month. The new moon is associated with neap tide conditions.

The full moon and the new moon affect the tides about the same. Neap tides occur twice a month. Spring tides occur twice a month. The full moon is associated with spring tide conditions.

What happens to the swim bladder as a fish moves into deeper water? Choose all that apply. The gas in the swim bladder contracts, decreasing the volume of the swim bladder. The gas in the swim bladder expands, increasing the volume of the swim bladder. The gas in the swim bladder contracts due to increasing water pressure. The gas in the swim bladder expands due to increasing water pressure. The gas in the swim bladder contracts due to decreasing water pressure.

The gas in the swim bladder contracts, decreasing the volume of the swim bladder. The gas in the swim bladder contracts due to increasing water pressure.

What does a dolphin's melon do? The melon interprets sound waves during reception. The melon focuses sound waves during emission. The melon focuses sound waves during reception. The melon makes sound waves during emission.

The melon focuses sound waves during emission.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the order Sirenia? Choose all that apply. They are omnivores who eat meat and plants. They are fast swimmers. Manatees live in the tropical Indian Ocean and dugongs live in the Caribbean. The order Sirenia includes manatees and dugongs. They are also called sea cows.

The order Sirenia includes manatees and dugongs. They are also called sea cows.

How is a semidiurnal period related to a tidal day? The semidiurnal period is half as long as a tidal day. The semidiurnal period is twice as long as a tidal day. The semidiurnal period is not related to a tidal day. The semidiurnal period is about as long as a tidal day.

The semidiurnal period is half as long as a tidal day.

At 28 degrees north latitude, why are some idealized high tides higher and some high tides lower? The tidal bulge directly beneath the Moon is smaller than the tidal bulge directly opposite the Moon. There is more interference from land during the lower high tides. The tidal bulges are rarely centered on the equator, so this location passes through different parts of the two tidal bulges. There are magnetic anomalies here that counteract the lower high tide. The climate here is variable.

The tidal bulges are rarely centered on the equator, so this location passes through different parts of the two tidal bulges.

Why are high tides found simultaneously on opposite sides of Earth? The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are perpendicular to the tide-generating body. The ocean water experiencing low tide rotates around Earth on a 12-hour cycle. The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are aligned with the tide-generating body. The ocean water experiencing high tide rotates around Earth on a 12-hour cycle.

The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are aligned with the tide-generating body.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth and the Moon? The solar tidal bulges are larger than the lunar tidal bulges because the Sun is larger than the Moon. There are two lunar tidal bulges and two solar tidal bulges. Earth rotates counterclockwise on its axis, or from west to east. During a first quarter moon and a third quarter moon, the lunar and solar tidal bulges are additive. A new moon is one that you can't see because Earth is between the Moon and the Sun.

There are two lunar tidal bulges and two solar tidal bulges. Earth rotates counterclockwise on its axis, or from west to east.

As illustrated on the left side of the SmartFigure tide graph, why is the idealized high tide at 28 degrees north latitude higher than the corresponding high tide at 28 degrees south latitude? These two locations are passing through different parts of the same tidal bulge at the same time. There is less water in the Southern Hemisphere. While the location at 28 degrees north latitude is experiencing a high tide, the location at 28 degrees south latitude is experiencing a low tide. There are fewer landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere. Landmasses get in the way of the tides in the Southern Hemisphere.

These two locations are passing through different parts of the same tidal bulge at the same time.

How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms? They emit high-pitched sounds that drive their prey items into tight masses. They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment. They use a technique called bubble-net feeding. They use their countershading to sneak up on their prey items. They use cooperative behavior to corral prey into a group and then swallow their prey items whole.

They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.

How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms? They use their countershading to sneak up on their prey items. They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment. They use cooperative behavior to corral them into a group and then swallow their prey items whole. They emit high-pitched sounds that drive their prey items into tight masses. They use a technique called bubble-net feeding.

They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.

Of the following statements about forces and tidal bulges, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Tidal bulges are produced on both sides of Earth from the Moon and the Sun. On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of centripetal force. Tidal bulges are produced only on the side of Earth closest to either the Moon or the Sun. On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force. On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force. On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form due to an excess of centripetal force.

Tidal bulges are produced on both sides of Earth from the Moon and the Sun. On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force. On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form due to an excess of centripetal force

Why was the seawall constructed in La Jolla? To make a place for harbor seals and other animals to use for their birthing activities. To create a quiet beach behind the seawall that is free of large waves so that children can safely use the beach. To divert sand to the beach behind the seawall so a recreational beach would develop there. To make a boat anchorage where the yacht owners of La Jolla can easily reach their boats. To protect the coastal cliffs, which were eroding away much faster than normal.

To create a quiet beach behind the seawall that is free of large waves so that children can safely use the beach.

True of False? The Deep Scattering Layer, or DSL, is deepest in the water column near noon when the sun is directly overhead.

True

True or False? Construction restrictions that limit building near shorelines are generally the simplest alternative to the construction of hard stabilization features along a coast.

True

True or False? Erosion is increased on the down-current side of a groin or jetty.

True

True or False? It is believed that dinoflagellates bioluminescence primarily as a defense mechanism in response to mechanical stress.

True

True or False? Sound traveling through a medium such as air is an example of a longitudinal wave.

True

True or False? The best-known tsunami-detection devices are the DART buoys.

True

True or False? The recently-discovered Yeti crab lives in hydrothermal vent environments.

True

What is the major mechanism by which ocean surface waves are generated? Human activities such as boating and freight travel create the majority of waves at the surface of the ocean Large land movements such as uplifting and downdropping of oceanic crust along faults are the major sources of waves in the ocean mass movement into the ocean, such as coastal landslides or large icebergs that fall from coastal glaciers, generates most ocean waves Wind blowing across the surface of the ocean is the major mechanism that generates most ocean surface waves the movement of two liquids with different densities creates most waves

Wind blowing across the surface of the ocean is the major mechanism that generates most ocean surface waves

Which of the following adaptations would increase an organism's ability to stay suspended in the water? Choose all that apply. a low surface area to volume ratio a streamlined body a high surface area to volume ratio producing and storing fats and/or oil droplets the presence of spines the development of elaborate appendages

a high surface area to volume ratio producing and storing fats and/or oil droplets the presence of spines the development of elaborate appendages

A grunion "run" would be expected within a few nights after __________. a quarter moon a fully developed sea a new or full moon a period of heavy surf the autumnal equinox

a new or full moon

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the forces that act on bodies to create tides on Earth? a racquetball an apple a light bulb a balloon a can of soda

a racquetball

Of the following events, which is/are capable of generating waves? Choose all that apply. a storm moving over the ocean surface human activities, such as a ship traveling across the ocean a rock falling into a still pond uplift or downdropping of the ocean floor an underwater landslide

a storm moving over the ocean surface human activities, such as a ship traveling across the ocean a rock falling into a still pond uplift or downdropping of the ocean floor an underwater landslide

Which of the following adaptations allows a fish to add or remove gases rapidly to change depths quickly? a rigid gas container that is an internal chambered structure a swim bladder with a pneumatic duct The ability to exchange gases through the blood a rigid gas container that is an external many-chambered shell a swim bladder without a pneumatic duct

a swim bladder with a pneumatic duct

Which of the following would you expect to find on a summertime beach? larger, high-energy waves a rocky terrain along the beach a wide, sandy berm prominent longshore bars a narrow berm

a wide, sandy berm

The bathypelagic and ________ zones represent over 75% of the living space in the oceanic province. nektopelagic euphotic epipelagic mesopelagic abyssopelagic

abyssopelagic

Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include which of the following? Choose all that apply. creating man-made glaciers in tropical areas to increase the solar radiation reflected back into space. reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices. adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump releasing gas-eating bacteria into the atmosphere to reduce heat-trapping gases spraying aerosols into the atmosphere to promote the formation of clouds

adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices.

Components of feedback loops include (check all that apply): aerosols air pollution water vapor ice reflectivity oceanic heat uptake

aerosols air pollution water vapor ice reflectivity oceanic heat uptake

Marine environments are more stable than terrestrial (land) environments because: water has a higher heat capacity than air ocean warming is reduced by evaporation solar radiation penetrates deeply into ocean layers ocean mixing all of the above none of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion? groin seawall beach nourishment all of these are used to try to prevent or retard shoreline erosion both the groin and seawall prevent or retard shoreline erosion

all of these are used to try to prevent or retard shoreline erosion

A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it: increases the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking increases the ability to absorb nutrients all the above statements are advantageous to marine organisms none of the above statements is advantageous to marine organisms

all the above statements are advantageous to marine organisms

Where are internal waves most likely to form? along areas of rapidly changing temperature in the water column, such as the air-water interface in the nearshore environment where waves begin to "feel" the bottom along areas of rapidly changing density, such as pycnocline in areas near coastal glaciers where large icebergs fall into the ocean

along areas of rapidly changing density, such as pycnocline

A tsunami watch is issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center when _______________________ an earthquake with a magnitude greater than Mw = 6.5 occurs beneath the ocean, creating the potential for a tsunami to exist unusual wave activity is verified by observation or by data from DART buoys sea level drops by more than one meter at any nearby shore locality scientists have analyzed the nature of the wave motion and have determined that it could produce a tsunami a satellite detects waves traveling away from the epicenter of the seismic event

an earthquake with a magnitude greater than Mw = 6.5 occurs beneath the ocean, creating the potential for a tsunami to exist

The scientific consensus is that global warming has led to ___________. A strengthening of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones an increased frequency of hurricanes a shallower thermocline and increased primary productivity

an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones

The scientific consensus is that global warming has led to ___________. an increased frequency of hurricanes A strengthening of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic a shallower thermocline and increased primary productivity an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones

an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones

What is a swim bladder? an internal organ used to maintain positive buoyancy an internal organ used to maintain neutral buoyancy an external organ used to maintain neutral buoyancy an external organ used to maintain positive buoyancy an internal organ used to maintain negative buoyancy

an internal organ used to maintain neutral buoyancy

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates belong to the kingdom: plantae protocista/protista animalia fungi monera

animalia

When compared to their warmer water counterparts, cold-water plankton often: are larger in size reproduce asexually only exhibit countershading have more spines and ornamentation on the cell wall are smaller in size

are larger in size

Where on Earth is the gravitational attraction toward the Moon the greatest? at the nadir at the South Pole at the North Pole at the zenith The gravitational attraction is the same everywhere on Earth.

at the zenith

Where is/are Earth's tidal bulge(s) located? at the zenith at the equator at the Tropic of Cancer at the nadir at the Arctic Circle

at the zenith at the nadir

Review Question from Section 16.1: Which of the following are components of Earth's climate system? Choose all that apply (5 total). magnetosphere atmosphere geosphere cryosphere biosphere hydrosphere

atmosphere geosphere cryosphere biosphere hydrosphere

Earth's climate include interactions of (check all that apply): atmosphere hydrosphere geosphere biosphere cryosphere

atmosphere hydrosphere geosphere biosphere cryosphere

The section of the coast that extends from normal high tide level to the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves is called the: shoreline offshore nearshore foreshore backshore

backshore

If one were to walk from the ocean landward across a barrier island complex, in which order would one encounter the following environments? low marsh, high marsh, barrier flat, dune, beach barrier flat, dune, beach, low marsh, high marsh dune, barrier flat, beach, high marsh, low marsh beach, dune, barrier flat, high marsh, low marsh beach, dune, barrier flat, low marsh, high marsh

beach, dune, barrier flat, high marsh, low marsh

If one were to walk from the ocean landward across a barrier island complex, in which order would one encounter the following environments? beach, dune, barrier flat, low marsh, high marsh dune, barrier flat, beach, high marsh, low marsh barrier flat, dune, beach, low marsh, high marsh low marsh, high marsh, barrier flat, dune, beach beach, dune, barrier flat, high marsh, low marsh

beach, dune, barrier flat, high marsh, low marsh

Why is the length of a lunar day different from the length of a solar day? because the Moon revolves around Earth in the same direction that Earth is rotating on its axis because Earth is larger than the Moon because the Moon is smaller than the Sun because the distance between Earth and the Moon is not constant because the Moon revolves around Earth in the opposite direction that Earth is rotating on its axis

because the Moon revolves around Earth in the same direction that Earth is rotating on its axis

Most marine species are found in the: pelagic environment benthic environment oceanic environment mesopelagic environment bathypelagic environment

benthic environment

You are about to go out and harvest some Pismo clams. The environment you find them in will be _________. pelagic, disphotic benthic, suboceanic pelagic, neritic benthic, littoral benthic, outer sublittoral

benthic, littoral

What is the correct order of beach features as you move from the coast toward offshore? longshore trough, longshore bar, berm, beach face beach face, longshore trough, longshore bar, berm beach face, berm, longshore bar, longshore trough berm, beach face, longshore trough, longshore bar longshore bar, longshore trough, beach face, berm

berm, beach face, longshore trough, longshore bar

Earth's climate system consists of mass and energy exchanged between 5 primary coupled systems, including which of the following (check all that apply): biosphere cryosphere atmosphere hydrosphere geosphere

biosphere cryosphere atmosphere hydrosphere geosphere

Combustion of fossil fuels results in a transfer of carbon from the ____________. cryosphere to the geosphere biosphere to the atmosphere cryosphere to the hydrosphere biosphere to the hydrosphere

biosphere to the atmosphere

Which of the following are considered baleen whales? Choose all that apply. blue whales gray whales right whales sperm whales humpback whales

blue whales gray whales right whales humpback whales

As the ocean's surface is warmed, evaporation to the atmosphere increases. The addition of moisture to the atmosphere results in _________. an increase in the amount of sea ice a negative temperature feedback loop no effect on global temperature both positive and negative temperature feedback loops a positive temperature feedback loop

both positive and negative temperature feedback loops

As the ocean's surface is warmed, evaporation to the atmosphere increases. The addition of moisture to the atmosphere results in _________. a positive temperature feedback loop no effect on global temperature an increase in the amount of sea ice both positive and negative temperature feedback loops a negative temperature feedback loop

both positive and negative temperature feedback loops

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Board surfers tend to avoid plunging breakers BECAUSE they break right at the shoreline. the assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid the assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect the assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct both the assertion and the reason are incorrect

both the assertion and the reason are incorrect

The primary reason phytoplankton are "concerned" about buoyancy is that they _________. will be crushed by the high pressure at depth need to stay near the surface to have enough oxygen to survive cannot withstand the cold temperatures if they sink into deeper water cannot photosynthesize below the photic zone will be eaten by their predators if they sink

cannot photosynthesize below the photic zone

The first wave that forms when the wind begins to blow across the ocean surface is a: reflected wave capillary wave tide seiche tsunami

capillary wave

The current level of atmospheric ________ recently surpassed 400 parts per million. chlorofluorocarbons carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide water vapor

carbon dioxide

The gas that has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect is: carbon dioxide nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons methane

carbon dioxide

Which of the following contributes the most to the greenhouse effect? chlorofluorocarbons nitrous oxide carbon dioxide methane

carbon dioxide

Which part of the fish is most commonly used to propel high-speed fish? dorsal fin pectoral fins caudal fins pelvic fins anal fin

caudal fins

The rate of plate movement is only a few ________ per year so climate changes triggered by shifting plates happen on a scale of millions of years. meters feet centimeters decimeters millimeters

centimeters

Tides occur on Earth because of an imbalance between gravity and __________. centripetal force the Coriolis effect friction dark energy centrifugal force

centripetal force

Because the area has not yet been designated as a marine sanctuary, lifeguards are allowed to do what so that people can use the beach? install a protective fence along the beach chase the harbor seals off the beach broadcast wolf sounds to scare the harbor seals off the beach instruct people to light fireworks from the beach to scare the harbor seals off the beach shoot the harbor seals with a stun gun

chase the harbor seals off the beach

Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the: separation of the suspended solids from the liquid effluent. aeration of liquid effluent following chlorination. removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent. chlorination of the liquid effluent. addition of bacteria to process organic contaminants.

chlorination of the liquid effluent.

The fourth IPCC Report of 2007 concluded that _________. climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account sea level will rise by 3 meters by the end of this century sea ice is thickening in both Arctic and Antarctic waters there is no strong evidence that human activity is responsible for climate change the atmospheric carbon dioxide level has not changed significantly in the past 20 years

climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account

The fourth IPCC Report of 2007 concluded that _________. sea ice is thickening in both Arctic and Antarctic waters there is no strong evidence that human activity is responsible for climate change climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account the atmospheric carbon dioxide level has not changed significantly in the past 20 years sea level will rise by three meters by the end of this century

climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account

The fourth IPCC Report of 2007 concluded that _________. there is no strong evidence that human activity is responsible for climate change the atmospheric carbon dioxide level has not changed significantly in the past 20 years sea ice is thickening in both Arctic and Antarctic waters sea level will rise by three meters by the end of this century climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account

climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account

Nektonic organisms in the photic zone often protect themselves from being seen from either above or below through _________. streamlining bioluminescence disruptive coloration countershading camouflage

countershading

What is the role of the operculum? buoyancy thunniform swimming sensing vibrations in the water short bursts of fast swimming covering the gills of the fish

covering the gills of the fish

Southern California beaches would have more sand if __________. dams were removed from streams flowing to the coast more seawalls were built to protect coastal bluffs offshore structures were built to prevent waves from breaking onto the shore the cobbles were removed from the beaches to make room for more sand winter storms were more severe with larger waves

dams were removed from streams flowing to the coast

What reason best explains the decrease in oxygen levels beneath the epipelagic zone? decomposition of organic material absence of photosynthesis increased concentration of nutrients lack of atmospheric mixing lack of algae

decomposition of organic material

As a wave approaches shore, its characteristics change by _____________________. increasing speed, decreasing steepness increasing speed, increasing steepness decreasing speed, increasing steepness decreasing speed, decreasing steepness decreasing speed, steepness is unchanged

decreasing speed, increasing steepness

Features of a depositional coast may include spits, barrier islands, tombolos, and __________. deltas rocky headlands marine terraces sea stacks wave-cut benches

deltas

Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called: bay-mouth bar deltas barrier flats tombolos barrier islands

deltas

Which of the following is found at a depositional shore? deltas sea arches sea caves wave-cut cliffs headlands

deltas

What does sonar data tell us about the seafloor? depth and shape depth, shape, and composition composition and depth depth, temperature, and composition depth and temperature

depth, shape, and composition

Osmotic pressure increases as the: temperature increases difference in salinity decreases salinity increases difference in temperature increases difference in salinity increases

difference in salinity increases

Which of the following is a phytoplankton? radiolarian foraminifers noctiluca dinoflagellates copepod

dinoflagellates

What are Earth's three different tidal patterns called? diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed tidal, semitidal, and moderate diurnal, semidiurnal, and moderate tidal, semitidal, and mixed

diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed

"Eukarya" is a _________. domain kingdom bacterium biozone phylum

domain

If you are in a tsunami hazard zone, such as Prof. Gregg and her Ph.D. candidate, Haley Cabiness were in this video filmed in Newport, Oregon, what is the first thing to do if an earthquake if felt and a tsunami might develop? drop, cover, and hold on during the shaking run into the ocean immediately follow the tsunami evacuation route stay where you are and wait to be rescued find the closest boat

drop, cover, and hold on during the shaking

A boat is most likely to be carried out to sea from a harbor by a(n) __________. rotary current flood current ebb current whirlpool tidal bore

ebb current

Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include(s) ________. eccentricity, obliquity and precession the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation (obliquity) the shape of Earth's orbit (eccentricity) the wobbling of Earth's axis of rotation (precession)

eccentricity, obliquity and precession

An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as: euryhaline hypertonic isotonic hypotonic stenohaline

euryhaline

On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, gravitational forces __________ the centripetal forces. are less than equal exceed

exceed (On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, the gravitational forces exceed the centripetal forces because gravitational attraction is strongly influenced by the distance between two bodies.)

Some specialized deep-sea fish have a swim bladder that is filled with what to help them stay in the deep ocean? salt electrolytes fat metal sulfides calcium carbonate

fat

Which of the following caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004? Fault movement Volcanic eruption Meteorite impact Landslide

fault movement

Which of the following caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004? volcanic eruption fault movement landslide meteorite impact

fault movement

which of the following caused the tsunami that killed 159 people in 1946 in Hawaii? volcanic eruption meteorite impact fault movement and the associated magnitude 7.3 earthquake in the distant Aluetian Trench, Alaska Landslide

fault movement and the associated magnitude 7.3 earthquake in the distant Aluetian Trench, Alaska

the height of a wave depends upon: wind duration fetch fetch and wind speed wind duration and wind speed fetch, wind duration, and wind speed

fetch, wind duration, and wind speed

Which phase(s) of the moon result in a low tidal range? new moon first quarter moon full moon third quarter moon blue moon

first quarter moon third quarter moon

The part of the shore that is exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide is known as the ________. backshore foreshore nearshore offshore shoreline

foreshore

The section of the coast that is exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide is called the: backshore nearshore offshore shoreline foreshore

foreshore

Which of the following are useful as proxy data for understanding past climate changes? Choose all that apply (5 total). predictions of when the next large volcanic eruptions could occur fossil pollen sea floor sediments tree-growth rings annual layers of snow packed in glacial ice historical documents

fossil pollen sea floor sediments tree-growth rings annual layers of snow packed in glacial ice historical documents

How many semidiurnal tides would you expect during one tidal period? two tides four tides one tide three tides

four tides

What pattern of tides would you expect to see for a mixed tidal system? two tides of roughly equal heights four tides of roughly equal heights two tides of different heights four tides of different heights

four tides of different heights

The first (capitalized) word of an organism's two-part scientific name denotes the _________. species genus class order phylum

genus

The first (capitalized) word of an organism's two-part scientific name denotes the _________. order species class phylum genus

genus

Refraction causes headlands to be areas of ________ surfing and sites of ________. poor; deposition poor; erosion good; erosion good; deposition

good; erosion

What type of whale feeds primarily on amphipods and shellfish? right whales that capture prey by engulfing one large mouthful of water and straining the animals out humpback whales that expand their rorqual folds to scoop up large mouthfuls of sediment from the sea floor gray whales that plunge into the muddy bottom and strain the invertebrates out bowhead whales that skim the surface of the water and trap the small animals in their baleen blue whales that drag their mouth through organic-rich sediments and filter out large bottom fish

gray whales that plunge into the muddy bottom and strain the invertebrates out

The Moon's influence on Earth's tides is __________ the influence of the Sun. greater than less than the same as

greater than (Although the Moon is much smaller than the Sun, it is much closer to Earth, and hence exerts about twice the pulling effect (gravitational attraction) on Earth as the Sun does. In other words, solar tides are about 46% of the lunar tides.)

What style of feeding is used by whales with rorqual folds? bubble-net feeding gulp feeding skim feeding filter feeding bottom feeding

gulp feeding

Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in _________. all areas equally the deep ocean mid-latitude areas equatorial waters high-latitude areas

high-latitude areas

Where do amphipods live? within the water column on kelp in the kelp forest in shallow, rocky tidepools only in surface waters in bottom mud

in bottom mud

An isothermal temperature profile from surface to seafloor may exist in coastal ocean waters __________. near mid-latitude river mouths in winter in high-latitude waters only in low-latitude waters only in either low-latitude waters or high-latitude waters in mid-latitude waters during summer

in either low-latitude waters or high-latitude waters

Where do dolphins generate sounds for use in echolocation? in the melon in the mouth in the nose in the blowhole

in the blowhole

Eustatic changes in sea level might include: rise in sea level due to a large weight of glacier on a continental mass increased glacial melting due to the global warming uplift related to earthquake activity sinking of the crust due to large increases in sediment load volcanic activity resulting in the formation of new continental crust

increased glacial melting due to the global warming.

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height: decreases and its steepness decreases. increases and its frequency decreases. increases and its wavelength decreases increases and its wavelength remains the same. decreases and its wavelength increases.

increases and its wavelength decreases

Shortwave sunlight passes through Earth's atmosphere, where it strikes the surface and is converted into longer-wavelength ________ radiation. microwave cosmic ultraviolet infrared visible

infrared

The greenhouse effect occurs when gas molecules absorb _________ radiation. infrared visible light red light blue light ultraviolet

infrared

The greenhouse effect occurs when gas molecules absorb _________ radiation. ultraviolet red light blue light visible light infrared

infrared

The group comprising the largest number of species on Earth is the _________. insects phytoplankton benthic organisms copepods fishes

insects

Tidal movement, turbidity currents, wind stress, and even passing ships at the surface create ________ waves. tidal turbidity splash ocean internal

internal

What is baleen made of? View Available Hint(s) blood fingernails bone hair keratin

keratin

Probably the greatest threat to gray whale calves today is _________. starvation humans killer whales getting lost cold water

killer whales

Probably the greatest threat to gray whale calves today is _________. humans cold water getting lost starvation killer whales

killer whales

Which of the following is the correct order for the taxonomic classification of living things? kingdom, species, phylum, class, order, family, genus kingdom, phylum, family, class, order, genus, species kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species kingdom, class, phylum, order, family, genus, species kingdom, family, class, order, phylum, genus, species

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

The biggest concern with biological pollutants is that they often ____________. become entangled in strong, durable plastic debris ingest significant quantities of microplastics and contaminate the food web lack predators and other natural controls reduce the incidence of disease and parasitism in native species biodegrade rapidly, causing unsightly conditions and unpleasant smells

lack predators and other natural controls

What part of a fish helps it sense vibrations in the water? caudal fins dorsal fins pectoral fins myomeres lateral lines

lateral lines

In terms of erosion protection from wave action, seawalls: lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides are permanent and thus never need to be replaced require very little maintenance result in a more gradual seaward slope of beaches are cost effective

lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides

In terms of erosion protection from wave action, seawalls: are permanent and thus never need to be replaced. lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides. are cost effective. result in a more gradual seaward slope of beaches. require very little maintenance.

lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides.

The cultural tradition and government-ordered capture of pilot whales for food by Faroe Islanders in the North Atlantic is deemed _______________. legal scientific whaling a direct violation of the 1986 whaling moratorium legal whaling by objection illegal by the International Whaling Commission legal aboriginal subsistence whaling

legal aboriginal subsistence whaling

The greenhouse effect occurs when gas molecules absorb _________ radiation. ultraviolet red light longwave infrared blue light visible light

longwave infrared

Which of the following features is characteristic of an emerging shoreline? Submerged dune topography Drowned beach Drowned river valley Marine terrace

marine terrace

Which of the following marine pollutants will bioaccumulate or biomagnify in the food web? mercury nurdles DDTs PCBs microplastics

mercury DDTs PCBs

Planktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in planktonic form and the rest of their lives as either benthos or nekton are called: zooplankton bacterioplankton meroplankton macroplankton holoplankton

meroplankton

Which of the following is the least frequent cause of a tsunami in recent centuries? volcanic eruptions landslides meteorite impacts fault movements

meteorite impacts

Which of the following greenhouse gases is produced by leakage from landfills, by domestic cattle, and by the cultivation of rice? carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons methane nitrous oxide water vapor

methane

What form of chemical pollution results in neurological damage that can range from blindness to brain damage to paralysis and even death? sewage sludge DDT methylmercury Fertilizers pharmaceuticals

methylmercury

Periodic variations in Earth's orbit that can cause natural climate changes are called _________. geospatial periodicity milankovitch cycles wilson cycles bouma cycles mohorovicic cycles

milankovitch cycles

The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently 1.8 ________. trillion thousand billion quadrillion million

million

The most common tidal pattern around the world are: proxigean tides. mixed tides. spring tides. diurnal tides. semidiurnal tides.

mixed tides

The oxygen-storing compound in the red muscle tissue of fishes is called _________. hemoglobin myoglobin luciferin algin gamma globulin

myoglobin

What part(s) of a fish is/are used for thunniform swimming? Choose all that apply. pelvic fins myomeres caudal fins pectoral fins anal fins

myomeres caudal fins

The weakest gravitational force caused by the Moon is called the __________, which is found at the point on Earth farthest from the Moon. barycenter zenith nadir tide-generating force resultant force

nadir (The gravitational attraction between the Moon and Earth is weakest at the point farthest from the Moon.)

What do we call the tide that occurs when destructive interference between lunar and solar bulges produces a small tidal range? spring tide pean tide neap tide fall tide

neap tide

The stinging cells used by cnidarians to capture prey are called _________. nematocysts chromatophores photophores Macrocystis blastocysts

nematocysts

The stinging cells used by cnidarians to capture prey are called _________. blastocysts nematocysts Macrocystis chromatophores photophores

nematocysts

The two most significant human sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are: normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off. natural seeps and urban run-off. blow out accidents and urban run-off. oil tanker and blowout accidents in marine coastal waters. tar balls and oil tanker accidents.

normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off.

According to the World Health Organization definition of marine pollutants, __________ is NOT a pollutant. oil from the tanks of ships oil from offshore seeps mercury from the burning of coal plastic DDT

oil from offshore seeps

Ocean waves in motion are classified as ______waves. medial transverse orbital longitudinal rotational

orbital

The movement of a substance in solution from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration across a selectively permeable membrane in a living organism is called: osmosis active transport diffusion Brownian movement

osmosis

Which carnivore in the SmartFigure is known to use tools to open shells? walruses polar bears otters seals sea lions

otters

A centrifugal force is one that is directed _____ and a centripetal force is one that is directed _____. outward; outward inward; inward inward; outward outward; inward

outward; inward

Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called _________. paleometeorology paleoclimatology paleoceanography palynology paleontology

paleoclimatology

Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called _________. paleontology paleoclimatology palynology paleometeorology paleooceanography

paleoclimatology

Breakwaters are hard stabilization features built _______ to shore. perpendicular parallel

parallel

The fins used by fishes primarily for maneuvering are _________. dorsal and anal pectoral and pelvic dorsal and myomere caudal and anal dorsal and caudal

pectoral and pelvic

The greatest amount of oil pollution in the ocean from human sources is from __________. offshore drilling and production petroleum transportation petroleum consumption natural seeps pipelines

petroleum consumption

The majority of our planet's biomass is represented by _________. nekton benthic organisms multicellular algae phytoplankton epifauna

phytoplankton

The majority of our planet's biomass is represented by _________. multicellular algae phytoplankton epifauna nekton benthic organisms

phytoplankton

The swim bladder is an internal organ that allows the fish to adapt to changes in ________. salinity pressure sunlight temperature diffusion

pressure

A plankton biologist has discovered a new species and he needs your help classifying it into the proper kingdom. All you can observe is that this microscopic organism has just one nucleus in its cell, and it has chlorophyll, so it must be photosynthetic. What kingdom does it belong to? Protista Eubacteria Fungi Animalia Plantae

protista

Giant kelp is a member of the phylum _________. Fungi Protista Plantae Animalia Eubacteria

protista

Based on the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution, which of the following is/are considered to be a form of marine pollution? raw sewage released onto the floor of the deep ocean sound from cargo ships traversing the ocean warmer-than-normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant sulfuric acid seeping into marine waters from a volcanic vent area biodegradable food items dumped overboard from a cruise ship a natural oil seep on the ocean floor that is discharging oil directly into the ocean

raw sewage released onto the floor of the deep ocean sound from cargo ships traversing the ocean warmer-than-normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant biodegradable food items dumped overboard from a cruise ship

Studies indicate that acidification of the ocean by the absorption of carbon dioxide is harmful to virtually all marine life and ecosystems. The group most vulnerable to both warming and acidification would be the _________. marine mammals reef corals and other calcareous organisms benthic crustaceans pelagic fishes krill and other zooplankton

reef corals and other calcareous organisms

Which of the following is the only viable explanation for the documented and observable recent climate changes, including the increased average temperature of Earth's surface? major volcanic eruptions variations in Earth's orbit changes in the sun's brightness reversed magnetic polarity release of human-caused emissions

release of human-caused emissions

Which of the following describes an estuary located at the mouth of a high-volume river where freshwater flows to the ocean over a layer of dense saline water? Select only one answer. highly stratified estuary slightly stratified estuary salt wedge estuary inverse estuary vertically mixed estuary

salt wedge estuary

Which of the following marine carnivores are flipper-footed? Choose all that apply. seals sea lions walruses sea otters polar bears

seals sea lions walruses

Which of the following is an example of hard stabilization? beach replenishment seawalls beach renourishment construction restrictions relocation

seawalls

Identify the adaptation that allows deep-sea fishes to capture prey without exerting much energy. sensitive lateral lines expandable bodies counterillumination long, sharp teeth hinged jaws

sensitive lateral lines

You have just arrived for a vacation on the Oregon coast, and you wish to explore some tide pools while you are there. You hear the local weatherman say that there will be a minus tide at 7 a.m. tomorrow. You should __________. not worry about it, because tidepooling is good every day at low tide sleep in; you know that Oregon has a mixed tide pattern and that there will be another low tide in about 12-1/2 hours wait two weeks until the end of your vacation, because the tidal range will be lower then set your alarm to wake you early; this may be your best chance for tidepooling wait for a minus tide that occurs at night, because there is not much to see in tide pools in the daytime

set your alarm to wake you early; this may be your best chance for tidepooling

The following are all examples of nonpoint source pollutants in the ocean EXCEPT ___________. sewage sludge pesticides nurdles fertilizer road oil

sewage sludge

A tsunami is considered to be a __________. capillary wave deep-water wave reflected wave refracted wave shallow-water wave

shallow-water wave

Which of the following animals are whale barnacles closely related to? diatoms octopuses shrimp sea hares sea cucumbers

shrimp

What type of whale captures prey by swimming at the surface with its mouth open to trap plankton in the fringe of its baleen? gulp-feeding blue whales bubble-net-feeding humpback whales skim-feeding right whales skim-feeding minke whales filter-feeding gray whales

skim-feeding right whales

One of the prey items of baleen whales are krill. What are krill? a type of marine macro-algae a type of barnacle small shrimp-like organisms small fish a type of shellfish related to mussels

small shrimp-like organisms

What are krill? small shrimp-like organisms small fish a type of barnacle a type of marine macro-algae a type of shellfish related to mussels

small shrimp-like organisms

The fundamental unit of taxonomic classification is the ________. species genus family phylum order

species

What do we call the tide that occurs when constructive interference between lunar and solar bulges produces a large tidal range? spring tide neap tide pean tide fall tide

spring tide

Some of the tide height numbers in your tide table are preceded by minus signs (or in some cases printed in red). This tells you that __________. the tidal range is very small, and a neap tide is occurring spring tides are occurring there is insufficient data to provide good values for these tides strong offshore winds are expected a rare proxigean tide is occurring

spring tides are occurring

Organisms that cannot withstand large changes in temperature are referred to as: eurythermal isothermal euryhaline stenothermal estuarine

stenothermal

What are the beach slope and energy characteristics of surging breakers? surging breakers occur on moderate to steep slopes. The energy is compressed and is released gradually as the water moves up the shoreline surging breakers occur where there is an abrupt slope change. The result is a gradual release of energy as the wave approaches the shore surging breakers occur where the ocean bottom has an abrupt slope change. this results in wave energy being compressed in a shorter distance surging breakers occur on moderate to steeply sloped beaches. when breaking it has a curling motion where the crest "outruns" the rest of the wave surging breakers occur on gently sloped beaches. this gentle slope change results in a gradual release of energy

surging breakers occur where the ocean bottom has an abrupt slope change. this results in wave energy being compressed in a shorter distance

The ocean's "biological pump" _________. transports marine organisms worldwide by means of "conveyer belt" current circulation is an area of downwelling in the far north Atlantic where carbon dioxide is carried down to the deep-water current system takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep-ocean water and sea floor sediments is the ocean's natural system for replenishing nutrients such as iron in the surface layer brings oxygen from the deep ocean to the photic zone through upwelling, where it is then taken up by animals

takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep-ocean water and sea floor sediments

The ocean's "biological pump" _________. is an area of downwelling in the far north Atlantic where carbon dioxide is carried down to the deep-water current system is the ocean's natural system for replenishing nutrients such as iron in the surface layer takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep-ocean water and sea floor sediments brings oxygen from the deep ocean to the photic zone through upwelling, where it is then taken up by animals transports marine organisms worldwide by means of "conveyer belt" current circulation

takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep-ocean water and sea floor sediments

A common body shape that streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that: has a wide, blunt front end tapers at the front end tapers at the top surface tapers at the back end tapers at the bottom surface

tapers at the back end

Which of the following is the key to understanding how the greenhouse effect works? how currents are created in oceans? the change of wavelengths from visible to infrared the ocean readily absorbs carbon dioxide gas the difference between surface waters and deep waters how plants produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water

the change of wavelengths from visible to infrared

What is the coastal tidal range? the height of sea level when high tide hits the shoreline the difference in maximum tide height between successive high tides the difference in maximum tide height between perigee and apogee the difference in sea level between a successive high and low tide the difference in maximum tide height between perihelion and aphelion

the difference in sea level between a successive high and low tide

The fetch refers to __________. a method of shoreline erosion control a type of wave-cut platform the circular pattern made by water particles when a wave passes the distance between the trough of a wave and the still water level the distance over which wind blows without interruption

the distance over which the wind blows without interruption

Marine fishes usually do not survive in freshwater because of _________. the effects of osmotic pressure the effects of nutrient diffusion insufficient food insufficient buoyancy insufficient oxygen

the effects of osmotic pressure

What causes variation in Earth's tides over time? the elliptical orbit of Earth around the Sun the elliptical orbits of the Moon around Earth, and Earth around the Sun the elliptical orbit of Earth around the Sun and Moon the orbits of the Moon around the Sun, and the Sun around Earth the elliptical orbit of the Moon around Earth

the elliptical orbits of the Moon around Earth, and Earth around the Sun

The warming of Earth's surface and atmosphere is a natural process controlled by the greenhouse effect. This process is being altered by human emissions, a phenomenon that is often referred to as ___________ . Choose all that apply. the enhanced greenhouse effect the albedo effect thermohaline circulation the ozone hole the anthropogenic greenhouse load

the enhanced greenhouse effect the anthropogenic greenhouse load

Individual fishes within schools maintain their spacing through visual contact and _________. response to physical contact echolocation the lateral line system audible signals and sensitive hearing electrical impulses

the lateral line system

Which side of the baleen faces inside the mouth on a living whale? the top side the more fibrous side the smooth side the bottom side

the more fibrous side

The classifications holoplankton and meroplankton are based on _________. ability to move through the water the portion of the life cycle spent as plankton diet ability to photosynthesize size

the portion of the life cycle spent as plankton

What are tides? the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Sun on Earth the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth the regular weekly rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth the regular weekly rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth

the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth

Isostatic movement of a coastline might occur due to: changes in the rate of seafloor spreading uplift related to earthquake activity underwater landslides the removal of a large glacier that rested in that area additional seawater

the removal of a large glacier that rested in that area

What do whale lice eat? The skin of gray whales. Bottom-dwelling organisms that live in the mud in which gray whales feed. Bacteria in the mouths of gray whales. Whale barnacles that are also found on gray whales. Tiny microscopic floating marine organisms.

the skin of gray whales

Tidal forces result in two tidal bulges because __________. the supplied gravitational forces at various points within the planet differ from the centripetal force the centripetal force required to maintain the orbital relationship between the Moon and Earth is greater than the gravitational forces between them the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon is greater than the attraction between Earth and the Sun the materials of Earth are denser near the equator than near the poles the velocity with which the Moon orbits Earth is greater than the velocity of Earth orbiting the Sun

the supplied gravitational forces at various points within the planet differ from the centripetal force

What disturbing force is responsible for producing the majority of tsunami? underwater landslides the horizontal slipping of plates along a transform fault icebergs calving off of glaciers and falling into the ocean underwater volcanic eruptions the uplift or downdrop of a tectonic plate

the uplift or downdrop of a tectonic plate

Of the following factors, which is/are used to classify marine organisms as plankton, nekton, or benthos? Choose all that apply. proximity to land their mobility (how they move) the maximum depth of water in which they can survive organism size where they live (their habitat)

their mobility (how they move) where they live (their habitat)

If the side of Earth that faces the Moon experiences a tidal bulge (high tide), then the opposite side of Earth will experience a __________. spring tide neap tide proxigean tide tidal trough or low tide tidal bulge or high tide

tidal bulge or high tide (On the side of Earth directly facing the Moon, the tidal bulge is created because the gravitational force is greater than the required centripetal force. On the side of Earth facing away from the Moon, the tidal bulge is created because the required centripetal force is greater than the gravitational force.)

The low and high tides experienced on Earth are the result of __________. tsunami wind waves tidal bulges internal waves

tidal bulges

What do we call the time that passes between two high tides? tidal range tidal datum tidal period tidal day

tidal period

What is the role of the spermaceti in the sperm whale? reproduction to reflect sound to project sound out in front of the whale to analyze sound to focus and magnify sound

to focus and magnify sound

What is the role of the junk compartment in sperm whales? to magnify the sound that was produced by the monkey's muzzle and direct it toward the skull to store excess fat to project the magnified sound that was reflected off the skull so that it is released out in front of the whale to reflect the sound from the monkey's muzzle to dispose of excrement

to project the magnified sound that was reflected off the skull so that it is released out in front of the whale

Biomagnification of toxic substances means that __________. the presence of a toxic substance strengthens the immune systems of organisms higher in the food web toxic substances become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms in each higher level of the food web molecules of the toxic compounds grow larger and form crystals after they accumulate in the tissues of marine animals organisms higher in the food web are more sensitive to a given concentration of toxic substances within their tissues larger organisms are not affected by the toxic substances, but they suffer stress when their prey such as plankton are killed off

toxic substances become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms in each higher level of the food web

Resultant forces result in __________ tidal bulge(s) on Earth. three two one four

two (Resultant forces cause two tidal bulges to occur, one each on opposite sides of Earth.)

How many diurnal tides would you expect during one tidal period? two tides three tides one tide four tides

two tides

What natural cause of climate change is most similar to the major anthropogenic source? variations in Earth's orbit volcanic eruptions changes in solar radiation fossil fuel emissions movement of tectonic plates

volcanic eruptions

The speed of a shallow-water wave is proportional to: water depth. wave frequency. wave period. wave height. wavelength.

water depth

Of the following atmospheric gases, only _________ is an important greenhouse gas. argon (Ar) oxygen (O2) water vapor (H2O) hydrogen sulfide (H2S) nitrogen (N2)

water vapor (H2O)

The depth below the surface where the circular orbits become so small that movement is negligible is called the ________. wave height wave base wave frequency waveform wave period

wave base

The depth below the surface where the circular orbits become so small that movement is negligible is called the ________. wave period wave base wave frequency wave height waveform

wave base

The vertical distance between a wave crest and a wave trough is called the ________. wave period wave steepness wavelength wave base wave height

wave height

The speed of longshore currents increases as which of the following decreases? wave frequency wave height beach slope wave period breaker angle

wave period

The time it takes one full wave to pass a fixed position is called the ________. wave frequency wave steepness wavelength wave period wave height

wave period

What physical changes occur to a wave's wave speed (S), wavelength (L), height (H), and wave steepness (H/L) as the wave moves across shoaling water to break on the shore? wave speed (S) decreases, wavelength (L) increases, height (H) decreases, and wave steepness (H/L) increases wave speed (S) increases, wavelength (L) increases, height (H) decreases, and wave steepness (H/L) decreases wave speed (S) decreases, wavelength (L) decreases, height (H) increases, and wave steepness (H/L) increases wave speed (S) increases, wavelength (L) decreases, height (H) increases, and wave steepness (H/L) increases wave speed (S) decreases, wavelength (L) decreases, height (H) decreases, and wave steepness (H/L) decreases

wave speed (S) decreases, wavelength (L) decreases, height (H) increases, and wave steepness (H/L) increases

The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the ________. waveform wave period wave base wave drift wave steepness

wave steepness

The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the: frequency. wave height. period. wave steepness. wavelength.

wave steepness

In deep-water waves the water depth is greater than the ________ divided by two. wave base wave steepness wave period wave height wavelength

wavelength

In shallow-water waves the water depth is less than the ________ divided by twenty. wave height wave steepness wave base wave period wavelength

wavelength

The longer the ________, the faster a deep-water wave travels. wave drift wave period wavelength wave frequency waveform

wavelength

The circular motion of water molecules extends to a depth that is equal to: wavelength/20 wavelength/wave height wavelength/2 wave height/wavelength wave height/wave period

wavelength/2

Waves usually arrive nearly parallel to the shore because ____________________________. waves destructively interfere with each other most waves come from storms that are directly offshore waves are refracted toward shallow water waves are refracted toward deep water waves constructively interfere with each other

waves are refracted toward shallow water

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Waxing gibbous Waning gibbous Waning crescent Waxing crescent Waxing perigee

waxing perigee

the largest wind-generated waves tend to be associated with the: polar regions equatorial doldrums horse latitudes westerlies trade winds

westerlies

When would the oceans experience the greatest tidal range? when Earth is in aphelion and the Moon is in apogee when Earth is in perihelion and the Moon is in perigee when Earth is in aphelion and the Moon is in perigee when Earth is in perigee and the Moon is in perihelion when Earth is in apogee and the Moon is in perigee

when Earth is in perihelion and the Moon is in perigee

Rogue waves tend to occur __________. in areas where wind belts converge In coastal areas where the ocean depth rapidly decreases in upwelling zones only in the southern ocean below 60ºS latitude where storm waves move against strong surface currents

where storm waves move against strong surface currents

Most ocean waves form as a result of: seismic events. winds blowing across the ocean surface. Earth's rotation. landslides. density differences between water layers.

winds blowing across the ocean surface