Psy Ch 4 Consciousness

REM sleep makes up nearly ___ percent of an infant's total sleep. 30 80 50 20

50%

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

The primary key to hypnosis is finding someone who is already very tired. accepts suggestions easily. has a vivid imagination. is easily distracted.

Accepts suggestions easily

When Tawny is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. What theory best explains her dreams? sociocultural theory activation-synthesis dreams as everyday life Freudian

Activation-Synthesis

A change in the quality or pattern of mental activity, such as increased alertness or divided consciousness, is called a(n) Altered State Of Consciousness transient state of consciousness. waking consciousness. hallucination.

Altered State Consciousness

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

In Freud's theory, dreams were a way to examine the _________ of his patients. most recent memories most recent experiences conscious mind early memories

Early memories

Which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller? opium marijuana caffeine PCP

PCP

circadian rhythm

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period

consciousness

a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

REM behavior disorder

a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

Michael finds that most of his dreams are little more than random images that seemingly have been put into a strange storyline. Which theory of dreams best explains this? dreams for survival theory activation-synthesis hypothesis Hall's dreams as reflections of everyday life Freudian dream theory

activation-synthesis hypothesis

non-REM sleep

any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM

sleep deprivation

any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

theta waves

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

alpha waves

brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

psychoactive drugs

chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, and memory

physical dependence

condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug

Which of the following is a characteristic of stage N3, or slow-wave sleep? increased heart rate paralysis of voluntary muscles deepest level of sleep increased body temperature

deepest level of sleep

Barbiturates

depressant drugs that have a sedative effect

Dissociation

divided state of conscious awareness

Hallucinogens

drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality

Depressents

drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system

Benzodiazepines

drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress

stimulatory hallucinogenics

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

activation-information-mode model (AIM)

revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

beta waves

smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity

waking consciousness

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert

Amphetamines

stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature

The pineal gland receives instructions from the __________ to release __________. suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatonin thalamus; dopamine occipital lobe; serotonin spinal cord; acetylcholine

suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatonin

psychological dependence

the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

sleep paralysis

the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep

social cognitive theory

theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation

Opium

Substance obtained from the opium poppy from which all opiates are derived

Typically, opiates have the ability to suppress the sensation of pain. cause deep levels of depression. cause intense hallucinations. stimulate the user.

Suppress the sensation of pain

As the sun begins to set, Winston finds himself becoming more and more sleepy. What structure is sensitive to light and influences when to go to sleep and when to awaken? suprachiasmatic nucleus thalamus corpus callosum occipital lobe

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

The sleep-wake cycle typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regulated by the cerebellum. suprachiasmatic nucleus. frontal lobe. pituitary gland.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Your friend tells you she is seeing a therapist who wishes to use hypnosis as part of her therapy. However, your friend is concerned that she might be hypnotized without knowing it. What might you tell her? Don't worry. Hypnosis is just an illusion and doesn't really work. Be careful. Hypnotists are in control of you while hypnotized. Not to worry. Hypnotists can only control their patient's behavior about 40 percent of the time. That you actually hypnotize yourself and you cannot be hypnotized against your will.

That you actually hypnotize yourself and you cannot be hypnotized against your will.

Bobby agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. While hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Bobby replied that he didn't know, it must have been because he was hypnotized. What theory best explains his behavior? the social-cognitive explanation of hypnosis the biological theory of hypnosis the behavioral theory of hypnosis the hidden observer theory of hypnosis

The social-cognitive explanation of hypnosis

Calvin was being bullied by a coworker. That night, he dreamed that the coworker had a terrible accident. According to Sigmund Freud, his dream was most likely an example of wish fulfillment. suppressed violent tendencies. extreme mental illness. manifest destiny.

Wish fulfillment

As consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea, shaking, and elevated blood pressure are all signs of overdose. amphetamine toxicity. withdrawal. psychological dependency.

Withdrawal

Opiates

a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins

Which of the following is involved in determining when we sleep? body temperature digestion body position GABA

Body temperature

Which of the following is an example of an automatic process? brushing your teeth doing math problems driving a car talking on a cell phone

Brushing your teeth

What drug's physical withdrawal symptoms include severe mood swings (crash), paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure? alcohol heroin caffeine cocaine

Cocaine

Consciousness can be defined as a set of action potentials occurring among neurons according to which of the following views? cognitive neuroscience sociocultural evolutionary behavioral

Cognitive Neuroscience

Anthony's therapist is using hypnosis to help him recall the night he was supposedly abducted by aliens. Danny's therapist is using hypnosis to help him prepare for the pain of dental surgery because Danny is allergic to the dentist's painkillers. Patrick's therapist is using hypnosis to help him quit drinking and smoking. Which client has the highest chance for success? Patrick All three can benefit from hypnosis because each technique is proven effective. Anthony Danny

Danny

Which theory of hypnosis includes the idea of a "hidden observer"? expectancy dissociative social cognitive biological

Dissociative

Which of the following would be bad advice for someone who is suffering from insomnia? Don't look at the clock. Go to bed only when you are sleepy. Do not exercise, it overstimulates the brain. Don't take sleeping pills.

Do not exercise, it overstimulates the brain

Studies show that most people tend to not dream at all. only have nightmares. dream in color. dream in black and white.

Dream in color

Your uncle Karl, who recently retired, has mentioned how he doesn't sleep as well as he did when he was younger. For many years, he regularly slept about 7 to 8 hours, but now that he is in his 60s he tends to get only 5 to 6 hours of sleep per night. What would you tell him? Getting less sleep is dangerous as we age. People should seek medical intervention to help them sleep. Getting less sleep as we age is not normal, since studies show we need more sleep as we age. Getting less sleep is associated with mental health problems in our later years. Uncle Karl should consider seeing a psychologist. Getting less sleep seems to be a common consequence of aging.

Getting less sleep seems to be a common consequence of aging

What part of the brain is influential in determining when to sleep? thalamus hippocampus frontal lobe hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Which of the following statements about nicotine is true? Overall, the number of women and teenagers smoking is on the decrease. Nicotine can slow the heart and therefore create a sense of relaxation. In terms of addictive power, nicotine is more powerful than heroin or alcohol. Overall, the number of Americans smoking is on the increase.

In terms of addictive power, nicotine is more powerful than heroin or alcohol.

Most studies of marijuana's effects have found that it creates a strong physical dependency. it produces intense withdrawal symptoms. it is easy to overdose on the substance. it creates a powerful psychological dependency.

It creates a powerful psychological dependency

Which of the following statements is false? Driving while talking on a cell phone is as risky as driving while under the influence of alcohol. Texting while driving is more dangerous than talking on a cell phone while driving. Brushing your hair while talking on the phone is easy to do. It is safe to drive and talk on a cell phone as long as it is hands free.

It is safe to drive and talk on a cell phone as long as it is hands free.

Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of meditation on health? Meditation can reduce blood pressure in many people. Meditation may be able to reduce levels of chronic pain. Meditation has been shown to reduce stress. Meditation can prevent cancer.

Medication can prevent cancer

Which of the following statements about the content of dreams is true? There are no cultural differences in dream content. Dreams usually consist of very unusual activities. Men and women tend to dream about the same things. Men are more likely than women to have dreams about fighting.

Men are more likely than women to have dreams about fighting.

Jackie is engaging in a mental exercise in which she deliberately pays attention to the moment-by-moment unfolding of her current experience. Jackie most likely practicing mindfulness meditation. self-hypnosis. concentrative meditation. yoga.

Mindfulness meditation

n which stage of sleep do sleep spindles occur? N3 N2 R N1

N2

Sleepwalking occurs in stage __________ sleep, whereas nightmares occur in stage __________ sleep. R; N3 N3; R N2; N1 N1; N2

N3: R

Josef has had a very demanding day. Though his work is not physically challenging, it tends to mentally drain him. Which type of sleep will Josef probably require more of? N2 N1 N3 R

R

_____________ is a tranquilizer that is also known as the "date rape" drug. Xanax Librium Halcion Rohypnol

Rohypnol

Some researchers have suggested that hypnosis may work due to an individual's personal expectations about what being hypnotized is supposed to be like and the individual's ability to play a particular role in the given social situation. Which theory of hypnosis best accounts for these possible explanations for an individual's behavior while hypnotized? biological theory social-cognitive theory expectancy theory dissociative theory

Social-Cognitive Theory

R(REM Sleep)

Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream.

Jane is aware that she is sitting in her psychology class and it is almost lunchtime. She is also aware of how tired she is after staying up late to watch a movie. Thus, if Jane is aware of what is going on around her and what is going on within her, then it is safe to say that she is in a(n) preconscious state. unconscious state. state of waking consciousness. altered state of consciousness.

State Of waking consciousness

REM rebound

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

Delta Waves

long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

Meditation

mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness

Heroin

narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive

Morphine

narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain

activation-synthesis theory

premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.