GEOL 1601 FINAL

Name the types of stress that are associated with these 3 types of fault 1. Normal fault: 2. Reverse fault: 3. Strike-Slip fault:

1. Normal fault: tension 2. Reverse fault: compression 3. strike-slip fault: shear

what three kinds of directed force (stress) can be applied to a solid mass of rock?

1. compression 2. tension 3. shear

Mohs Scale of Hardness: 10= 9= 8= 7= 6= 5= 4= 3= 2= 1=

10=Diamond 9=Corondum 8=topaz 7= quartz 6= orthoclase feldspar ^ HARD MINERALS 5= apatite 4= flourite 3= calcite 2= gypsum 1= talc ^ SOFT MINERALS a

The initial volume of water in a graduated cylinder is 10 millimters (mL) after a piece of rock was added to the graduated cylinder, the final volume of water was 12.8 millimeters. What is the volume of the rock?

2.8 mL

What is the minimum # of seismograph locations needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

3.

Shale will change to the following rocks with INCREASING grade of metamorphism A. Marble, Schist, Phyllite, Gneiss B. Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss C. Gneiss, Schist, Phyllite, Slate D. Quartzite, marble, slate, gneiss

B. Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

The processes responsible for changing sediments into sedimentary rock are compaction and A. foliation B. cementation C. intrusion D. stratification

B. cementation

Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms from a ____________ parent. A. granite B. limestone C. sandstone D. shale

B. limestone

____________ is a textural term used to describe igneous rocks that exhibit two distinct sizes of crystals; coarse-grained phenocrysts set in a fine-grained groundmass or matrix A. pegmatitic B. porphyritic C. vesicular D. felsic

B. porphyritic

Ultramafic igneous rocks (i.e. peridotite) are comprised of >85% mafic minerals. Which of the following is NOT a mafic mineral? A. olivine B. potassium feldspar C. hornblende (amphibole) D. augite (pyroxene)

B. potassium feldspar

This extinct group of marine vertebrate is related to lobsters, and is an important index fossil for the Paleozoic Era. A. mollusca B. trilobites C. brachiopods D. gastropods

B. trilobites

To which of the following groups does breccia belong? A. foliated metamorphic B. unfoliated metamorphic C. clastic sedimentary D. chemical sedimentary

C. clastic sedimentary

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis of their A. composition B. age C. grain size D. color

C. grain size

Which of the following is an extrusive igneous rocks? A. gabbro B. granite C. obsidian D. k feldspar

C. obsidian

In a NORMAL FAULT: 1. Has the crust a) shortened b) lengthened c) neither 2. Was the stress a) shear? b) compression? c) tension? 3. is the plate boundary type: a) transform? b) divergent? c) convergent?

In a Normal fault, the crust has LENGTHENED, the stress was TENSION, and the plate boundary type is DIVERGENT

Place the following spheres in the correct order (least to most dense) based on their densities a. Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere. b. hydrospher, atmosphere, lithosphere c. lithosphere, atmostphere, hydrosphere d. atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere

a. atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphre

Mid-ocean ridges are which type of plate boundary? a. divergent plate boundaries b. convergent plate boundaries c. transform plate boundaries d. mantles pumes or "hot spots"

a. divergent plate boundaries

In a __________ fault the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall a. normal b. reverse c. transform d. thrust

a. normal

Which of the minerals is the softest? a. talc b. calcite c. gypsum d. copper

a. talc

Tension

also called dilation, pulls a block of rock apart and increases its length. this can cause NORMAL faulting, in which gravity pulls the hanging wall block down and forces it to slide down off of the footwall block

Subduction occurs at which type of plate boundary? a. divergent plate boundaries b. convergent plate boundaries c. transform plate boundaries d. mantle plumes or "hot spots"

b. convergent plate boundaries

the ________ is the point on earths surface directly above the underground origin of the earthquake, also known as the ___________. a. focus;epicenter b. epicenter;focus c. subduction zone; shear zone d. shear zone;subduction zone

b. epicenter; focus

Oceanic plates subduct under continental plates because a. oceanic plates are shorter than continental plates b. oceanic plates are denser than continental plates c. oceanic plates have more water in them than continental plates do d. oceanic plates break as because they are more brittle than continental plates

b. oceanic plates are denser than continental plates

the faster of the two body waves (the wave that is first detected at seismic recording stations) is the: a. rayleigh wave b. p-wave c. s-wave d. love wave

b. p-wave

the hardness of a mineral depends on the a. quality of the cleavage planes b. strength of the chemical bonds c. way the mineral reflects light d. specific gravity of the mineral

b. strength of the chemical bonds

what is Serpentines parent rocks?

basalt or gabbros

what is Amphibolite parent rock

basalt, gabbro

Compression

compacts a block of rock and squeezes into less space. this can cause REVERSE faulting, in which the hanging wall block is forced up to the footwall block in opposition to the pull of gravity

What types of metamoprhism would be present at a convergent zone? if the bedrock was mostly sandstone and shale, what types of metamoprhic rock would form

contact; quartz sandstone

If the distance from NOLA to BR is 80 km, how many meters is it? a. 80 m b. 800 m c. 8,000 m d. 80,000 m

d. 80,000 m

Which of the following is part of the definition of a mineral? a. Ordered, repeating atomic arrangement b. naturally occuring c. definite chemical composition d. all of the above

d. all of the above

magma can be inserted in the crust as each of the following EXCEPT a. dike b. silt c. batholith d. monolith

d. monolith

If a mineral is near its melting point and its confining pressure decreases enough, it will melt. this process is called ____________________.

decompression melting

the stratification of Earths spheres (core, mantle, lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and atmostphere) is due to the differences in their __________.

density

Qualitative information:

describing how materials look, feel, smell, sound, taste, or behave

In what order do seismic waves arrive?

first is primary, then secondary, then love wave

In a REVERSE FAULT: 1. has the crust shortened, lengthened, or neither 2. was the stress: shear, compression, or tension? 3. Is the plate boundary type: transform, divergent, or convergent?

in a reverse fault, the crust has SHORTENED, the stress was COMPRESSION, and the plate boundary type is CONVERGENT

In a STRIKE-SLIP FAULT: 1. Has the crust: shortened, lengthened, or neither? 2. was the stress: shear, compression, or tension? 3. Is the plate boundary type: transform, divergent, or convergent?

in a strike-slip fault, the crust has NEITHER lengthened or shortened, the stress was SHEAR, and the plate boundary type was TRANSFORM

a body of magma that pushes its way into earths crust is called an?

intrusion

whats marbles parent rock?

limestone

what are the two types of surface waves?

love, rayleigh

Quantitative information:

measuring materials, energy levels, and processes of change in time and space

two types of luster used when doing mineral identification are _________________ & _______________.

metallic & non-metallic

example of a divergent boundary?

mid-ocean ridges: where magma rises up between 2 plates, forces them to spread apart, and cools to form new rock on the edges of both plates

what are minerals

mineral are inorganic, naturally occurring substances that have a characteristic chemical composition, distinctive physical properties, and crystalline structures.

what is slates parent rock?

mudstone or shale

what is phyllites parent rock?

mudstone, shale, or slate

what is Schists parent rock?

mudstone, shale, slate, or phyllite

what is Gneiss parent rock?

mudstone, shale, slate, phyllite, schist, granite, or diorite

convergent boundaries

plates are destroyed along convergent boundaries, where the edge of one plate may subduct (descend beneath the edge of another plate) back to the mantle, or both plate mary crumple and merge to form a mountain belt

divergent boundaries

plates for and spread apart along divergent boundaries

transform fault boundaries

plates side past one another along transform fault boundaries, where plates are neither formed nor destroyed

is the san andreas fault a right or left lateral strike-slip fault?

right-lateral

whats quartzites parent rock?

sandstone

Shear

smears a block of rock from side to side and may eventually tear it apart into 2 blocks of rock that slide past each other along a lateral or strike-slip fault

What do rounded and small grains indicate about the distance that those grains have traveled?

that they have traveled far away from their origin

true or false: cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to break along flat, parallel surfaces

true

You find folded sedimentary rocks beneath an erosional surface. Above the erosional surface you find flat lying beds. You are looking at a(n) ___________________. A. angular unconformity B. conformity C. disconformity D. nonconformity

A. angular unconformity

Which of the following is a biochemical (bioclastic) sedimentary rock? A. bituminous coal B. gypsum C. shale D. halite

A. bituminous coal

An anticline that is not overturned: A. has the oldest rocks in the center of the structure & the youngest rocks on the outside B. has the youngest rocks in the center of the structure and the oldest rocks on the outside C. contains rock units that are all the same age D. the relative ages of the rock units can never be determined

A. has the oldest rocks in the center of the structure & the youngest rocks on the outside

A body of magma that pushes its way into the earths crust is called a/an ________, and it will eventually cool to form a _______________ igneous rock. A. intrusion, phaneritic B. intrusion, aphanitic C. pyroclastic flow, glassy D. volcano, Hawaiian

A. intrusion, phaneritic

In contact metamorphism the source of increased temperature and pressure is ____________, A. local intrusive heat source B. regional metamorphism C. the increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial D. due to increased rate of radioactive decay

A. local intrusive heat source

In a ___________ fault, the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall. A. normal B. reverse C. transform D. thrust

A. normal

Which of the following is a common sedimentary protolith? A. sandstone B. slate C. quartzite D. marble

A. sandstone

After one half-life ______ of the parent atoms has decayed, and after two half-lives ________ of the parent atoms has decayed. A. 25%; 75% B. 50%; 75% C. 15,9%; 29.3% D. 25%; 50%

B. 50%; 75%

True/False: In a dome the youngest strata are located in the center A. True B. False

B. False

Sedimentary rocks are composed of A. fragments of other rocks and minerals, like gravel in a riverbed, sand on a beach, or mud in the ocean B. chemical precipitates, such as salt or calcium carbonate C. organic materials, such as coral reefs or vegetation in a swamp D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Contact metamorphic rocks would most likely form near which of the following geologic features? A. ocean floor B. lava flow C. sand dunes D. batholith

D. batholith

The parallel alignment of mica in a metamorphic rock is an example of _________. A. porphyroblasts B. bedding C. metasomatism D. foliation

D. foliation

Metamorphic rocks with segregated light and dark minerals are called ___________. A. slate B. schist C. phyllite D. gneiss

D. gneiss

The only unconformity that has crystalline igneous or metamorphic rocks underneath the erosional surface is the ______________. A. angular unconformity B. conformity C. disconformity D. nonconformity

D. nonconformity

Which of the following metamorphic rocks is not paired with its true parent rock? A. slate-shale B. quartzite-quartz sandstone C. schist-shale D. serpentine-galena

D. serpentine-galena

Geology

Geology is the branch of science that deals with Earth: its rocky body, 4.55 billion-year-long history, and environmental changes that affect humans.