GEOLAB PRELABS

To show topography in a flat coastal area, the most appropriate contour interval would be 5 10 20 100

5

In a syncline, the __________ rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip__________ one another.

youngest, toward

Groundwater is unique among all the erosional agents because it carves landscapes from below the surface. does not have any kinetic energy. has more kinetic energy than streams or glaciers. moves faster than water in streams.

carves landscapes from below the surface

An angular unconformity is evidence that the local rocks contain fossils. there is an incomplete geologic record preserved in an area. igneous rocks have intruded sedimentary rocks and metamorphosed them. lava flows have erupted onto sedimentary rocks

there is an incomplete geologic record preserved in an area.

Small tick marks (hachures) on contour lines indicate steep slopes. gentle slopes. hilltops. depressions.

depressions

The term relative age refers to ages of siblings and cousins. how many years ago a particular geologic feature formed. whether a feature is older or younger than another. the difference in years between the ages of two features.

whether a feature is older or younger than another.

What does a map scale of 1:24,000 indicate? One inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground. One centimeter on the map equals 24,000 centimeters on the ground. One foot on the map equals 24,000 feet on the ground. All of the possible answers are correct.

All possible answers are correct

If a fault offsets a sequence of sedimentary rocks, what must be true about the fault? It is older than the rocks based on the principle of superposition. It is older than the rocks based on the principle of inclusions. It is younger than the rocks based on the principle of cross-cutting relationships. None of the possible answers are correct; it could be older or younger depending on the kind of fault.

It is younger than the rocks based on the principle of cross-cutting relationships.

What may happen to a contaminant if it enters the groundwater in an area? It will evaporate quickly. It may become a problem for those using groundwater for their homes. It will move upward, toward higher elevations near homes. All of the possible answers are correct.

It may become a problem for those using groundwater for their homes.

A benchmark is an important step in surveying a map area. a measure of how steep the slope is. a permanent marker on the ground that indicates location and elevation. a marker painted on boulders.

a permanent marker on the ground that indicates location and elevation.

The water table separates water in bedrock from water contained in unconsolidated sediment. areas where groundwater flows rapidly from those where it flows slowly. a zone where all pores are saturated with water from one in which some are filled with air. areas of karst topography from areas without soluble rocks.

a zone where all pores are saturated with water from one in which some are filled with air.

In the plate-tectonic model, where is large-scale compressional stress found? divergent plate boundaries convergent plate boundaries transform faults all of the possible answers are correct.

convergent plate boundaries

Properties required for a material to be an aquifer include high porosity and high permeability. high porosity but no permeability. high permeability but no porosity. the material being a consolidated rock, not sediment.

high porosity and high permeability.

The relative motion of fault blocks on opposite sides of a strike-slip fault is north-south. east-west. horizontal. vertical.

horizontal

To show topography in a rugged, mountainous area, the most appropriate contour interval would be 5 10 20 100

100

Information on the borders of a topographic map includes all except the year the map was made the map scale the types of rocks present in the map area the latitude and longitude of the four corners of the map

the types of rocks present in the map area

Where is large-scale shear stress found in the plate-tectonic model? divergent plate boundaries convergent plate boundaries transform faults all of the possible answers are correct.

transform faults

Contour lines on a map connect points spaced equal distances from one another. of equal elevation. of interest to geologists. that mark uphill or downhill trails.

of equal elevation

The difference between a plunging and nonplunging fold is that the hinge of a plunging fold is not horizontal. the hinge of the plunging fold is horizontal. beds on both limbs of a plunging fold dip at the same angle. beds on both limbs of a plunging fold dip in the same direction.

the hinge of a plunging fold is not horizontal.

Each rock unit or geologic formation is distinguished by unique _________ and _________ on a map.

Color, map notation

What type of unconformity forms when sedimentary rocks overlie either igneous or metamorphic rocks? a nonconformity an angular unconformity a disconformity a baked contact

a nonconformity

By what process is groundwater erosion accomplished? abrasion by particles carried from pore to pore abrasion by particles deposited in pore spaces dissolution of soluble rock types all of the possible answers are correct.

dissolution of soluble rock types

A cone of depression can increase the amount of water available at a given site. can increase the amount of water available regionally. forms regionally during times of drought. forms locally when a user removes groundwater.

forms locally when a user removes groundwater.

The zero contour line is also known as the North Pole. the international date line. the equator. sea level.

sea level

What most likely will happen if the water table is at the surface of the ground? Small depressions will be filled with water. Basements will flood. Water from a heavy rain will not be able to sink into the ground, causing flooding All of the possible answers are correct.

All of the possible answers are correct.

What is a geologic formation? Discrete, mappable units Specific topographic feature on a map Feature which is located only at the same topographic elevation Fault on which displacement occurred

Discrete, mappable units

Define the principle of original horizontality. Sequence of sedimentary rock layers, where each layer must be younger than the one below Layers of sediment, when first deposited, are fairly horizontal All fossil assemblages must be deposited horizontally Sedimentary rocks overlie generally much older intrusive igneous and metamorphic rocks

Layers of sediment, when first deposited, are fairly horizontal

The principle of inclusions states that all factors must be included in evaluating the relative age of two materials. a sedimentary rock must be younger than the clasts that it contains. an igneous rock must be younger than the rocks it cuts across. fossils must be older than the rocks in which they are found.

a sedimentary rock must be younger than the clasts that it contains

Block diagrams used to portray geologic structures contain a map view Two cross-sectional interpretations both of the possible answers are correct None of the possible answers are correct

both of the possible answers are correct

Where is large-scale tensional stress found in the plate-tectonic model? divergent plate boundaries convergent plate boundaries transform faults all of the possible answers are correct

divergent plate boundaries

The water table is lowered during periods of intense rain. during periods of drought. when sea level rises. as plates spread farther apart in divergent boundaries.

during periods of drought.

The thickness of a geologic formation on a map is always equivalent to the thickness of the stratigraphic unit observed in the field True False

false

The principle of superposition can be used to determine the relative ages of all of these except a sequence of lava flows. layers of unconsolidated sediment in a lake. horizontal layers of sedimentary rock interlayered with lava flows. folded sedimentary rocks.

folded sedimentary rocks

In an anticline, the __________ rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip __________ one another.

oldest, away from

If the water table in an area drops below the level of stream channels, nothing will happen to the streams. stream levels will rise to make up for the drop. stream levels will drop as water leaks from the streams into the ground. flash floods will occur in the streams

stream levels will drop as water leaks from the streams into the ground.

Strike and dip refer to a follow-through in bowling. the amount of movement along a fault. the orientation of a bed or fault. the orientation of the stresses causing deformation

the orientation of a bed or fault.

A vertical exaggeration of 1.00 × on a topographic profile means the slope is very steep. there are several overhangs on cliff faces. the vertical scale of the profile is the same as the map scale. the vertical scale of the profile is 100 times that of the map scale.

the vertical scale of the profile is the same as the map scale.

A disconformity occurs when rocks have been folded and eroded before deposition of a younger layer of sediment. rocks have been tilted and eroded before deposition of a younger layer of sediment. there has been some uplift and erosion but no folding between deposition of rocks above and below the disconformity. a series of sedimentary rocks sits upon eroded igneous rocks

there has been some uplift and erosion but no folding between deposition of rocks above and below the disconformity.

Fault-block motion in a dip-slip fault is horizontal. up and down the fault plane. slower than in strike-slip faults. faster than in strike-slip faults

up and down the fault plane.

Properties required for a material to be an aquitard include the material being a consolidated rock, not sediment. very low permeability. very high permeability. high porosity

very low permeability.

In order for a fossil to be used as an index fossil, the species must have existed for a very long span of geologic time and lived throughout the world. very long span of geologic time and lived in a very small geographic area. very short span of geologic time and lived throughout the world. very short span of geologic time and lived in a very small geographic area.

very short span of geologic time and lived throughout the world.