Geology - Chapter 6
b (true)
Decaying organisms also produce acids that contribute to chemical weathering. a. false b. true
Wind, water, glacial ice
Deposition of solid particles occurs when ___ and ___ currents slow down and as ______ melts
Groundwater and runoff
Soluble constituents are carried away by which two things?
b, sediment
Across the ocean floor, virtually everything is covered by a. igneous rocks b. sediment c. metamorphic rocks d. fossils
c
After water works its way into the cracks in rock, the freezing water enlarges the cracks, and angular fragments are eventually produced a. salt crystal growth b. sheeting; expansion from unloading c. frost wedging d. biological activity
air;water;pore spaces
Because plants require __ and __ to live and grow, the portion of the soil consisting of _____ that allow for the circulation of these fluids is as vital as the solid soil constituents
increases
Breaking a rock into smaller pieces ____ the surface area available for chemical attack a. increases b. decreases
a
By breaking rocks into smaller pieces, _______ weathering increases the amount of surface area available for ______ weathering. a. mechanical, chemical b. chemical, mechanical
a
Fractures produced by these activities generally form a definite pattern and are called a. joints b. exfoliation domes c. biological activity d. sheeting
They allow water to go in deep
How do joints promote weathering?
Exfoliation domes form in rocks prone to expansion and the formation of expansion joints. Deeply buried rock bodies, such as plutons, expand as they are uplifted and eroded. Plutonic rock bodies that exhibit exceptional exfoliation domes include Half Dome, in Yosemite National Park, California, and Stone Mountain, Georgia.
How is an exfoliation dome formed?
mid-ocean ridges, volcanic
Igneous rocks are exposed only at the crests of ____ and at some ________ areas
Enhances the soil's ability to retain water
In addition to being an important source of plant nutrients, humus ...
removed, crystallize, precipitate
Ions in solution are _____ when chemical or temperature changes cause material to _____ and ______ or when organisms remove dissolved material to build shells
a
It begins when sea spray from breaking waves or salty groundwater penetrates crevices and pore spaces in rock, as this water evaporate, salt crystals form. as these crystals gradually grow larger, they weaken the rock ny pushing apart the surrounding grains or enlarging tiny cracks. a. salt crystal growth b. sheeting; expansion from unloading c. frost wedging d. biological activity
true
Mechanical and chemical weathering processes usually work simultaneously in nature and reinforce each other. a. true b. false
true
Most of Earth's solid surface consists of either sediment or sedimentary rocks
b. sedimentary rocks
Other major energy sources--including oil, natural gas, and uranium-- are derived from where? a. metamorphic rocks b. sedimentary rocks c. igneous rocks
fractures
Plant roots in search of nutrients and water grow into ____, and as the roots grow, they wedge apart the rock
Groundwater
Sediments and sedimentary rocks are also the primary reservoir of what?
solid, fluid
Sedimentum is a reference to _____ material settling out of a ___
Disintegrated and decomposed rock and humus; The remaining half is pore spaces among the solid particles where air and water circulate
Soil is a mixture of what?
False, it is NOT related to the strength of water currents.
The deposition of material dissolved in water is related to the strength of water currents.
Sedimentary (sedimentum)
The mud on the floor of a lake, a delta at the mouth of a river, a gravel bar in a stream bed, the particles in a desert sand dune, and even household dust are examples of what?
parent material
The source of the weathered mineral matter from which soils develop is called the
intermittent..occurring at irregular intervals; not constant or steady
The transport of sediment is usually
in place
Transport soils form ____ on parent materials that have been carried from elsewhere and deposited by gravity, water, wind, or ice
b, 70
What percentage of the Earth's solid surface does the ocean floor represent? a. 75 b. 70 c. 90 d. 95
Solid particles
What are frequently moved downslope by gravity before running water, groundwater, wind, and glacial ice remove them?
b
What are important rock structures that allow water to penetrate to depth and start the process of weathering long before the rock is exposed? a. exfoliation domes b. joints c. parent material d. humus
the various solid particles and ions in solution
What are the raw materials for sedimentary rocks?
Weathering
What begins the rock cycle that occurs near Earth's surface?
To settle
What does the word sedimentum mean?
various solid particles and ions in solution
What does weathering generate?
Older sediments are buried beneath younger layers and are gradually converted to sedimentary rock (lithified) by compaction and cementation
What happens as deposition continues?
b, sedimentary
What is coal? a. metamorphic b. sedimentary c. igneous
the decayed remains of animal and plant life
What is humus?
When solid particles are frequently moved downslope by gravity
What is mass wasting?
Transportation
What moves solid particles from the sites where they originated to locations where they accumulate?
Chemical weathering also occurs more quickly in the smaller rock, as the rate of chemical weathering is directly related to the relationship of surface area to a rock's volume. The higher the surface area in proportion to mass, the quicker the rate of weathering; thus the smaller rock would weather faster.
When a rock is mechanically weathered, how does its surface area change?
false;
When a rock undergoes chemical weathering, it is broken down into smaller and smaller pieces, and it still keeps the characteristics of the original material a. true b. false
b
When large masses of igneous rock, particularly granite, are exposed by erosion, concentric slabs begin to break loose. the process that generates these onion like layers is called a. salt crystal growth b. sheeting; expansion from unloading c. frost wedging d. biological activity
residual soils
When the parent material is bedrock, the soils are termed
transported soils
When the parent material is unconsolidated sediment, the soils are termed
c, sedimentary
Which rocks contain fossils? a. metamorphic b. igneous c. sedimentary
c, the surface
While sediment and sedimentary rocks make up only a small percentage of Earth's crust, they are concentrated on/at _________ a. mid-ocean ridges b. volcanic areas c. the surface d. the ocean floor
1. They are the primary reservoir of groundwater 2. Major energy sources are derived from sedimentary rocks
Why are sedimentary rocks important?
They contain evidence of past conditions and events at the surface
Why is the position (the location) of sediment and sedimentary rocks important?
Burrowing animals further
______ further break down the rock by moving fresh material to the surface, where physical and chemical processes can more effectively attack it.