Unit 7 WWII History

Economy Picks-Up!

-The economy will boom during the war -We, once again, will become the primary supplier of all needed war materials for all the Allies. This will create hundreds of thousands of jobs. -Women will also start getting back into the workforce due to the absence of men who have joined the military -Once again Americans will relocate to go where the jobs are in abundance and paying good wages.

The Rise of Japan

-The military will blame the politicians for the economic state of the country -It was internally believed Japan was to dominate East Asia -1932 the military will invade resource rich Manchuria without the Emperor's permission. -As the govt was attempting to end the invasion the Prime Minister was assassinated and the military took control by appointing Gen. Hideki Tojo as Prime Minister.

The Turning Point in Europe

-The turning point came in 1942-43 -Allied victory in North Africa was followed by the invasion of Italy, which stopped the Axis string of victories -The decisive theater of war was the Eastern Front- The USSR -The decisive battle was the Battle of Stalingrad ---Germany lost 500,000 men ---Another 91,000 were taken prisoner

Converting the Economy

-US production and manufacturing during WWII was twice as productive as Germany and five times that of Japan -FDR believed in giving industry a "leg-up" in gearing up for war. FDR gives what becomes known as Cost-Plus contracts to business to get manufacturing rolling -WPB- once again sets up priorities and goals or every manufacturer -Rationing takes place- Red and blue points -Scrap Drives- rubber, tin, aluminum, iron

In the Pacific

- In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act, restricting the sale of strategic materials to other countries -FDR blocked the sale of airplane fuel and steel to Japan because of their actions in China -This is what will drive Japan to sign the Tripartite Pact with the Axis Powers.

Lend-Lease

-1940- FDR is again elected as President -Using the support of the people FDR urges Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act --America will become the "Arsenal of Democracy" -FDR will give a very convincing Fireside Chat --"When your neighbor's house is on fire, you don't haggle over the price of your garden hose" - FDR.

FDR and Great Britain

-2 days after Great Britain and France declare war on Germany, FDR declared the U.S. as a neutral nation -80% of American citizens supported isolationism -Congress will pass the Neutrality Act of 1935- illegal for the U.S. to sell weapons to countries at war -Neutrality Act of 1937 added Cash and Carry Clause -FDR publicly supported Internationalism-trade creates prosperity and helps prevent war.

Bataan Death March

-60 mile march occurred after the 3 month Battle of Bataan. U.S forced to surrender -Characterized by wide-range physical abuse and murder. Will result in very high POW fatalities through beheadings, cut throats and random shootings -The exact death count has been impossible to determine but only 52,000 of the 74,000 captured reached their destination. Approximately 22,000 died along the march.

Atrocities Carried Out

-A mass shooting somewhere inside occupied Russia -After touring one of these mass killing sites Hitler decides there must be a better way to get rid of these "undesirables" His worry was the impact that these shooting were having on his soldiers!

American Neutrality

-After WWI the Nye Committee- Roman Numeral II -Foreign countries were not able to repay the U.S. and as a result the U.S. will hold on to Isolationism even more -Congress will pass the Neutrality Act of 1935- illegal for the U.S. to sell weapons to countries at war -Neutrality Act of 1937 added Cash and Carry clause- countries will have to pay up front and come get the purchased materials in their own merchant ships- taking the risk of getting them home on them, not the U.S>

FDR decides to help China

-After the full invasion of China by Japan, FDR will announce that he will sell weapons to China. The Neutrality Acts will not apply as neither nation had declared war on the other. -Atrocities of the invasion are being secretly sent to the White House by Christian Missionaries in China -"The Rape of Nanking"

Discrimination

-All of America was still predominantly segregated. Living in segregated neighborhoods and often denied basic rights -Many will wonder if this is "their war" -Close to 1.5 million will fight in WWII -Many will become heroes ---Tuskegee Airmen ---Navajo Wind talkers ---442nd Inf. Regiment (Japanese-Americans)- Will receive 8 Presidential Unit citations and 21 will be awarded the C.M.O their motto was "Go for Broke"

Women Come on Board!

-Army Chief of Staff Gen. George C. Marshall instituted the use of women to do jobs that would free up more men in the military -WAAC's of the Army, WAVES of the Navy and WAFS Army Air Corp -In the WWII era approximately 400,000 women will serve within the armed forces. -More than 450 American women will lose their lives as a result of serving in the military including 16 from enemy fire.

The Beginning

-As the Germans are crushing Europe, Hitler begins his attempt at genocide by trying to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe -In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws took citizenship away from the Jewish ppl that lived in Germany. -Many of them had suffered religious persecution but what Hitler was about to unleash will become a 10 year nightmare -With the outbreak of war ppl in Germany and Austria began open and violent attacks against the Jewish ppl.

Some Escape Europe

-Between 1933 and the beginning of the war in 1939 about 350,000 will escape Europe -Many will emigrate to the U.S., persons of exceptional merit were welcomed -But many are trapped in Europe because no other countries will grant them visas -MS St. Louis incident over 900 passengers were denied entry into Cuba, the U.S. and Canada. It was forced to return to Europe. Nearly a third of them will go on to die in the extermination camps.

Poland Falls

-Blitzkrieg or Lightning war was extremely effective against the Polish Army. They were defeated in just over a month -A time of peace known as Sitzkrieg follows the defeat of Poland -Oct 11, 1939 FDR receives a letter from a Jewish immigrant, a scientist by the name of Albert Einstein. After consulting his scientists FDR immediately creates the Manhattan Project to race Germany to the creation of a new weapon, the Atom Bomb. -April 9, 1940, Germany gets moving again. Denmark and Norway are both captured in a month

Not A Great Start

-By the end of 1942, the Allies have tasted their share of defeats -The chain of spectacular victories has however has disguised fatal weaknesses within the Axis Alliance ---Japan and Germany fought separate wars, each on two fronts never really coordinating plans ---Italy is not a good military, also Mussolini and Hitler do not get along -Early defeats also obscured Allied Strengths! ---The Productive capacity of the U.S. ---Massive manpower of the USSR

Other methods were created

-Carbon Monoxide was first tested on elderly, but took too long -Poison Gas (rat poison) was the preferred method chosen Zyklon B. -People were told they were going to the showers -It will take 15-20 minutes to kill most in the showers.

The Philippines and Bataan

-Commanded by Gen. Douglas MacArthur -Many considered him the most brilliant allied strategist -Once Japan invaded the Philippines he is forced to move his troops to the Bataan peninsula -He is ordered by FDR to evacuate the islands immediately -Disgruntles he will follow order -Promises the Filipino ppl- "I shall return"

Pearl Harbor

-December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in a surprise attack -2,407 Americans were killed in the attack -Sunk or significantly damaged 21 ships. Arizona (bottom right) and Oklahoma were irretrievable -402 US aircraft destroyed or damaged -December 8, 1941 FDR asks Congress for a Declaration of war against the Empire of Japan -December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.

Meeting at Casablanca

-FDR and Churchill will meet in January of 1943. Although invited, Stalin declines to attend as he is wrapping up the Battle of Stalingrad 1942 had ended well for the Allies! -The Soviets are going to win at Stalingrad -Egypt and the Suez have been saved from the Axis powers -Morocco, Algeria, and Libya have been cleared of German armies -The RAF and USAAF were delivering devastating blows to major German cities and manufacturing

Results of the attack on Pearl

-Forces the U.S. into the war -Will see the creation and use of the most devastating weapon of all time (atomic bomb) -Will see the reprehensible attempt at genocide by Hitler in Germany and the atrocities of the Japanese in China -As a result, some of the worlds greatest works of art and architecture were destroyed. -The creation of a new world map

The Rise of Adolf Hitler

-Fought and decorated in WWI. He was very upset with the Treaty of Versailles. -Will join the National Socialist German Workers Party, aka the Nazi Party in 1919 -1923 he will lead a revolt against the German govt. Sentenced to prison -In prison he will write Mein Kampf, it will outline the Nazi philosophy and his plans for Germany -Very critical of the Jewish population and preached Aryan racial breeding. Proposed

Disaster at Dunkirk

-France is now being invaded by German Blitzkrieg. French and British soldiers are trying to retreat but are getting pushed to the English Channel at Dunkirk -British Prime Minister Churchill in Operation Dynamo calls every available seaworthy vessel to immediately head to Dunkirk to rescue the Allied troops! -Over 338,000 soldiers are saves from capture by the German Army -First major mistake by Hitler

Axis Powers are Formed

-Germany and Italy will form an Axis on which the continent of Europe will revolve -Germany will control much of Europe and Italy will have the Mediterranean Sea theater -Japan will join the Axis in 1940 in the Tripartite Pact hoping to deter the United States from getting involved in the conflict -The U.S. did not formally respond but now is aware Japan will be an enemy

Operation Barbarossa

-His inability to get Britain to surrender has caused Hitler to make another very Costly mistake...He decides to invade the USSR -It begins June 22, 1941, Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history in both manpower and casualties. -It's failure is the turning point in the Third Reich's fortunes -Operation Barbarossa and the areas that fell under it will become the site of some of the largest battles, deadliest atrocities, highest casualties and most horrific conditions for both Soviets and Germans alike- all of which influenced the cousre of WWII and the 20th century history.

WWII Begins

-Hitler calls for the return of the very valuable seaport in Danzing, Poland -B and F realize that appeasement has failed -Aug 23, 1939 Germany and the USSR sign a NON-Aggression Pact with each other -The deal made is Poland. Hitler gives USSR permission to invade from the east as he invades from the west. -Sept 1, 1939 Poland is invaded. 2 days later B and F declare war on Germany. WWII begins Sept 3, 1939.

Battle of Britain

-Hitler plans to invade Britain- Operation Sea Lion -First Germany must defeat the RAF, the Royal Air Force -In the attacks that follow Britain is somehow able to defeat German aircraft that are coming to attack. ULTRA -Germany will soon make another huge mistake ---Civilian Target packages are carried out ---RAF will respond in kind

Atlantic Charter

-It was intended as the blueprint for the postwar world after WWII. It turned out to be the foundation for many of the international agreements that currently shape the world today. -It was drafter at the Atlantic Conference by Winston Churchill and FDR aboard warships in secure anchorage in Ship Harbor, Newfoundland and was issued as a joint declaration on August 14, 1941. -In reality it will detail the goals and broad strokes of the Allied Powers in carrying out the war and what the post-war world will hopefully become.

Battle of Coral Sea (May 4-8)

-Japan has planned to invade Port Moresby, just north of Australia -The US Navy will intercept the Japanese fleet and over 3 days will carry out a battle that was entirely Aircraft Carrier vs. Aircraft Carrier -It will end as a tactical victory for Japan as the US losses the Carrier USS Lexington. -It is however a strategical Victory for the Allies- the Japanese call off the invasion of Australia

Early Civil Rights in America

-Major migration again. This time out west -About 1.2 million more African-Americans will move out of the South during the war years. -James Farmer will establish C.O.R.E. in Chicago, Illinois ---Will result in Race Riots in a number of neighborhoods ---Main reason was the attempt to integrate neighborhoods -Mexican Americans and the Zoot-Suit Riot in Los Angeles in 1942.

Hitler makes his moves

-Mar 1938 Hitler announced Anschluss or unification of Austria and Germany -Soon after Hitler claims the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia -France, Britian, and the USSR all threaten to fight any further land grabs made by Germany. This leads to the Munich Conference of 1938 -Britain and France hoping to avoid war adopted a policy of appeasement. This will grant Hitler the claim of Czechoslovakia -British PM comes home to a cheering crowd, "We will have peace in our world" -Neveille Chamberlain.

The Rise of the Mussolini

-Mussolini becomes Prime Minister in 1922 and will eventually establish a dictatorship. Called II Duce, the Leader -Will organize fascist groups throughout the country. -1935 will test his war making abilities by invading Ethiopia. -After receiving no help from the League of Nations Haile Selassie, the leader of Ethiopia, will say "It is us today. It will be you tmr"

The Final Solution

-On Jan 20, 1942, Heinrich Himmler and other Nazi leaders meet at the Wannsee Conference to decide the "Final Solution" of the Jews and other "undesirables" from Nazi controlled Europe. -It was decided that Concentration Camps and labor camps would continue but there will also be added extermination camps that would being a systematic execution of the Jews and the "others" -Most of these camps will be built in Poland-thousands will die every day --the first is Chelmno in Dec 1941 --the deadliest was Auschwitz -In only a few years the Jewish culture had been virtually wiped away by the Naazi's

America's First Committee

-Opposed ANY American intervention or aid to our "allies" -led by Charles Lindbergh -Tried to pressure Congress to challenge FDR's position and requests. -1940 Presidential election the Republicans put up Wendell Willikie who promised to keep America out of the war. -FDR, breaking tradition, thoroughly defeats Willkie.

Battle of Midway

-Original Japanese perimeter is not sufficient ---Doolittle Raid ---The Japanese want to bomb Hawaii on a daily basis, delivering a killing blow to the U.S Navy -Yamamoto plans another attack to achieve the above objectives -Reminder: We have broken their code (Magic) and they don't know it. We know their target is Midway -The battle is a huge win for the U.S -It will be a "turning point" in the Pacific theater -The Japanese will lose 4 of the 6 heavy carriers. Planes, pilots, and navel personnel as well -First use of the Navajo Windtalkers

Building an Army

-Selective Service and Training will once again to instituted to fill in the ranks of the military -GI's went through just an 8 week Boot Camp to get the army built back up. Boot camp was to get the young men used to what life in the military was going to be like. -Boot camp and regiments will again be completely segregated as well ---Native Americas ---African Americans ---Chinese Americans ---did not happen until 1948.

The Rise of the USSR

-Stalin will begin a massive build-up of industry to increase the power of the country -He tolerated absolutely no opposition to his decision. 8-13 million of his own people will die resisting his policies -The purge of his officer corps in 1937 will severely limit the USSR in WWII

In Africa and the Mediterranean

-The Africa Korps becomes trapped and will eventually surrender in Tunisia ---17 Generals and 250,000 soldiers will be taken prisoners ---The Suez Canal and the Middle East Oil fields are saved -The route for an invasion of Europe is now available through the "soft-underbelly" of the European continent -It begins July 10, 1943 with the Allied invasion of Sicily-Operation Husky ---German and Italian forces escape to mainland Italy ---King of Italy will officially surrender to the Allies September 4, 1943 ---Mussolini is considered a war criminal and arrested -Germany must send some of its best troops to Northern Italy to prevent the Allies an easy entrance into Europe. This will lead to one of the deadliest campaigns for American forces in Europe.

Britain Triumphs!

-The RAF defends Britain in daylight and at night! -When Germany started bombing London the people will gather up all the children and send them out to the countryside away from harm. The people head for the "tubes" -ULTRA is essentially the early stages of Radar today -June of 1941 Hitler calls off Operation Sea Lion -He has finished up plans for his new target. He is planning to attack the Soviet Union -Operation Barbarossa. This will be Hitler's Second Major mistake as leader of Germany.

The Rise of Fascism

-The Treaty of Versailles and Worldwide economic conditions are the two main factors that led to the rise of Fascist dictatorships in Europe and Asia -The Depression has caused worse conditions in other countries than we experienced in the U.S.

A Historical Achievement

-The United States will achieve what no other country had ever done. We will fight and WIN a two front war against two powerful enemies making them both surrender unconditionally

Hitler can do no wrong

-The citizens of Germany were proud of their accomplishment on the continent and many will choose to ignore the rumors of what was happening to the Jewish ppl and just vicious rumors by the Jewish population themselves. -Kristallnacht, Nov 9-10, 1938 was the Night of Broken Glass, what many consider the beginning of Jewish persecution by the Nazi's

Guadalcanal

-Up to Guadalcanal the Japanese were thought to be an invincible Army. That will no longer be the case after Guadalcanal -The goal is a critical airfield held by the Japanese -In the initial landing Japanese submarines hit two US Cruiser supply ships. The remaining navy have to "bug-out" or risk being sunk as well. -This leaves the Marines that were already on the island essentially on their own with what they had on their backs. -Fighting will be brutal and "primar" -Marines will change their mindset in terms of "fighting fair" If that is the way they want it then we will accommodate them. "No prisoners will be taken" -Here the Marines learn a valuable lesson, "never take a step backwards-it only encourages the Japs" -The Navy will redeem themselves during a critical battle of November 12 by turning back a major Japanese force that was bringing men, material and supplies for their troops. -USAAF also come through keeping control of the sky over the island and not allowing US troops to get strafed from the air -Guadalcanal shows the importance of cooperation between all military services!

Hideki Tojo

-When elected Prime Minister he promised the Emperor he would keep peace with the U.S -He also prepared for war by asking Admiral Yamamoto to design an attack on Pearl Harbor with the intent of destroying the U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored there -Tojo is not aware the U.S. code breakers have broken the Japanese Code (Magic) -We just don know where the designed attack is taking place. Official speculation is the Philippines.

General George S. Patton

-Will lead American Forces in North Africa in Operation Torch -Proved very successful against Field Marshall Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox -Constantly competed with his counterpart, Gen. Bernard Montgomery of Great Britain. -He is the most responsible for pushing the Germans and Italians out of North Africa back to mainland Italy by May of 1943.

XXI. Landing in France

A. *Operation Overlord* was the codename for the planned invasion of France by the Allies. General Eisenhower was selected to command the invasion. B. The Allies had the advantage of surprise—the Germans did not know when or where they would strike. The Germans were fooled into thinking the attack would occur in Pas-de-Calais, when in fact the invasion was planned to take place in Normandy. C. The date for the invasion became known as *D-Day* because Eisenhower's planning staff referred to the day of any invasion with the letter D. D. The invasion of Normandy began shortly after midnight on June 6, 1944. The Allied forces had little trouble capturing Utah Beach and moving inland. The American forces at Omaha Beach met intense German fire. American commander General *Omar Bradley* planned an evacuation of Omaha Beach, but the American troops moved forward against the Germans. The invasion succeeded.

XVIII. Holding the Line Against Japan

A. After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the commander of the United States Navy in the Pacific, Admiral *Chester Nimitz*, could do little at first to stop the advancing Japanese into Southeast Asia. Japan attacked American airfields in the Philippines and landed their troops in the islands. B. The commander of the Americans and Filipinos defending the Philippines, General *Douglas MacArthur*, decided to take his badly outnumbered troops and retreat to the Bataan Peninsula. Roosevelt ordered the general to evacuate to Australia. C. The Allied defenders of Bataan finally surrendered, and thousands died on the *Bataan Death March* to a Japanese prison camp.

VII. The Isolationist Debate

A. After the German invasion of France and the rescue of Allied forces at Dunkirk, American public opinion changed to favor limited aid to the Allies. B. The *America First Committee* opposed any American intervention or aid to the Allies. C. President Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented third term as president in the election of 1940. Both Roosevelt and the Republican candidate, Wendell Willkie, said they would keep the United States neutral but assist the Allied forces. Roosevelt won by a large margin.

I. The Rise of Dictators

A. The treaty that ended World War I and the economic depression that followed contributed to the rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia. B. Italy developed the first major dictatorship in Europe. In 1919 *Benito Mussolini* founded Italy's Fascist Party. *Fascism* was a kind of aggressive nationalism. Fascists believed that the nation was more important than the individual, and that a nation became great by expanding its territory and building its military. Fascists were anti-Communist. C. Backed by the militia known as Blackshirts, Mussolini became the premier of Italy and set up a dictatorship. D. In 1917 the Bolshevik Party, led by *Vladimir Lenin*, set up Communist governments throughout the Russian empire. The Russian territories were renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. The Communists set up a one-party rule.

XIII. American Industry Gets the Job Done

A. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, almost all major American industries and 200,000 companies converted to war production. B. The automobile factories turned to the production of trucks, jeeps, and tanks. They also built artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, cooking pots, and other military supplies, producing nearly one-third of the military equipment that was manufactured during the war. Henry Ford created an assembly line for B-24 bombers. C. Henry Kaiser's shipyards built many ships but were best known for the *Liberty ship*, a basic cargo ship used during the war. These ships were welded instead of riveted, making them cheaper and easier to build and difficult to fall apart and sink. D. Roosevelt created the *War Production Board* (WPB) to set priorities and production goals and to control the distribution of raw materials and supplies. He set up the *Office of War Mobilization* (OWM) to settle arguments between the different agencies.

XV. Women and Minorities Gain Ground

A. Compared to the devastation in Europe and Asia, World War II had a positive effect on American society. It put an end to the Depression. The war led to the creation of almost 19 million new jobs and doubled the income of most American families. B. The wartime labor shortage forced factories to hire married women in positions that were traditionally considered men's work. *"Rosie the Riveter,"* a character from a popular song by the Four Vagabonds, became a symbol for the campaign to hire women. The campaign resulted in 2.5 million women entering the manufacturing workforce.

V. Britain Remains Defiant

A. Hitler thought that Britain would negotiate peace after France surrendered. He did not anticipate the bravery of the British people and their prime minister, *Winston Churchill*. On June 4, 1940, Churchill delivered a defiant speech that rallied the British people and alerted the United States to Britain's plight. B. To invade Britain, Germany had to defeat the British air force. In the *Battle of Britain*, the German air force, the Luftwaffe, launched an all-out air battle to destroy the British Royal Air Force. After German bombers bombed London, the British responded by bombing Berlin, Germany. C. The Royal Air Force was greatly outnumbered by the Luftwaffe, but the British had radar stations and were able to detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them.

III. "Peace in Our Time"

A. In February 1938, Adolf Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless Austrian Nazis were given important government posts. In March 1938, Hitler announced the Anschluss, or unification, of Austria and Germany. B. Hitler claimed the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population. Czechs strongly resisted Germany's demand for the Sudetenland. C. France, the Soviet Union, and Britain threatened to fight Germany if it attacked Czechoslovakia. At the Munich Conference on September 29, 1938, Britain and France, hoping to prevent another war, agreed to Hitler's demands in a policy known as *appeasement.*

XX. Striking Back at the Third Reich

A. In January 1943, President Roosevelt met with Prime Minister Churchill to plan the next stage of war. During the *Casablanca Conference*, the decision was made to increase the bombing of Germany in an effort to destroy its military, industrial, and economic system and to hurt the German morale. They decided to attack the Axis on the island of Sicily. B. The new massive bombing campaign by the United States and Britain against Germany did not destroy the German economy or undermine its morale. However, the bombing caused a severe oil shortage and destroyed irreplaceable railroad and aircraft in Germany. As a result, Allies landing in France had total control of the air and could not be bombed.

XIV. Building an Army

A. In order to win the war, it was vital that the United States build up its armed forces. B. After the defeat of France by the Germans, Congress was no longer opposed to the idea of a peacetime draft. The *Selective Service and Training Act* was a plan for the first peacetime draft in American history. C. At first, the number of draftees was overwhelming. The GIs, named after the initials on their uniforms meaning "Government Issue," went through basic training for eight weeks. Although some complained after the war that the training was too short to be of any good, most soldiers gained a sense of camaraderie that made them a more effective unit. D. At the beginning of the war, the United States military was completely segregated. African Americans were organized into their own military units with white officers in command. E. African Americans were *disenfranchised*, meaning they were often denied the right to vote. An African American newspaper, the Pittsburgh Courier, launched the *"Double V" campaign* stating that African Americans should join the war because a win would be a double victory over racism abroad and at home. Roosevelt, knowing that the African American vote had helped him win, ordered the U.S. military to recruit and send African Americans into combat.

X. The Final Solution

A. On January 20, 1942, Nazi leaders met at the *Wannsee Conference* to decide the "final solution" of the Jews and other "undesirables." The plan was to round up Jews and other "undesirables" from Nazi-controlled Europe and take them to *concentration camps*—detention centers where healthy individuals worked as slave laborers. The elderly, the sick, and young children were sent to *extermination camps* to be killed in large gas chambers. B. After World War II began, Nazis built concentration camps throughout Europe. Extermination camps were built in many concentration camps, mostly in Poland. Thousands of people were killed each day at these camps. C. In only a few years, Jewish culture had been virtually obliterated by the Nazis in the lands they conquered.

IV. The War Begins

A. On September 1, 1939, Germany and the USSR invaded Poland. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany—starting World War II. B. The Germans used a *blitzkrieg*, or lightning war, to attack Poland. The Polish army was defeated by October 5. C. On April 9, 1940, the German army attacked Norway and Denmark. Within a month, Germany overtook both countries.

XXII. The Third Reich Collapses

A. President Roosevelt and other Allied leaders promised to punish the Nazis after the war. Roosevelt felt destroying the Nazi regime would put an end to the concentration camps. B. *Hedgerows*, or dirt walls several feet thick and covered in shrubbery, were used by the Germans to defend their positions in Normandy, France. The battle of the hedgerows ended with American bombers blowing a hole in the German lines, allowing American tanks through. The Allies liberated Paris on August 25. Three weeks later, they were just 20 miles from the German border.

VIII. Edging Toward War

A. President Roosevelt proposed the *Lend-Lease Act*, which stated that the United States could lend or lease arms to any country considered "vital to the defense of the United States." Congress passed the act by a wide margin. B. In June 1941, in violation of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Hitler began a massive invasion of the Soviet Union. C. President Roosevelt developed the *hemispheric defense zone*, which declared the entire western half of the Atlantic as part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral. This allowed Roosevelt to order the U.S. Navy to patrol the western Atlantic Ocean and reveal the location of German submarines to the British. D. In August 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to the *Atlantic Charter*. This agreement committed the two leaders to a postwar world of democracy, non aggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas. E. After a German U-boat fired on the American destroyer Greer, Roosevelt ordered American ships to follow a "shoot-on-sight" policy toward German submarines. Germans torpedoed and sank the American destroyer *Reuben James* in the North Atlantic.

XVII. Daily Life in Wartime America

A. President Roosevelt, worried about inflation, established the *Office of Price Administration* (OPA) and the Office of Economic Administration (OES). The OPA regulated wages and the price of farm products. The OES regulated all other prices. The War Labor Board (WLB) worked to prevent strikes that would endanger the war effort. American unions issued a "no strike pledge." B. *Rationing*, or limiting the availability of products, occurred as the demand for raw materials and supplies increased and created shortages. Each month a book of ration coupons was given to each household for processed foods and meats, fats, and oils.

XI. Japan Attacks the U.S.

A. Roosevelt's primary goal between August 1939 and December 1941 was to help Britain and its allies defeat Germany. When Britain began moving its warships from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic, Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking the British Empire. B. In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act, giving Roosevelt the power to restrict the sale of *strategic materials*—materials important for fighting a war—to other countries. Roosevelt immediately blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan. The Japanese signed an alliance with Germany and Italy.

XVI. A Nation on the Move

A. Roughly 15 million Americans moved west and south during the war to be closer to the new jobs available. The growth of southern California and the expansion of cities in the Deep South created a new industrial region called the *Sunbelt*. B. The federal government allocated over $1.2 billion to build public housing, schools, and community centers during the war to accommodate all the new workers. C. African Americans resumed the *Great Migration*, as they left the South and headed to cities in the North and West for factory jobs. In these cities, African Americans were often confronted with suspicion and intolerance, sometimes ending with violence.

IX. Nazi Persecution of the Jews

A. The Nazis killed nearly 6 million Jews and millions of other people during the *Holocaust*. The Hebrew term for the Nazi campaign to exterminate the Jews before and during World War II is *Shoah*. B. The Nazis persecuted anyone who opposed them, as well as the disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, and Slovic peoples. The Nazis' strongest hatred was aimed at all Jews. C. In September 1935, the *Nuremberg Laws* took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans. German Jews were deprived of many rights that citizens of Germany had long held. By 1936 at least half of Germany's Jews were jobless.

XII. Converting the Economy

A. The United States industrial output during World War II was twice as productive as Germany and five times that of Japan. This turned the tide in favor of an Allied victory. Part of the success of the United States was the result of the government mobilizing the economy before the U.S. entered the war. B. Roosevelt and his advisers believed the best way to rapidly mobilize the economy was to give industry an incentive to move quickly. The government signed *cost-plus* contracts agreeing to pay a company whatever the manufacturing cost, plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit. C. The *Reconstruction Finance Corporation* (RFC), the government agency which had been set up during the Depression, made loans to companies to help them with the cost of converting to war production.

XIX. Turning Back the Germans

A. The leader of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, urged Roosevelt to open a second front in Europe. Although Roosevelt wanted his troops to enter into battle in Europe, Prime Minister Churchill wanted to be more cautious and attack the *periphery*, or edges, of Germany. In July 1942, Roosevelt ordered the invasion of Morocco and Algeria— French territories indirectly under German control. B. On November 8, 1942, the American invasion of North Africa began under the command of General *Dwight D. Eisenhower*. General *George Patton* led the American forces in Morocco and captured the city of Casablanca. At the *Battle of Kasserine Pass*, Americans faced the German army for the first time. Outmaneuvered and outfought, Americans suffered huge losses. The general in charge was fired and Patton was put in command. American and British forces finally pushed the Germans back. On May 13, 1943, German forces in North Africa surrendered.

II. America Turns to Neutrality

A. The rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia after World War I, the refusal of European countries to repay war debts owed to the United States, and the *Nye Committee* findings that arms factories made huge profits caused Americans to support *isolationism*. Many Americans wanted to avoid international commitments. B. Congress passed the *Neutrality Act of 1935* making it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war. C. Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1937, which continued the ban of selling arms to countries at war and required warring countries to buy non-military supplies from the United States on a "cash and carry" basis.

VI. FDR Supports England

A. Two days after Britain and France declared war against Germany, President Roosevelt declared the United States neutral. B. The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed warring countries to buy weapons from the United States as long as they paid cash and carried the arms away on their own ships. C. President Roosevelt used a loophole in the Neutrality Act of 1939 and sent 50 old American destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right to build American bases on British-controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean islands.

"I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve"

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Germany's Inflation

After World War I, money in Germany became nearly worthless because of high inflation. Some Germans burned money for fuel to symbolize the little value of German money.

Extermination Camps

After exterminating Jews and other "undesirables" in extermination camps, Nazis took whatever articles of value the victims had, such as gold fillings from teeth and wedding rings.

A quick look to the Pacific theater

August 7, 1942 American military forces are going to put in play our first Offensive operation in the Pacific Theater- Guadalcanal

XVII. Daily Life in Wartime America

C. *Victory gardens* were planted to produce more food for the war effort. Scrap drives were organized to collect spare rubber, tin, aluminum, and steel. Americans exchanged bacon grease and meat drippings for extra ration coupons because fats and oils were so vital to the production of explosives. D. To raise money for the war, the government raised taxes, covering about 45 percent of the cost of the war. *E bonds* were sold to Americans to help pay for the war. Through the purchase of these bonds, Americans were loaning money to the government. The bonds could be redeemed in the future for the purchase price plus interest. E. Most Americans were united in the goal of winning the war.

XIX. Turning Back the Germans

C. After Germany declared war on the United States, German submarines began sinking American cargo ships along the American East Coast. The situation greatly improved when the U.S. Navy set up a *convoy system*, in which cargo ships traveled in groups and were escorted by navy warships. The German submarine campaign continued into the spring of 1942. From July on, American shipyards produced more ships than German submarines could sink. D. Hitler wanted to defeat the Soviets by destroying their economy. So he ordered his army to capture oil fields, industries, and farmlands vital to the Soviet economy. The Germans tried to capture Stalingrad, but the Soviets held their ground. The Germans were surrounded and surrendered. The *Battle of Stalingrad* was a turning point in the war because it put the Germans on the defensive. E. August 7, 1942 American military forces perform our first Offensive action in the Pacific theater at *Guadalcanal*. We will fight for months and finally bring the island under complete American control in February 1943. Guadalcanal will see some of the fiercest hand to hand combat of the war.

XI. Japan Attacks the U.S.

C. By July 1941, Japanese aircraft posed a direct threat to the British Empire. Roosevelt responded to the threat by freezing all Japanese assets in the United States and reducing the amount of oil shipped to Japan. He also sent General MacArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses there. D. The Japanese decided to attack resource-rich British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, seize the Philippines, and attack Pearl Harbor. E. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, sinking or damaging 21 ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, killing 2,403 Americans, and injuring hundreds more. The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. F. On December 11, 1941, Japan's allies—Germany and Italy—declared war on the United States.

XV. Women and Minorities Gain Ground

C. Factories still resisted the hiring of African Americans. *A. Philip Randolph*, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a major union for African American railroad workers, took action. He informed Roosevelt of his plan to organize a march on Washington to secure jobs for African Americans. On June 25, 1941, the president responded with Executive Order 8802, declaring no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government. D. In 1942 the federal government started the *Bracero Program*, which arranged for Mexican farm workers to come to the United States to help harvest fruits and vegetables on farms in the Southwest. More than 200,000 Mexicans came to help with the harvest and to build and maintain railroads.

XX. Striking Back at the Third Reich

C. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the overall commander of the invasion of Sicily. General Patton and British General Montgomery were in charge of the forces on the ground. By August 18, Germans had evacuated the island. Mussolini was placed under arrest by the king of Italy. On September 8, 1943, the Italian government announced Italy's surrender. Hitler sent German troops to seize control of Italy and put Mussolini back in power. In May 1944, the Germans retreated. D. Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill met in Tehran, Iran, and reached several agreements about the plans for the rest of the war and after the war.

XXII. The Third Reich Collapses

C. Hitler attempted one last offensive to cut off Allied supplies coming through the port of Antwerp, Belgium. The *Battle of the Bulge* began on December 16, 1944, catching American troops off guard. As Germans raced west, their lines "bulged" outward, resulting in the battle's name. The United States won the battle and on January 8, Germans withdrew with little left to stop the Allies from entering Germany. D. The Ludendorff Bridge across the Rhine River was still intact, allowing American troops to cross and force the German defenders back. Adolf Hitler, realizing the end was near, it has been thought that he and his new bride Eva Braun killed themselves. Today there is mounting evidence that Hitler escaped Berlin in the final hours. His successor, Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz tried to surrender to the Americans and the British while still fighting the Soviets, but he was forced to unconditionally surrender on May 7, 1945. The next day was proclaimed *V-E Day*, for "Victory in Europe."

XVI. A Nation on the Move

D. Across the nation, crimes committed by youths rose dramatically. The *zoot suit*, baggy pants and an overstuffed, knee-length jacket with wide lapels, appeared unpatriotic to many that were saving fabric for the war. The zoot suit was worn by many Mexican American teens. When zoot suiters were rumored to have attacked several sailors, 2,500 soldiers and sailors stormed into Mexican American neighborhoods in Los Angeles. This racial violence did not deter Mexican Americans from joining the war effort. E. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed an order allowing the War Department to declare any part of the United States a military zone and remove anybody from the zone. The West Coast was declared a military zone, and all people of Japanese ancestry were evacuated to 10 internment camps.

IV. The War Begins

D. After World War I, the French built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called the *Maginot Line* along the German border. When Hitler decided to attack France, he went around the Maginot Line by invading the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The French and British forces quickly went into Belgium, becoming trapped there by German forces. E. By June 4, about 338,000 British and French troops had evacuated Belgium through the French port of *Dunkirk* and across the English Channel, using ships of all sizes. F. On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to the Germans. Germany installed a puppet government in France.

IX. Nazi Persecution of the Jews

D. Anti-Jewish violence erupted throughout Germany and Austria on November 9, 1938, known as *Kristallnacht*, or "night of broken glass." Ninety Jews died, hundreds were badly injured, thousands of Jewish businesses were destroyed, and over 180 synagogues were wrecked. E. Between 1933 and the beginning of World War II in 1939, about 350,000 Jews escaped Nazi-controlled Germany. Many of them emigrated to the United States. Millions of Jews remained trapped in Nazi-dominated Europe because they could not get visas to the United States or to other countries.

III. "Peace in Our Time"

D. In March 1939, Germany sent troops into Czechoslovakia, bringing the Czech lands under German control. E. Hitler demanded the return of Danzig—Poland's Baltic Sea port. He also wanted a highway and railroad across the Polish Corridor. These demands convinced the British and French that appeasement had failed. F. In May 1939, Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland by the German army. G. On August 23, 1939, Germany and the USSR signed a nonaggression treaty, with a secret agreement to divide Poland.

XVIII. Holding the Line Against Japan

D. In early 1942, B-25 bombers replaced the aircraft carriers' short-range bombers because they could attack from farther away. Lieutenant Colonel *James Doolittle* was put in command of the mission that bombed Japan on April 18. E. Doolittle's attack on Japan made Japanese leaders change their strategy. An attack on Midway Island—the last American base in the North Pacific west of Hawaii—was planned to lure the American fleet into battle to be destroyed by the Japanese. This would cut American supply lines to Australia. The plan failed because the United States had a team of code breakers based in Hawaii that broke the Japanese Navy's secret code for conducting operations. F. The turning point in the war came during the Battle of Midway when Americans shot down 38 Japanese planes and destroyed four Japanese carriers. This stopped the Japanese advance into the Pacific.

II. America Turns to Neutrality

D. President Franklin D. Roosevelt supported *internationalism*. Internationalists believe that trade between nations creates prosperity and helps to prevent war. E. Japan aligned itself with Germany and Italy, and these three countries became known as the *Axis Powers*. F. After Japan launched a full-scale attack on China in 1937, Roosevelt authorized the sale of weapons to China, saying that the Neutrality Act of 1937 did not apply, since neither China nor Japan had actually declared war.

Jeep

During World War II, U.S. General George C. Marshall believed that the jeep was "America's greatest contribution to modern warfare." The jeep was first developed as a small durable military vehicle with room to mount a machine gun. The four-wheel drive function on the jeep made it possible for the vehicle to drive off the road through ice, mud, and other obstacles.

I. The Rise of Dictators

E. By 1926 *Joseph Stalin* had become the new Soviet dictator. In 1927 he began a massive effort to industrialize the country. Millions of peasants who resisted the Communist policies were killed. F. After World War I, the political and economic chaos in Germany led to the rise of new political parties. The *Nazi Party* was nationalistic and anti-Communist. *Adolf Hitler*, a member of the Nazi Party, called for the unification of all Germans under one government. He believed certain Germans were part of a "master race" destined to rule the world. He wanted Eastern Europeans enslaved. He felt Jews were responsible for many of the world's problems. In 1933 Hitler was appointed prime minister of Germany. Storm troopers intimidated voters into giving Hitler dictatorial powers. G. Difficult economic times in Japan after World War I undermined the country's political system. Many Japanese officers and civilians wanted to seize territory to gain needed resources. In 1931 the Japanese army, without the government's permission, invaded the resource-rich Chinese province of Manchuria. The military took control of Japan.

XIV. Building an Army

F. The army air force created the 99th Pursuit Squadron, an African American unit. The African American pilots became known as the *Tuskegee Airmen*. They played an important role in the Battle of Anzio in Italy. G. In the army, African Americans also performed well, receiving various awards for distinguished service. Segregation did not end during the war, but led to full military integration in 1948. H. Congress established the *Women's Army Auxiliary Corps* (WAAC) in May 1942. This was the first time women were allowed in the military. By 1943 women became a part of regular war operations. The army, Coast Guard, the navy, and the marines all set up their own women's organizations. I. In 1941 the American troops were untrained and had little military experience. They did, however, get the job done and suffered the fewest casualties in combat of all the major powers in the war.

"It is Hell"

Hell was red furry spiders as big as your fist, giant lizards as long as your leg, leeches failing from the trees to suck your blood, armies of white ants with the bite of fire, scurrying scorpions inflaming any flesh they touched, enormous rats and bats everywhere, and rivers with waiting crocodiles. Hell was the sour, foul smell of the squishy jungle, humidity that rotted the body withing hours....stinking wet heat of dripping rain forests that sapped the strength of any man. - The GI War

22nd Amendment

The Twenty-second Amendment, adopted in 1951, says, "No person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice." Before Roosevelt was elected to his third term in 1940, an unwritten rule of "no-third-term" became tradition dating back to George Washington.

Battle of Stalingrad

In the Battle of Stalingrad, the city was ruined, and the Soviets suffered more casualties than the United States did in the entire war.

Children weren't spared

Jewish children had their heads shaved and also were taken to death camps

WASPs

More than 25,000 women applied to become pilots in the Women's Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs). Only 1,074 women became pilots in this military organization. Their jobs included flying planes from the factories to the airfields, testing rebuilt aircraft, and hauling gunnery targets. After the war, women were not allowed to fly for the military again until 1977.

British Prime Minister

When British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain returned to Britain after agreeing to turn over Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland to Germany, British people met him with cheers and sang "For he's a jolly good fellow."

"Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war"

Winston Churchill