Geology Chapter 1 Learn Smart

The rate of seafloor spreading is approximately ___ per year

1-18 centimeters

Geologic eras from most recent on top to oldest at the bottom

1. Cenozoic 2. Mesozoic 3. Paleozoic 4. Precambrian

Dinosaurs went extinct approximately ___ million years ago

66

As oceanic lithosphere bends and is pulled underneath another plate, what is formed?

A deep oceanic trench

Precamblin

Algae, bacteria

Examples of diminishing geologic resources include

Aluminum and tin, petroleum and natural gas, iron and copper

When oceanic and continental crust converge, which of the two plates is subducted?

Always the oceanic plate

What portion of the surface of Earth is covered by oceans?

Approximately two-thirds

The ___ marked by an arrow in this diagram, flows more readily than the underlying mantle and acts as a lubricating layer.

Asthenosphere

The oxygen we breath is part of which Earth system?

Atmosphere

Which of these are the four Earth systems?

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere.

Which of the following best explains the formation of tall mountain ranges at continent- continent convergent boundaries?

Buckling and deformation of the two buoyant plate pushes the continent upward

Why was the damage caused by the Haitian earthquake so much greater than the damage caused by the Chilean earthquake?

Chile has strict building codes

Core

Composed primarily of iron and nickel

The concept of isostatic adjustments tells us that when a mountain is subjected to a period of significant erosion, the ____

Continent will rise

Which of the following are types of convergent boundaries?

Continent-continent, ocean -ocean and ocean-continent

Mesozoic

Dinosaurs, flowering plants

What geologic disaster struck Haiti in 2010, leading to the death of over 300,000 Haitians?

Earthquake

____ resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are concentrated in specific locations, over many millions of years, by geologic processes

Energy

The extraction of resources, such as petroleum, metals, and gravel, can have a negative effect on the ___.

Environment

___ igneous rocks are those that form from the solidification of lava on the Earth's surface

Extrusive

The theory of plate tectonics led to the hypothesis of continental drift.

False, continental drift is the underlying hypothesis that led to the theory of plate tectonics

Convergent boundaries only occur when oceanic crust meet continental crust.

False, convergent can also occur between two oceanic plates or between two continental plates

A geologist would consider the erosion of a volcano in a million years as a ___ process.

Fast

Palezoic

First reptiles and fish

The study of _____ is of great importance because it helps us locate natural resources, understand natural disasters, and protect the environment.

Geology

Which two Earth systems, or spheres, interact to create a tsunami?

Geosphere and Hydrosphere

Which of the following would not be considered as part of the geosphere?

Glaciers

Earthquake, floods, landslides, and hurricanes are all considered to be natural ___.

Hazards

Which mountain belt results from the convergence of India with the Eurasian plate?

Himalaya

Which animal group made its first appearance on Earth approximately 5 million years ago?

Humans

A ___ is a tentative answer to a scientific question that is formed from the observation of date

Hypothesis

The solidification of magma results in the formation of ___ rocks

Igneous

Earthquakes and volcanoes are examples of geological processes driven by Earth's ___ heat engine

Internal

The vertical motion of the Earth's crust as it "floats" on the underlying mantle is called ___ adjustment.

Isostatic

Which of these are components of the hydrosphere?

Lakes, oceans, rivers, glaciers

Cenozoic

Large mammals, hominids

The ___ is the rigid portion of the Earth made up of the ___ and the uppermost part of the mantle

Lithosphere; crust

Oceanic crust is formed when ___ flows into fissures and erupts at mid-oceanic ridges.

Magma

The ___ is the largest of Earth's concentric zones by volume.

Mantle

What type of rock is formed from a pre-existing rock that is exposed to high temperatures and/or high-pressure conditions

Metamorphic

Most divergent boundaries coincide with the crests of submarine mountain ranges, known as

Mid-oceanic ridges

Which of the following geologic phenomena are explained by the theory of plate tectonics?

Mountain belts, earthquakes and volcanoes

Tectonic forces generated inside the Earth are responsible for

Mountain building and earthquakes

At its core, the rising cost of fuel prices inevitably results from

Our growing dependence on diminishing nonrenewable resources

During which geologic era did complex life-forms appear in abundance in the rock record?

Paleozoic

How is the magma that erupts at mid- oceanic ridges formed?

Partial melting of the underlying asthenosphere

___ is the science that focuses on Earth's materials, surface changes, interior changes, and the dynamic forces that cause those changes.

Physical Geology

Geologists accurately predicted the major 1991 eruption of Mount ___, saving the lives of tens of thousands of people in the Philippines.

Pinatubo

The theory that regards the lithosphere as broken slabs that move relative to one another is called ___

Plate tectonics

transform boundary

Plates slide horizontally past each other

Rocks formed deep within the Earth will be unstable at the surface because of which of the following changes in condition?

Pressure differences and temperature differences

Which of the following marks a transform plate boundary?

San Andreas fault system

____ is loose material resulting from the breakdown of rock

Sediment

Which of the following is not an agent of erosion?

Snow Agent of erosion (wind, glaciers, and rivers).

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Solid- state changes in preexisting rocks at high temperature and/ or high pressure

___ is the process where one plate sinks below another at a convergent margin

Subduction

The ___ is the external heat engine for Earth processes.

Sun

The forces generated inside the Earth by the internal heat engine are referred to as ___ forces

Tectonic

What event marks the start of the Paleozoic era 541 million years ago?

The appearance of abundant complex life-forms

Continent- continent convergence typically occurs after

The closing of an ocean basin due to ocean-continent convergence

At the ocean- ocean convergent boundary, which plate is subducted into the mantle?

The denser plate

What happens to material that is hotter than its surroundings deep within the Earth?

The hot material slowly moves up towards the surface

Mantle

Thickest layer; solid rock

Crust

Thinnest layer; both oceanic and continental types

At a convergent plate boundary, plates move ___ each other

Toward

A ___ boundary occurs when two plates slide horizontally past each other.

Transform

The following are types of plate boundaries except

Transitional

A deep oceanic ___ is formed at a subduction zone as one plate bends and is moved underneath another

Trench

Fossils are apart of the biosphere

True

Mountain belts are formed along ocean-continent convergent zones

True

Scientists estimate that the age of earth is between 4.5 and 4.6 billion years old.

True

Oceanic crust has a higher density then continental crust

True, that is why it rests topographically lower

What two geological disasters struck Japan on March 11, 2011, leading to the deaths of over 15,000 Japanese and the destruction of entire towns?

Tsunami and Earthquake

Which of the following are causes of continental rifting?

Upwelling mantle material and extensional forces in the crust

Lava flows, ash clouds, and pyroclastic flows are all examples of

Volcanic hazards

The Aleutians are an example of a(n) ___ arc

Volcanic island

The chain of volcanic islands that forms at an ocean-ocean subduction zone is called a

Volcanic island arc

The most deadly volcanic hazard are

Volcanic mudflows and pyroclastic flows

Geology is the study of

earth

The core is believed to be mostly composed of which two metals?

iron and nickel

Most transform faults are found along

mid-oceanic ridges

What is magma?

molten rock

The two types of crust are

oceanic and continental

divergent boundary

plates move away from each other

convergent boundary

plates move toward each other