Geology Chapter 4,5, and 7

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The ________ ocean basin is rimmed by the most subduction zones. Atlantic Indian Pacific Arctic

Pacific

________ is characterized by very coarse mineral grains? Granite Obsidian Pegmatite Pumice

Pegmatite

________ is composed mainly of ferromagnesian minerals. Rhyolite Peridotite Granite Andesite

Peridotite

________ is thought to be common in the Earth's mantle but rare in the crust. Granite Pegmatite Pumice Peridotite

Peridotite

________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. Plagioclase Microcline Orthoclase Pyroxene

Plagioclase

A (an) ________ texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization. phaneritic pyroclastic aphanitic glassy

phaneritic

A ________ texture would be most unlikely to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. phaneritic pyroclastic aphanitic glassy

phaneritic

At low pressures and in the absence of water, rhyolites and granites begin to melt at about ________. 800°C 300°C 6000°F 500°F

800

________ is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South America. Basalt Andesite Peridotite Pegmatite

Andesite

________ magma is the most abundant type of magma erupted at oceanic spreading centers. Basaltic Andesitic Granitic Pegmatitic

Basaltic

________ magma is the most abundant type of magma erupted at oceanic spreading centers. Basaltic Andesitic Granitic Pegmatitic

Basaltic

What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, OR? When did they take place? Landslides and volcanic mudflows dammed the Mazama River; 500 years ago. The crater of a large, extinct cinder cone filled with water; 5 million years ago. A powerful explosion blew away the top of a stratovolcano; 10 million years ago. Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions; 6000 years ago.

Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions; 6000 years ago.

What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, OR? When did they take place? Landslides and volcanic mudflows dammed the Mazama River; 500 years ago. The crater of a large, extinct cinder cone filled with water; 5 million years ago. A powerful explosion blew away the top of a stratovolcano; 10 million years ago. Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions; 6000 years ago.

Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions; 6000 years ago.

Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive? Fissure eruptions feeding lava to flood basalt accumulations. Lava flows from a large shield volcano on an oceanic island. Eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes. Lava flows from a large cinder cone complex.

Eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes.

Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive? Fissure eruptions feeding lava to flood basalt accumulations. Lava flows from a large shield volcano on an oceanic island. Eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes. Lava flows from a large cinder cone complex.

Eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes.

________ often contain gem-quality crystals of minerals such as beryl and tourmaline and high concentrations of relatively rare elements such as lithium, boron, and beryllium. Basaltic lavas Diorite plutons Welded tuff sheets Granitic pegmatites

Granitic pegmatites

________ tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano. Low viscosity; low dissolved gas content High viscosity; low dissolved gas content Low silica content, low viscosity High viscosity and dissolved gas

High viscosity and dissolved gas

What is the largest, known volcano in the Solar System? Mount Olympus, Greece, Earth Olympus Mons, Mars Mauna Kea, southern hemisphere, Mars Mauna Loa, Hawaii, Earth

Olympus Mons, Mars

What is the largest, known volcano in the Solar System? Mount Olympus, Greece, Earth Olympus Mons, Mars Mauna Kea, southern hemisphere, Mars Mauna Loa, Hawaii, Earth

Olympus Mons, Mars

What does it mean to have an andesitic composition? Rocks contain mostly olivine and pyroxene. Rocks have the same composition as basalt. Rocks have a composition between that of granite and basalt. Rocks contain mostly quartz.

Rocks have a composition between that of granite and basalt.

The 1991 Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines caused brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets to be seen for the next few years. What caused this phenomenon? Sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratosphere. The eruption added large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The eruptive cloud destroyed parts of the Earth's protective ozone layer. Radioactive atoms blown into the atmosphere glowed red as they decayed.

Sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratosphere.

The 1991 Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines caused brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets to be seen for the next few years. What caused this phenomenon? Sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratosphere. The eruption added large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The eruptive cloud destroyed parts of the Earth's protective ozone layer. Radioactive atoms blown into the atmosphere glowed red as they decayed.

Sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratosphere.

Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why? Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small mineral grains. Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.

The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.

Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture? The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or microscope. The mineral grains have glassy textures. The rock consists of broken, volcanic-rock and mineral fragments. The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes.

The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or microscope.

________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism. Water and carbon dioxide Neon and ammonia Chlorine and sodium Oxygen and nitrogen

Water and carbon dioxide

________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism. Water and carbon dioxide Neon and ammonia Chlorine and sodium Oxygen and nitrogen

Water and carbon dioxide

What do pumice and obsidian have in common? basaltic composition phaneritic texture glassy texture ultramafic composition

glassy texture

The Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon is ________. a field of large stratovolcanoes a thick stack of welded-tuff layers a flood basalt plateau a caldera filled with rhyolite lava flow.

a flood basalt plateau

Which type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble? pahoehoe scoria pillow lava aa

aa

Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture? andesite; rhyolite granite; gabbro andesite; diorite rhyolite; gabbro

andesite; rhyolite

The average composition of rocks comprising a large composite cone or stratovolcano is similar to a (an) ________ magma. basaltic rhyolitic andesitic ultramafic

andesitic

The average composition of rocks comprising a large composite cone or stratovolcano is similar to a (an) ________ magma. basaltic rhyolitic andesitic ultramafic

andesitic

Volcanic bombs originate ________. as ash particles that join together in the eruptive plume and fall as cobble-sized objects as blocks of volcanic rock ejected from an erupting volcanic crater as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the ground as laser-guided, granite blocks launched from a supersonic jet

as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the ground

Change in a magma's composition due to melting of surrounding country rock is called _______. magma mixing crystal settling Bowen's reaction series assimilation

assimilation

Changing the composition of magma by incorporating surrounding host rock is known as ________. partial melting assimilation magma mixing differentiation

assimilation

Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content? granite andesite basalt peridotite

basalt

________ is the dominant lava erupted from volcanoes on Hawaii and Iceland. Andesite Rhyolite Peridotite Basalt

basalt

Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________. explosive, rhyolitic volcanoes small, basaltic cinder cones andesitic stratovolcanoes basaltic shield volcanoes

basaltic shield volcanoes

Which natural phenomenon occurs for many years after major explosive volcanic eruptions such as Tambora and Pinatubo? a worldwide rise in sea level of one to three centimeters heavy falls of volcanic ash within 100 km of the volcano unusually warm weather in the tropics and subtropics brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets

brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets

Which natural phenomenon occurs for many years after major explosive volcanic eruptions such as Tambora and Pinatubo? a worldwide rise in sea level of one to three centimeters heavy falls of volcanic ash within 100 km of the volcano unusually warm weather in the tropics and subtropics brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets

brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets`

Intrusive igneous rocks are _____ and _____. fine-grained; formed at the surface fine-grained; formed at depth coarse-grained; formed at depth coarse-grained; formed at the surface

coarse-grained; formed at depth

All of the following are factors that affect the generation of magma except for ________. volatiles heat pressure crystal size

crystal size

________ has the same mineral composition as andesite. Gabbro Granite Diorite Basalt

diorite

Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a ________. rhyolite basalt granite gabbro

granite

Relative to water, syrup has a _____ resistance to flow and therefore a _____ viscosity. higher; lower higher; higher lower; lower lower; higher

higher; higher

Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing magmas.

false

In general, cinder cones are much larger than shield volcanoes.

false

Most lava crystallizes to form igneous rocks with phaneritic textures.

false

Olivine and quartz commonly crystallize together from mafic or basaltic magmas.

false

Pegmatites are smaller volume, intrusive bodies with glassy textures.

false

The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series result in igneous rocks with a ________ composition. intermediate ultramafic mafic felsic

felsic

Xenoliths are associated most closely with which magmatic process and igneous rock body? vesiculation; pumice lump intrusion; granitic batholith columnar jointing; lava flow magmatic differentiation; gabbro sill

intrusion; granitic batholith

A ________ is a near surface, intrusive, igneous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal sill. batholith dike laccolith volcanic neck

laccolith

A ________ is a near surface, intrusive, igneous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal sill. th dike laccolith volcanic neck

laccolith

In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize? pegmatites vesicles phenocrysts matrix or groundmass

matrix or groundmass

Consider the Bowen's reaction series. Which mineral would you expect to see as a phenocryst in a porphyritic basalt? quartz sodium-rich plagioclase orthoclase olivine

olivine

Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? muscovite olivine quartz biotite

olivine

The ________ ocean basin is rimmed by the most subduction zones. Atlantic Indian Pacific Arctic

pacific

Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface? aa scoria pegmatitic pahoehoe

pahoehoe

Which of the following best describes seamounts and islands of the deep ocean basins? huge granite batholiths intruded beneath the ocean floor domed gabbro intrusions and massive, submarine, rhyolitic, pyroclastic cones andesitic pyroclastic rocks submerged when the mountains sank below sea level piles of basaltic lava flows built up from the ocean floor by multiple, summit and flank eruptions

piles of basaltic lava flows built up from the ocean floor by multiple, summit and flank eruptions

Which of the following best describes seamounts and islands of the deep ocean basins? huge granite batholiths intruded beneath the ocean floor domed gabbro intrusions and massive, submarine, rhyolitic, pyroclastic cones andesitic pyroclastic rocks submerged when the mountains sank below sea level piles of basaltic lava flows built up from the ocean floor by multiple, summit and flank eruptions

piles of basaltic lava flows built up from the ocean floor by multiple, summit and flank eruptions

The recent (geologically) volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park is ________. related to a divergent plate boundary related to a transform plate boundary related to plate subduction related to intraplate, hot spot volcanism

related to intraplate, hot spot volcanism

Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity? basalt, rhyolite, andesite rhyolite, andesite, basalt basalt, andesite, rhyolite andesite, rhyolite, basalt

rhyolite, andesite, basalt

A ________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. stratospheric shield composite cinder cone

shield

A ________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. stratospheric shield composite cinder cone

shield

A ________ is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant. pluton laccolith dike sill

sill

Stocks differ from batholiths because of their ______. shape size position in the crust composition

size

Which kind of volcanism is typical of mid-oceanic ridge systems? explosive; rhyolitic, pyroclastic flows explosive; composite cones submarine; basaltic lava flows fissure eruptions; flood basalts fields

submarine; basaltic lava flows

Which kind of volcanism is typical of mid-oceanic ridge systems? explosive; rhyolitic, pyroclastic flows explosive; composite cones submarine; basaltic lava flows fissure eruptions; flood basalts fields

submarine; basaltic lava flows

The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock is known as ________. mineral content silica content Bowen's reaction series texture

texture

The two most important criteria used for classifying igneous rocks are _____. texture and temperature mineral composition and temperature texture and mineral composition texture and viscosity

texture and mineral composition

Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes? the circum-Pacific area the area surrounding the Red Sea European Russia and Siberia the coastal plain of western Africa

the circum-Pacific area

Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes? the circum-Pacific area the area surrounding the Red Sea European Russia and Siberia the coastal plain of western Africa

the circum-Pacific area

The major difference between phaneritic and aphanitic texture is _____. the size of the crystals the chemical composition the type of minerals the rocks contain how much silica is present

the size of the crystals the chemical composition the type of minerals the rocks

Which of the following is associated with deep mantle hot spots? the volcanoes of Hawaii and the recent activity in Yellowstone National Park the very young cinder cones scattered across the southwestern United States Vesuvius and the other volcanoes of Italy Mt. St. Helens and other volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains

the volcanoes of Hawaii and the recent activity in Yellowstone National Park

The Icelandic volcanoes are related to plate tectonics because ________. they lie on a spreading center where two plates are converging they lie along a subduction zone where two plates are diverging they lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart they lie on a subduction zone where two plates are converging

they lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart

Ash and lapilli are different sized pyroclastic particles.

true

Basalt is the aphanitic or fine-grained equivalent of gabbro.

true

Basalt is the most common magma erupted along oceanic rift systems.

true

Dissolved gases may comprise up to a few percent by weight of a magma.

true

Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow.

true

Magma generation at depth almost always involves partial melting, not complete melting of the source rock.

true

Olivine is an important mineral in peridotites and other ultramafic rocks.

true

Small amounts of water can lower partial melting temperatures in silicate rocks.

true

The process of magmatic differentiation can generate residual, more felsic magmas from mafic magmas such as basalt.

true

The viscosities of magmas increase with increasing percentages of silica.

true

A ________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid. phenocryst porphyrocryst xenocryst vesicle

vesicle

The most abundant gas found in magma is ______. nitrogen carbon dioxide chlorine water vapor

water vapor


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