Geology Chapter One:
The process in which a rock may move from one place to another or be converted into a new rock type is the ___ cycle.
Rock
list the outer planets from top to bottom, from the sun outward
Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
the ___ effect occurs when infrared energy from the sun is radiated back from Earth and trapped by earth's atmosphere, resulting in warming conditions
greenhouse
metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below: weathering heat erosion deformation pressure
heat deformation pressure
metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below?
heat pressure deformation
earth's orbit around the sun is almost circular, which explains why earth receives about the same amount of ___year-round.
heat and light
radioactive decay within earth produces heat, the other main form of heat produced by the earth comes from ____
heat trapped when the earth was formed
select the different types of information a geologist can infer from studying fossils and the rocks containing fossils
how long ago the particular life form lived on earth past local and global environments how the life form lived and died how large the particular life-form was
on the sun, ____ atoms are joined together in a process called nuclear fusion.
hydrogen
the ___ cycle describes the water processes that occur on land, in the atmosphere, and in the oceans.
hydrologic
includes all of the water in all of its expressions on earth
hydrosphere
a type of rock that forms directly from precipitates of hot water is called what
hydrothermal
rock that has formed from cooling magma or lava is ____ rock
igneous
we can tell that these rocks are formed by an explosive volcanic eruption and are therefore classified as ___.
igneous
___ is the balance or equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle lithosphere floating on the ductile asthenosphere
isostasy
what is the condition of equilibrium or balance in a system called? Geologists often use this term to describe crustal blocks floating on the asthenosphere.
isostasy
___ are examples of natural hazards present in the rapid city areas as a result of its location in a low area along rapid creek.
landslides floods
process of sediment turning into rock
lithification
sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments in a process called ____
lithification
sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments in a process called ____.
lithification
the asthenosphere is located beneath the ____.
lithosphere
the solid upper portion of the earth
lithosphere
The ____ is the rigid portion of earth composed of the ___ and uppermost part of the mantle.
lithosphere crust
the ___ is the rigid portion of earth composed of the ___ and uppermost part of the mantle
lithosphere crust
Melting of rocks at great depth produces
magma
olivine
mantle
the ___ is the largest of the earth's concentric zones by volume.
mantle
earth's three major concentric zones are the crust, the ___, and the ___
mantle core
select from the list below the events and causes of the 1972 rapid city, South Dakota, flood that killed hundreds of people and destroyed more than 1,300 homes.
massive thunderstorm breach of a dam houses built on a floodplain flash flood
If rock is exposed to enough heat after metamorphism it will eventually:
melt into magma
what rocks are formed when an existing rock is transformed by application of heat and pressure, which causes a chemical or physical change
metamorphic
changing a rock by heat, pressure or deformation is called
metamorphism
changing a rock by heat, pressure, or deformation is called
metamorphism
the age of the rock and how the rock firmed are the two geologic factors that affect where ___ resources, such as copper and iron, are located.
mineral
The gravity of the ___ and the ___ causes the tides in the oceans of the earth.
moon sun
earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of ____
nitrogen
basalt
oceanic crust
The rock cycle was conceived by James Hutton in an attempt to explain how _____.
older rocks become new sediments
metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below?
pressure heat deformation
sand, pebbles, and cobbles
river channels
sand, pebbles, and cobbles, along with silt and clay
river channels
why a rock might not go through the complete rock cycle
rock may be involved in a variety of processes in different sequences
mostly sand shifted by wind
sand dunes
mud and the remains of sea creatures
sea floor
a concept ___ is a graphical way of using your own words to describe information about features, processes, and relationship to help you learn, retain, and apply new information.
sketch
glaciers are huge flowing fields of compressed _ and __ that carry large amounts of rock and sediment
snow ice
The ___ ___ consists of the sun, the planets, and their moons, and smaller objects such as asteroids and comets.
solar system
Which two of the following processes might magma undergo as it cools?
solidification crystallization
devil's tower was formed by _____.
solidification of a magma chamber
select all of the correct answers that are related to the fate of solar energy entering Earth's atmosphere.
some light is converted into chemical energy by plants. some light is converted into infrared radiation. solar energy evaporates water in the atmosphere. it heats the earth's atmosphere.
large, angular rocks
steep mountain fronts
Which section of North America is best represented by large lakes, broad plains, and a lack of mountains?
the central portion
what happens to a mountain range in terms of isotopic adjustment following a period of significant erosion?
the continental crust underneath will be uplifted.
Which of the following correctly describe the primary differences between continents and ocean basins?
the continents and ocean basins have different rock types. the continents and ocean basins have different rock thicknesses.
a region generally is higher than an adjacent region if ___ than in the adjacent region
the crust is thicker
the lithosphere is ___.
the rigid portion of the earth (crust and upper mantle)
___ are geologic considerations when identifying physically safe places for human habitation
the steepness of hillsides the strength of underlying geology faults in the earth's crust that could potentially cause earthquakes
the three agents of sediment ___ which result in deposition as energy increases, are ice, wind, and water
transport
moving pieces of rock by wind, ice, or water
transportation
true/false: most astronomers no longer consider Pluto a planet.
true
true/false: geologists study present-day geologic processes in order to understand the geologic past.
true uniformitarianism
upward movement of underground rocks to the surface
uplift
Besides the movement of the atmosphere around the Earth, two other factors that directly shape the Earth's surface are the presence and movement of _____ and the impact of diverse biological life-forms.
water
the snow covering the mountains in the distance is an important source of ___ for the grazing horses and cows in the grassy pasture below.
water
the flow of ___ from land and oceans to the atmosphere is part of the hydrologic ____
water cycle
the flow of ___ from land and oceans to the atmosphere is part of the hydrologic ____.
water cycle
what are the three primary agents that act to deposit sediments, which may eventually become sedimentary rocks?
water wind ice
The three factors that directly shape the surface of the Earth by creating diverse landscapes
water and its movement atmosphere and its movement impact of diverse life-forms
understanding geology is important to everyday life because
we rely on it to locate raw materials for industry we rely on it for energy resources it helps us make decisions regarding our environment
breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically
weathering
the uppermost part of the oceans are in constant motion primarily due to the effect of ____
wind
Besides liquid water, the other two transportation agents of sediments are ___ and ___. Gravity also plays a role in moving sediments.
wind ice
select the three primary delivery systems that transport sediments from land into the oceans
wind rivers gravity
the lithosphere consists of ____
both types of crust and the uppermost mantle
besides earth, the other three terrestrial planets are ____.
Mercury, venus, and mars
earth's orbit around the sun is almost ___, which explains why earth receives about the same amount of heat and light year-round.
circular
lithification is the process bu which sediment is __ over time to form sedimentary rocks.
compacted
lithification is the process by which sediment is ___ over time to form sedimentary rocks.
compacted
The ____ sketch shows the features, processes, and relationships between different aspects of the water cycle.
concept
there are two main types of crust on Earth; they are ____ and ___.
continental and oceanic
Which type of crust is thicker?
continental crust
granite
continental crust
iron and nickel
core
differences in which physical property allow rocks to move from deep within the earth toward the surface?
density
two factors that affect regional elevations are ___
density of rock temperature of the lithosphere
occurs when the energy of the transported materials decreases
deposition
the inner planets are sometimes referred to as terrestrial planets because of their similarity to ___.
earth
the moon is the closest object to which planet
earth
true/false: the outer planets have a solid surface
false
____ are geologic considerations when identifying physically safe places for human habitation.
faults in the earths crust that could cause earthquakes the strength of underlying geology the steepness of hillsides
the sun creates heat and light through the process of joining together hydrogen atoms in nuclear ____
fusion
which of the following is the primary control on the location of mineral resources?
geology
which of the following is the primary control on the location of the mineral resources?
geology
____ are huge flowing fields or tongues of compressed snow and ice
glaciers
variety of sediment from large, angular boulders to fine rock powder
glaciers
the presidents' faces at Mount Rushmore are carved by which type of rock?
granite
rocky fragments left over from the formation of the solar system are called ___. They are found in orbit between mars and Jupiter.
asteroids
select three external forces that act on earth.
gravitational forces from the moon gravitational forces from the sun electromagnetic forces from the sun
select the three primary delivery systems that transport sediments from land into the oceans.
gravity wind rivers
mixture of gases that extends out about 100 km from earth
atmosphere
sand, broken shells, and rounded, well-worn stones as a result of wave action
beaches
includes life and all the places life can be found on earth
biosphere
what is the continental shelf
a fringe of shallow seafloor surrounding the land
