Geology Chapter One:

The process in which a rock may move from one place to another or be converted into a new rock type is the ___ cycle.

Rock

list the outer planets from top to bottom, from the sun outward

Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

the ___ effect occurs when infrared energy from the sun is radiated back from Earth and trapped by earth's atmosphere, resulting in warming conditions

greenhouse

metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below: weathering heat erosion deformation pressure

heat deformation pressure

metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below?

heat pressure deformation

earth's orbit around the sun is almost circular, which explains why earth receives about the same amount of ___year-round.

heat and light

radioactive decay within earth produces heat, the other main form of heat produced by the earth comes from ____

heat trapped when the earth was formed

select the different types of information a geologist can infer from studying fossils and the rocks containing fossils

how long ago the particular life form lived on earth past local and global environments how the life form lived and died how large the particular life-form was

on the sun, ____ atoms are joined together in a process called nuclear fusion.

hydrogen

the ___ cycle describes the water processes that occur on land, in the atmosphere, and in the oceans.

hydrologic

includes all of the water in all of its expressions on earth

hydrosphere

a type of rock that forms directly from precipitates of hot water is called what

hydrothermal

rock that has formed from cooling magma or lava is ____ rock

igneous

we can tell that these rocks are formed by an explosive volcanic eruption and are therefore classified as ___.

igneous

___ is the balance or equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle lithosphere floating on the ductile asthenosphere

isostasy

what is the condition of equilibrium or balance in a system called? Geologists often use this term to describe crustal blocks floating on the asthenosphere.

isostasy

___ are examples of natural hazards present in the rapid city areas as a result of its location in a low area along rapid creek.

landslides floods

process of sediment turning into rock

lithification

sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments in a process called ____

lithification

sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments in a process called ____.

lithification

the asthenosphere is located beneath the ____.

lithosphere

the solid upper portion of the earth

lithosphere

The ____ is the rigid portion of earth composed of the ___ and uppermost part of the mantle.

lithosphere crust

the ___ is the rigid portion of earth composed of the ___ and uppermost part of the mantle

lithosphere crust

Melting of rocks at great depth produces

magma

olivine

mantle

the ___ is the largest of the earth's concentric zones by volume.

mantle

earth's three major concentric zones are the crust, the ___, and the ___

mantle core

select from the list below the events and causes of the 1972 rapid city, South Dakota, flood that killed hundreds of people and destroyed more than 1,300 homes.

massive thunderstorm breach of a dam houses built on a floodplain flash flood

If rock is exposed to enough heat after metamorphism it will eventually:

melt into magma

what rocks are formed when an existing rock is transformed by application of heat and pressure, which causes a chemical or physical change

metamorphic

changing a rock by heat, pressure or deformation is called

metamorphism

changing a rock by heat, pressure, or deformation is called

metamorphism

the age of the rock and how the rock firmed are the two geologic factors that affect where ___ resources, such as copper and iron, are located.

mineral

The gravity of the ___ and the ___ causes the tides in the oceans of the earth.

moon sun

earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of ____

nitrogen

basalt

oceanic crust

The rock cycle was conceived by James Hutton in an attempt to explain how _____.

older rocks become new sediments

metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below?

pressure heat deformation

sand, pebbles, and cobbles

river channels

sand, pebbles, and cobbles, along with silt and clay

river channels

why a rock might not go through the complete rock cycle

rock may be involved in a variety of processes in different sequences

mostly sand shifted by wind

sand dunes

mud and the remains of sea creatures

sea floor

a concept ___ is a graphical way of using your own words to describe information about features, processes, and relationship to help you learn, retain, and apply new information.

sketch

glaciers are huge flowing fields of compressed _ and __ that carry large amounts of rock and sediment

snow ice

The ___ ___ consists of the sun, the planets, and their moons, and smaller objects such as asteroids and comets.

solar system

Which two of the following processes might magma undergo as it cools?

solidification crystallization

devil's tower was formed by _____.

solidification of a magma chamber

select all of the correct answers that are related to the fate of solar energy entering Earth's atmosphere.

some light is converted into chemical energy by plants. some light is converted into infrared radiation. solar energy evaporates water in the atmosphere. it heats the earth's atmosphere.

large, angular rocks

steep mountain fronts

Which section of North America is best represented by large lakes, broad plains, and a lack of mountains?

the central portion

what happens to a mountain range in terms of isotopic adjustment following a period of significant erosion?

the continental crust underneath will be uplifted.

Which of the following correctly describe the primary differences between continents and ocean basins?

the continents and ocean basins have different rock types. the continents and ocean basins have different rock thicknesses.

a region generally is higher than an adjacent region if ___ than in the adjacent region

the crust is thicker

the lithosphere is ___.

the rigid portion of the earth (crust and upper mantle)

___ are geologic considerations when identifying physically safe places for human habitation

the steepness of hillsides the strength of underlying geology faults in the earth's crust that could potentially cause earthquakes

the three agents of sediment ___ which result in deposition as energy increases, are ice, wind, and water

transport

moving pieces of rock by wind, ice, or water

transportation

true/false: most astronomers no longer consider Pluto a planet.

true

true/false: geologists study present-day geologic processes in order to understand the geologic past.

true uniformitarianism

upward movement of underground rocks to the surface

uplift

Besides the movement of the atmosphere around the Earth, two other factors that directly shape the Earth's surface are the presence and movement of _____ and the impact of diverse biological life-forms.

water

the snow covering the mountains in the distance is an important source of ___ for the grazing horses and cows in the grassy pasture below.

water

the flow of ___ from land and oceans to the atmosphere is part of the hydrologic ____

water cycle

the flow of ___ from land and oceans to the atmosphere is part of the hydrologic ____.

water cycle

what are the three primary agents that act to deposit sediments, which may eventually become sedimentary rocks?

water wind ice

The three factors that directly shape the surface of the Earth by creating diverse landscapes

water and its movement atmosphere and its movement impact of diverse life-forms

understanding geology is important to everyday life because

we rely on it to locate raw materials for industry we rely on it for energy resources it helps us make decisions regarding our environment

breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically

weathering

the uppermost part of the oceans are in constant motion primarily due to the effect of ____

wind

Besides liquid water, the other two transportation agents of sediments are ___ and ___. Gravity also plays a role in moving sediments.

wind ice

select the three primary delivery systems that transport sediments from land into the oceans

wind rivers gravity

the lithosphere consists of ____

both types of crust and the uppermost mantle

besides earth, the other three terrestrial planets are ____.

Mercury, venus, and mars

earth's orbit around the sun is almost ___, which explains why earth receives about the same amount of heat and light year-round.

circular

lithification is the process bu which sediment is __ over time to form sedimentary rocks.

compacted

lithification is the process by which sediment is ___ over time to form sedimentary rocks.

compacted

The ____ sketch shows the features, processes, and relationships between different aspects of the water cycle.

concept

there are two main types of crust on Earth; they are ____ and ___.

continental and oceanic

Which type of crust is thicker?

continental crust

granite

continental crust

iron and nickel

core

differences in which physical property allow rocks to move from deep within the earth toward the surface?

density

two factors that affect regional elevations are ___

density of rock temperature of the lithosphere

occurs when the energy of the transported materials decreases

deposition

the inner planets are sometimes referred to as terrestrial planets because of their similarity to ___.

earth

the moon is the closest object to which planet

earth

true/false: the outer planets have a solid surface

false

____ are geologic considerations when identifying physically safe places for human habitation.

faults in the earths crust that could cause earthquakes the strength of underlying geology the steepness of hillsides

the sun creates heat and light through the process of joining together hydrogen atoms in nuclear ____

fusion

which of the following is the primary control on the location of mineral resources?

geology

which of the following is the primary control on the location of the mineral resources?

geology

____ are huge flowing fields or tongues of compressed snow and ice

glaciers

variety of sediment from large, angular boulders to fine rock powder

glaciers

the presidents' faces at Mount Rushmore are carved by which type of rock?

granite

rocky fragments left over from the formation of the solar system are called ___. They are found in orbit between mars and Jupiter.

asteroids

select three external forces that act on earth.

gravitational forces from the moon gravitational forces from the sun electromagnetic forces from the sun

select the three primary delivery systems that transport sediments from land into the oceans.

gravity wind rivers

mixture of gases that extends out about 100 km from earth

atmosphere

sand, broken shells, and rounded, well-worn stones as a result of wave action

beaches

includes life and all the places life can be found on earth

biosphere

what is the continental shelf

a fringe of shallow seafloor surrounding the land