Geology Exam 1

In a short answer, what was Cuvier's idea that led to the discovery of natural extinctions?

"Fossils are the remains of unknown organisms" - Cuvier

(T/F) Exaptation: Independent evolution of the same traits in different lineages (often as a result of similar ecologies)

(False, the definition does not belong to the word, Instead, switch Exaptation with Convergence) Exaptation is defined as evolution by co-option of traits previously adapted to other functions (once called "pre-adaptation")

1-Igneous 2-Metamorphic 3-Sedimentary

1) Formed by cooling of molten material 2) Reformation of previous rocks due to heat or pressure 3) Formed from fragments of other rocks

What are the three steps of how sedimentary rocks are formed?

1) Uplift, 2) Erosion, 3) Deposition

3 Types of Inferences:

1) When both of the other species have the trait, so the one in themidle most likely does 2) One of the species has the trait while the other doesn't 3) The other two species don't have the trait but you say the middle one does anyway

Match the following terms with their appropriate meanings: 1) Symplesiomorphy 2) Synapomorphy 3) Autapomorphy

1) shared primitive characters 2) shared derived characters 3) unique derived characters

What are two main differences between artificial selection (ex. dog breeding) and natural selection?

1. Natural selection and the subsequent evolution of a species occurs over a huge time scale (hundreds, thousands, millions of years) and artificial selection occurs over a few generations or at least a much smaller period of time. 2. Natural selection works on all traits towards those that increase reproductive success or overall survivability while artificial selection is usually one or a few preferred traits that the selectors (humans, breeders) want to emphasize, such as color and body parts.

Identify which type of characters are helpful (H) or not helpful (NH) when reconstructing evolutionary relationships. 1. Symplesiomorphies (primitive characters) 2. Synapomorphies (shared derived characters) 3. Autapomorphies (unique derived characters) 4. Homoplasies (convergent characters and reversals)

1. Not helpful 2. Helpful 3. Not helpful 4. Not helpful

Which one of these is NOT a method of radiometric dating?

1. Radiocarbon Dating 2. Magnetostratigraphy NOT: 3. Magnetic Density 4. Magnetic Polarity

Describe the two different viewpoints on how a species is defined.

1. Similarities: members of the same species share common characteristics or attributes 2. Differences: members of the same species have distinguishing characteristics or attributes from other species.

What are the 3 observations about Natural Selection?

1. Variation exists in all populations 2. Some variability is inherited 3. More are born in a population than can possibly survive

1. Moon Jelly 2. Clams 3. Squid 4. Oysters 5. Blue Whale 6. Radiolaria

1. plankton 2. benthos 3. nekton 4. benthos 5. nekton 6. plankton

Igneous rocks usually 1._____ have fossils because 2._____. Metamorphic rocks usually 3._____ have fossils because 4.______. Sedimentary rocks usually 5._____ have fossils because 6.) _______

1.) don't 2.) the temperature at which rock cools to go from a molten state to a solid-state would destroy any living organism close to it or in it 3.) don't 4.) the amount of heat endured to recrystallize the atoms of the rock would most likely destroy any fossils that were in there 5.) do 6.) they are formed by deposition of fragments of previous rocks on the surface of our planet which means these rocks are our record of every living thing on the surface of our planet

Which of these historical figures first described the currently accepted theory of evolution?

A - Alfred Russel Wallace B - Erasmus Darwin C - Charles Darwin D - Herbert Spencer

What's the difference between a body fossil and a trace fossil?

A body fossil was once part of the original organism. A trace fossil is a physical mark of behavior left in a sedimentary rock.

Taxonomy

A certain set of rules in a system to name a particular species. It is the biological nomenclature for classifying organisms

Monophyletic

A group comprised of an ancestor and all of its descendants

Why must there be a hypothesis before anything else in the scientific method?

A hypothesis is a statement made based off the patterns seen in observations. A hypothesis must be made in order to continue on with experimentation, if there is no hypothesis then there is no baseline to be testing for (No statement to prove true or false).

Biogenic Sedimentary Rock

A rock formed from the fragments of clam and snail shells

Peripatric speciation

A subpopulation from the parent population becomes isolated by a geographic barrier and acquires distinct traits.

Science, as defined by scientists

A type of inquiry into nature characterized by the availability of empirically falsifiable hypotheses.

What is an autapomorphy?

A unique derived trait

What is a vestigial structure?

A vestigial structure is a body part that is no longer functional but has not been completely removed yet over time by evolution.

Which geological time category encompasses the largest amount of time?

A) Epochs B) Eras C) Periods D) Eons

Which (choose multiple) of the following provided initial evidence for evolution? A) Homologies B) Natural Selection C) Transitional Fossils D) Charles Darwin E) Reproductive Success F) Adaptations

A) Homologies B) Natural Selection C) Transitional Fossils D) Charles Darwin E) Reproductive Success F) Adaptations The correct choices are A, C, and F since they were the multiple sources of evidence for evolution that were found before, during, and even after Darwin's discoveries.

Which type of rock is the most LIKELY to be used to find fossils?

A) Metamorphic B) Igneous C) Sedimentary D) All of the above

How do you recognize sexual dimorphism in fossils?

A. Finding the species preserved in courtship B. Genetics (if sexual determinism is genetically controlled) C. Preserved pelvic bones D. Preserved pregnancy

Which of the following was NOT a theory of what fossils were before they were discovered to be extinct species from prehistory preserved in the rock?

A. Fossils were just crystals that formed into the shape of bones B. Fossils were remains of trolls who lived in rock and died when sunlight hit them C. Fossils were attempts by demons to create life NOT A THEORY: D. Fossils were bones hidden in the Earth by Mole People and Aliens

Which of the following was a common theme regarding traditional worldviews?

A. The world is a lot older than humanity B. Physical features and the landscapes of the world are unchanged since the beginning C. Life forms of the world have changed drastically since the beginning of time D. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a form of preservation?

A: Recrytalized B: Carbonized C: Revitalized D: Unaltered

According to traditional worldviews, rocks are __________, meaning they were formed at creation.

Aboriginal

Can geography have an effect species?

Absolutely. For instance, in the Galapagos islands, many types of birds exist on each island that are seen nowhere else on the planet. Each has adapted to each islands respective climate and food sources.

What is parsimony?

All other things being equal, choose the simpler of potential explanations

Parsimony

All other things being equal, we choose the simpler explanation

An explanation that that requires the fewest additional assumptions (i.e., the simplest)

All other things being equal, we prefer the most parsimonious explanation for a phenomenon

Define "allochthonus" and "autochthonus."

Allochthonus: the object is transported to another place from its original site then buried. Autochthonus: the object is buried in its original site.

Identify the difference between Allopatric, Sympatric, Peripatric, and Parapatric.

Allopatric is a subdivision of ancestral range. Sympatric is within ancestral range. Peripatric is a small subdivision separated from ancestral range. Parapatric small subpopulation on margins of ancestral range.

What is the best way to preserve a fossil unaltered?

Amber

What is an ancestor?

An ancestor is anyone whom you get DNA directly from.

Which of the following describes sympatric transformations (when a whole population shifts into a new morphology)?

Anagenesis

What is the difference between Anagenesis and Cladogenesis?

Anagenesis is sympatric (in place) transition, in which the whole population of a previous species transforms into a brand new species. Cladogenesis is when a small amount of a previous population transforms into a brand new species, and the former species might still coexist with the latter species.

Which geologic branch typically assumes sympatric (in place) transformation?

Anagensis

How does oxygen disrupt the preservation of fossils?

Animals that are exposed to oxygen will decompose very fast, without oxygen fossils are able to preserve the small details too.

What dead animal has a better chance to become part of the fossil record(as a complete fossil)?

Animals with more hard parts have a higher chance of losing some of the parts when buried. Additionally, when the hard parts are loosely packed they can split apart easier and are less likely to stick together.

Organism burial in quiet water is exceptional due to __________.

Anoxia

What is ONE problem with the biological species concept?

Answers may vary. Problems with BSC are the assumptions that organisms can reproduce asexually, we cannot test in young fossil populations, natural hybrids are real, and ring species exist. These don't really give us the actual interpretation of species.

What common features do a species traditionally share?

Appearance Behavior/Habits Reproduction Habitat

Which of the following is an example of a historical/forensic field of science?

Archaeology

How were fossils first interpreted by people? Give an example.

At first, early discoveries of fossils were unexplainable and because of the idea that rocks were aboriginal people thought to link fossils to be congruent with myths they believed. An example would be the skull of a wooly mammoth was thought to be that of a dragon.

Rank the following forms of fossils in the order of most common to least common:

B. Fossil fragments D. Isolated parts of fossils. C. Articulated sections of fossils A. Complete individual fossils

____________ ___________ ____________ was the father of vertebrate paleontology.

Baron George Cuvier

Who first argued the idea that people could't tell the creatures in fossils because these creatures were extinct?

Baron Georges Cuvier

What are the two major sciences that paleontology lies between?

Biology - the study of life Geology- the study of earth

There are two different types of fossils. One is ____ fossils (pollen, teeth, shells) and another is _____ fossils (footprints, nest, burrow).

Body Fossils (Parts of the original organism) and Trace Fossils (Physical marks of behavior left in sedimentary rocks)

Body Fossils Examples

Bones, teeth, shells, wood

Which area would have a higher chance of producing a fossil? Top of the mountain, or the bottom of the ocean?

Bottom of the ocean

What has the highest energy of the environment?

Boulders - have highest energy but usually in short terms

Coprolites, Cololite, and Vomititie are all examples of what type of trace fossil?

Bromalites

Why are bromalites a useful fossil to help scientists understand a prehistoric world?

Bromalites help piece together an ecosystem or food chain by giving clues to what extinct organisms ate.

Coprolite, vominite, regurgitalite, and cololite, are what kind of fossil?

Bromalites: trace fossils associated with digestion

Trilobites are an extinct group of water bugs that are found in stone. What is the stone made up of?

Calcium Chloride

What mode of preservation creates body fossils by compressing organic materials into a thin film?

Carbonization

Permineralization

Cemenation but for the hard parts of a animals corpse. Minerals build up between bone and other hard parts, eventually creating the fossil.

Who proposed the idea that fossils are the remains of unknown (extinct) organisms?

Charles Darwin

What gave away the "Piltdown Man" as a hoax?

Chemical Dating

The fossils originally named homo divulii testis, meaning "man witness of the flood" in reference to the biblical great flood, were later identified to not be human at all. Instead, the fossil belonged to an extinct creature which most closely resembles this present-day animal:

Chinese Giant Salamander

Identify the different methods of lithification for sedimentary rocks.

Compaction, Cementation, and Recrystallization

List the types of lithification and describe the process involved for each method of lithification.

Compaction: as the sediment gets compressed down, it gets more compact and turns to rock (i.e. squishing clay) Recrystallization: individual particles of sediment touch each other, some bonds form between the particles because of recrystallization (common in CaCO3, limestone). Cementation: very common method, sediment is deposited, groundwater is percolating through that, groundwater has dissolved minerals and some of the minerals get precipitated out. Some of the mineral in the groundwater crystallizes on the outside of the particles of side, as the rinds of coating get larger, it will start cementing together with the other grains of sand.

________ is the study of bodies of different organisms and how they're similar and different.

Comparative Anatomy

What is the rarest type of fossil?

Complete Individual

Carbonized

Compressed so that organic material is squashed into a thin film. Microscopic details and original organic material is mostly preserved.

One line of evidence to determine how a fossil organism lived is modeling. What is one benefit of modeling?

Computer models don't have to 100% reflect reality. You can exaggerate certain parts/motions to see more and gain more evidence than if you weren't to exaggerate.

How should you read a scientific paper?

Consider the topic, Read the paper, Elucidate the hypothesis, Analyze and Interpret the Data, Think of the Next Experiment

During a mining expedition on a faraway planet, paleontologists are called in to investigate a strange fossil found during excavation. The particularly well-preserved remains feature a copper-based endoskeleton and a hydraulic musculature, but given that the organism appeared to be torpedo-shaped and also featured a posterior muscular fin-like appendage, it is determined that the organism was likely aquatic and shared similar habits to sharks and dolphins back on Earth. What concept of macroevolution was used to make this deduction?

Convergence

" (blank) is the independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages"

Convergent evolution

What is the scientific name for fossilized feces?

Coprolite

bromalites

Coprolites, vomitites/regurgitalites, and cololites

List the layers/structures of the Earth from the innermost to outermost layers

Core (solid inner and liquid outer core), Mantle, and Lithosphere

Who established that fossils are the remains of unknown organisms?

Cuvier

Deep Time

Deep Time is described as the great expanse of time in geological history. There are two parts to Deep Time: Relative Time and Numerical Time. Relative Time was developed before Numerical Time and is defined as a sequence of events unrelated to a specific time or time frame. Numerical Time is defined as specific dates and periods of time in various units of time.

Darwin preferred to say _______________ instead of evolution

Descent with Modification

Definition of evolution to a biologist

Descent with Modification

type of sedimentary rock is formed by solid fragments

Detrital Rock

What is the difference between detrital, biogenic, and chemical sedimentary rocks?

Detrital are transported and deposited as solid rock fragments, biogenic are transported as dissolved ions which are absorbed and used by living things before being deposited, and chemical are transported as dissolved ions and then precipitated out of solution.

Functions of a scientific paper:

Disseminate Results, Claim priority for ideas, Provide evidence for claims, Set up ideas of additional lines of research, Preserve for posterity

What was something that caused a turnaround in the thought process of what fossils were and how they were addressed?

During the time of colonization of large European countries through the rest of the world, things like museums began to be created in the large origin countries and cities. These museums displayed different types of artifacts, collections, and anything else that they could get their hands on to cultivate. As they grew, specialization and research outside of religion into a more scientific realm had begun to take place. This caused specialization and collaboration between those that were looking at the fossils, and more ideas about what fossils really were

Identify all parts of this name as well as any errors, Bulbasaurus Phylloxyron Kammer and Smith 2017

Errors: Bulbasaurus should be in italics since its a genus, the p should be lower case since it is a species, there should be an "et" between the describer's names not "and" Genus: Bulbasaurus Species: phylloxyron Describers: Kammer et Smith Date of initial description: 2017

Co-Evolution

Evolution in one set of species results in evolutionary change in the group they interact with/which leads to change in the first group which leads to change in the second group

Macroevolution

Evolutionary patterns seen above the level of species.

What word describes how the leg bones in a whale were adapted overtime to serve a completely new function?

Exaptation

Evolution happens in a single generation. (T/F)

F, takes multiple generations of mutations.

True/False: Two members of a population can be totally identical.

FALSE (because of variability)

Biomarkers (biologically produced chemicals preserved in the rock record) require the fossil to be present. True or False

False

Fossils have always been recognized as the physical remains of extinct living things

False

Paedomorphosis is the process where the descendent evolves into a hyper-adult version of the ancestor.

False

T/ F - The various taxa are direct ancestors of the later branches

False

The World is not much older than Humanity

False

True or False, Trace fossils are all identified and we know what they came from.

False

True or False: Evolution always goes from simple to complex organisms.

False

True or False: A theory is the same thing as a guess.

False

True or False: Carbon-14 dating is the most common method used by most paleontologists

False

True or False: Carbonized fossils are fossils where the original material is lost, and replaced with some other material.

False

True or False: Humans are as old as the earth.

False

True or False: Most Paleontologists study dinosaurs

False

True or False: Natural extinction was not a radical idea to scientist during the 1700's and early 1800's.

False

True or False: Transmutationism is a modern theory of evolution

False

True or False? Consilience is another term for Ocam's Razor

False

True or False? DNA is a blueprint for an organism.

False

True or False? Hypotheses are educated guesses that are not falsifiable.

False

True/False A hypothesis can be 100% proven but can never be proven false.

False

True/False : Sediments form horizontal layers (strata) when deposited, and those layers will always be horizontal.

False

True/False: It is not very common to find that in certain spheres of Science there are multiple different theories proposed for the same observations.

False

True/False: It was Charles Darwin who coined the term "survival of the fittest"

False

True or False. The term "Survival of the Fittest" was coined by Charles Darwin.

False (Herbert Spencer)

True or False. Type II interference is the strongest out of the three types.

False (Type I Interference is strongest)

(T/F) Radiometric dating works for metaphoric rocks

False - igneous rocks

True or False: All taxon names other than genera and species are in greek letters

False - roman letters

True or False: Metamorphic Rocks were formed by the transported fragments of previously existing rocks that were deposited due to heat/pressure, and Sedimentary Rocks were formed by the recrystallization of previously existing rocks due to heat/pressure.

False - the definitions are switched

True or False: higher order taxa like kingdom or phylum describe real relationships

False while species in the same one of these groupings have a common ancestor, the actual higher order taxa are not useful for comparing different groupings of species.

True or false: Cololite trace fossils refer to fossilized feces or "dung stones".

False, Coprolites

True or False: Cyclops monsters are distinguished by their giant hands.

False, Cyclops monsters are distinguished by their one eye

True or False, Darwin created the saying "Survival of the Fittest"

False, Herbert Spencer created that saying

Jellyfishes, squids, and sharks are classified as Plankton

False, Jellyfishes, squids, and sharks are classified as Nekton.

True/False: Natural selection itself is random.

False, Natural selection takes into account three basic observations: Variability, Heritability, and Superfecundity.

True or False: Paleontology is the study of past human activity

False, Paleontology is the study of fossils and prehistoric life

True/False, Peramorphosis and Pedomorphosis cannot occur within the same species.

False, Peramorphosis and Pedomorphosis CAN occur within the same species.

True or False: Numerical Deep time is easier to read than Relative Deep time.

False, Relative Deep time is easier to read than Numerical Deep time.

True or False: Igneous Rocks form into strata and are the key to prehistoric history

False, Sedimentary Rock create the strata and contain most fossils

Is the following statement true or false? Justify your answer. Symplesiomorphy is the most helpful when it comes to studying relationships between different groups of organisms.

False, Synapomorphy is the most helpful because it resembles shared derived traits, whereas symplesiomorphy describes shared primitive characters.

True or False: The genus names is always lowercase and written in bold text.

False, The genus name is always capitalized and written in italicized.

True or False: If there is no data found to oppose a hypothesis, then it is proven true

False, a hypothesis can never be fully proven, only accepted for now based on the current body of knowledge

A hypothesis can be 100% proven

False, a hypothesis cannot be 100% proven.

Fossils are remains of unknown organisms because those organisms were on an island no one lived on? (T/F)

False, because they were extinct

True or false? Parsimony is preferring the hypotheses most consistent with previously established knowledge.

False, consilience is preferring the hypotheses most consistent with previously established knowledge. Parsimony is choosing the hypothesis with the simplest explanation.

True or False: Correlation always implies causation.

False, correlation does NOT always imply causation.

True or false: Scientific knowledge that has been academically reviewed is "set in stone", and cannot be changed by any newly obtained information.

False, discoveries are provisional and can be subject to change or rejection, and often are not permanent.

True or False: Discovery of early human artifacts, and fossil remains were found in the early 1600s and were discovered to be in the late- middle of the successions of time periods.

False, early remains of humans were found in the early 1800s and were discovered to be in the most recent succession of time.

True or False, the first thing to do in a scientific paper is to describe what you have found.

False, first give the background

True or False: Trilobites are extinct flying dinosaurs

False, marine bugs

The node at which two sister taxa branch off represents the time at which the ancestral population diverged. True or false?

False, nodes represent the time of minimum divergence, following the logical assumption that if either of the species is present in the fossil record, then the ancestral species between that and its sister taxon cannot be present at the same time. It is impossible to know when exactly populations diverged in the fossil record.

True or False: Fossils have successions as well as rocks

False, only rocks appear and disappear in a unique period of time.

True or False: Radiometric dating works for igneous and metamorphic rocks, but not for sedimentary rocks.

False, radiometric dating works only for igneous rocks because of the crystals that form as magma cools down.

True or False: In sexual dimorphs the female morph is often more rare

False, the morph that is typically more rare is male

True or False, The Principle of Parsimony is to choose the claim that does not conflict with well established knowledge and the Principle of Consilience is to choose the claim that is the simplest explanation for the phenomenon.

False, these explanations are switched. The Principle of Parsimony is to choose the claim that is the simplest explanation for the phenomenon. The Principle of Consilience is to choose the claim that does not conflict with well established knowledge.

True or False: Type specimens must be the most complete specimen available

False. A type specimen is the fossil named in the original description of the organism, regardless of how complete it is.

True or False: Fossil assemblages are randomly distributed through rocks, with skeletons of organisms such as pterodactyls and mammoths being found together.

False. Fossil assemblages are not randomly distributed, as organisms can be attributed to older or younger layers of sedimentary rock due to Steno's law of superposition. The distribution of fossils according to the relative dating of sedimentary layers reveals the succession of distinctive "fossil worlds", with these "worlds" containing unique groups of organisms that predate written history.

True or False: Most studies are 100% decisive in their results

False. Fossils are not alive, thus there are many things that cannot be preserved and we may never know about.

True/False: Homologies allows us to see how different organisms act similar or differently from each other.

False. It lets us see how different organisms are different and similar based on their anatomical structures.

True or False: Metamorphic rocks have ideal conditions for fossil formation.

False. Metamorphic rocks are recrystallized under intense heat or pressure, which would destroy any fossil remained that may have begun to form in the rock.

Microevolution is change "above the species level. True of False?

False. Microevolution is the change "within a species"

True or False? All scientific studies are 100% decisive

False. Not all studies are 100% decisive. Some may have multiple conclusions or no conclusions

True or False: As a highly empirical field of study and way of thinking, science is focused on formulating a hypothesis and proving it is undeniably correct using quantifiable data.

False. Science, while based on empirical evidence by nature, relies on making an initial hypothesis (often referred to as the null hypothesis) and disproving (formally, rejecting) it through empirical evidence.

True or false? Ancestors and realatives mean the same thing and are interchangeable when talking about evolution

False. There is a distinct difference between ancestors and relatives. Ancestors are those that you have a direct decent from while relatives have a similar decent but you are not descendent from.

The hair on dinosaurs can be greatly preserved in fossils(true or false)

False. for the most part, it is very rare to see hair in fossils except in rare cases.

True or False: Stem groups are monophyletic.

False: Stem groups are paraphyletic; they are composed of an ancestor, but not all of its descendants.

True or False - The innermost part of the earth is the core is made up largely of the metals Copper and Silver

False: the innermost part of the earth's core is made up of iron and nickel

(True/False) Trace fossils are named similarly to the names of the creatures that produced them.

False; Names of trace fossils differ from those given to the organisms themselves because we don't always know what organism made the traces.

(True/False) The world is not much older than humanity, and humans have been around for much of Earth's history

False; the history of the Earth is many millions of years old, and human fossils have been found only in the most recent fossil successions

Why do favorable traits tend to be passed on through natural selection?

Favorable traits help the organism survive which in term guarantees that those traits are passed onto the next generation

How might one recognize instances of sexual dimorphism?

Finding a female specimen, finding a male and female specimen, finding a specimen with a sexual organ, and genetics in applicable species.

Which of the following is not part of the process for phylogenetic analysis: Identifying terminal taxa Finding the Linnaean rank of the taxa in question Identifying an outgroup Identifying characters (traits and features)

Finding the Linnaean rank is not a relevant aspect to the process of phylogenetic analysis

Which one of the following is not a problem related to the Biological Species Concept (BSC)?

Fixity

"Species have a real existence in nature and a transition from one to another does not exist" - Reverend William, this statement represents which concept?

Fixity: the world and species as we see them now are how they have always been

What is strata?

Flat layers formed by sedimentary rocks

Trace Fossils Examples

Footprints, burrows, feeding marks

"________ were found in the hand-axes of ancient humans."

Fossilized shells and sea urchins

"_________ are used in the correlation for biostratigraphy"

Fossils

How did fossils help to change traditional world views of archaeology?

Fossils are often part of the rock themselves, which countered the idea that rocks were aboriginal and unchanged since the creation of the Earth.

What are trace fossils?

Fossils that show movement of an organism

What state of preservation is the most common to find fossils in?

Fragments

Rank the Following types of fossils in order of most common to most rare

Fragments, Isolated Parts, Articulated Parts, Complete Individual

How do igneous rocks form?

From magma or lava

Why can't fossils generally be found in metamorphic and igneous rocks?

Generally because the extreme heat/pressure that is needed to create igneous/metamorphic rocks will destroy any fossils that previously resided in them.

What is the difference between genus and species?

Genus is a generic category, species is a specific category

What is the difference between Genus and Species?

Genus refers to a more generic category, of one or more species. Species represents a more specific category, a two word name that combines the genus and a second word.

Why are species never "fixed" or unchanging?

Geographic variations, geologic variations, natural hybrids

Who in the 1700s argued the theory that the reason many fossils were unknown was that the organisms in the fossils had gone extinct?

Georges Cuvier

___________ can transport every size particle of sediment.

Glaciers. Streams can transport sand/silt/pebbles, clay and mud, while quiet water can only transport the finest particles. Glaciers, however, can transport the largest of boulders and create rock flour.

The duration between 3 Ga and 4 Ga is 1___.

Gyr

Which of the following would be the proper abbreviation for the human race?

H Sapiens

What factors determine if an organism can become a fossil?

Hard parts, depositional environment, size of organism, and number of "body parts".

What is the significance of Carolus Linnaeus?

He created the foundation for most of the modern taxonomy system

Why can fossils not be found in metamorphic rock?

High temperature and high pressure

What would be the full name for the modern human species?

Homo Sapiens Linnaeus 1758

Which one of the following is the correct name for our species?

Homo sapiens

The forelimb of Velociraptor, the arm of a human being, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a dolphin are all:

Homologous

What structures are the same body parts, but might be shaped or modified differently?

Homologous

What is the difference between Homologous and Analogous structures?

Homologous structures are the same anatomically but are present in different organisms and offer different functions. Analogous structures are different anatomically but present the same function in differing organisms.

Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures. Which are more important to scientists? Why?

Homologous structures share a common ancestry, but not necessarily a common function. Analogous structures share a common function, but do not share a common ancestry. Homologous structures are more to scientists because they provide evidence of evolutionary relationships.

Vestigial Structures

Homologous structures that not longer have function or greatly reduced function.

What evidence do comparative anatomists have to prove mammals come from common ancestors?

Homologous structures. Some mammals, such as whales, have a pelvis that have no functional use. We can assume a whales ancestor had a function for a pelvis bone.

Basalt is an example of

Igneous Rock

What is the kind of rock that can deform, or cut across, a strata, and what is the age of this rock compared to the strata?

Igneous intrusive rock. It is younger than the strata it is cutting or deforming.

Explain why sedimentary rocks are the best tellers of geologic time and are where the fossil record is largely found as opposed to igneous and metamorphic rocks

Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma and lava and do not contain fossils as fossil remains would have been burnt or melted due to the high temperature. Metamorphic rocks are formed by recrystallization from heat or pressure and the process destroys any remains or evidence of fossils. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of transported fragments of previously existing rocks and their formation does not require heat or pressure that will destroy fossil remains.

What are the three types of rocks and how are they formed?

Igneous- formed by the cooling of the molten material. Metamorphic- formed by recrystallization of previously existing rocks. Sedimentary- formed from transported fragments of previously existing rocks.

Does evolution change happen quickly or slowly relative to human life-span?

In most cases extremely slowly, however, for a species that rapidly reproduces, such as rabbits, evolutionary change can be observed relatively quickly compared to other species.

Necrolysis

In the study of taphonomy, after a body dies, it can be eaten, decayed, weathered, and tampered with

How did fossils disprove the traditional view that rocks were aboriginal?

In the traditional view, rocks were believed to be aboriginal in which they were present at the creation of the world. As fossils were discovered in these rocks, the question arose of how did these once living organisms become a part of something so much older than them. It is impossible for these once living creatures to become a part of these rocks if they were aboriginal. In conclusion it was determined that since these once living creatures were embedded in the rocks, then that meant that the rocks were formed between the creation of earth and present day in which the fossils were incorporated.

What did the basic discoveries of paleontology from the 1660s to 1860s establish?

Includes all of these: a. The duration of even this most recent phase was vastly longer than recorded human history b. Humans were only present at the very latest of these phases c. Most fossils were unknown because they were extinct d. There were a succession of many "fossil worlds" e. Fossils were often the remains of unknown creatures

How does the magnetic polarity of Earth change?

Inconsistently

What is convergence?

Independent evolution of the same traits in different lineages

Does the groundwater in the cementation step of lithification contain detrital or ions

Ions

What is an important aspect of a scientific hypothesis?

It must be falsifiable

Lumping

John thinks that he has discovered a new specimen from a new taxon, and he names it Yohannes animalis. Later he finds out that his organism is not in fact from a new genus, but rather belongs to an already existing genus. In this situation, will Yohannes animalis be subject to the rules of lumping or splitting?

List the order of the Linnaean Ranks for taxonomy, from least specific to most specific: (provide random order of all Linnaean ranks)

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What is the time scale order from largest time categories to smallest?

Largest to smallest: Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs, Ages

Who was a famous individual alive from 1452-1519 who drew fossils that they saw?

Leonardo Da Vinci

What is the outermost layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, called?

Lithosphere

Taxonomists who consider a particular set of specimens to represent many taxa are called splitters. However, those who consider a particular set with few taxa are called _______.

Lumpers

If a species is found to belong in the same genus but used to belong in a different one, what is that called?

Lumping

The phenomenon known as (blank) is when a species in a particular genus is now found to belong to a previously named genus, thus moving to the senior synonym.

Lumping

What Old Vogul word was Mammoth eventually translated from?

Maimonto.

Impression

Marks left by body on sediment. Negative of original

What time period means "middle animal life"?

Mesozoic Era

What does the "fittest" in "survival of the fittest" refer to?

More reproductive success

In the 1970s paleontologists suggested a pattern of evolution called "punctuated equilibrium". Which of the following best describes the model of punctuated equilibrium?

Most evolutionary change is as cladogenesis; the origin of new species takes thousands of years or more but are followed by millions of years of stasis (little evolutionary change).

Human fossils were found in the ____ ____ of these fossil succession

Most recent

What does "concestor" mean?

Most recent common ancestor

Natural selection is the differential ____1____ and ____2____ of variants in a population resulting in a net change in ____3____ of the ____4____

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of variants in a population resulting in a net change in phenotype of the descendents

When does natural selection occur?

Natural selection occurs when there's a struggle for existence in which more individuals are born into a population than survive. There must also be variation in the population, and some of this variation must be inheritable.

Which of the three transmutationist theories is supported by Darwin and Wallace's idea of Natural Selection?

New species are modified descendants of old species.

Father of Statiagraphy

Nicholas Steno

Who argued that "rocks must be the product of activity within the history of the Earth rather than part of its beginning, and fossils are the remains of dead organisms that were incorporated into their structure."?

Nicholas Steno

Who is regarded as the "father of historical geography"?

Nicholas Steno

What is the name of the man who is considered to be "the father of geology," and what did he say about the age of the fossils and the rocks they were discovered in?

Nicolas Steno. He said that fossils are the same age as the rocks they were discovered in.

In reference to cladistics and phylogeny, is there an evolutionary scale?

No

Can you create a scientific theory that proves a phenomenon correct? Why or why not?

No you cannot create a theory that proves something correct. A hypothesis is based off of observation and knowledge and used to assume why a phenomenon occurs. However, theories can only be falsifiable not a proof. This means you can create an empirical hypothesis to assume a theory, but you can only prove if the theory is incorrect.

Is a polyphyletic group a clade?

No, a clade is monophyletic.

Could the hypothesis "Gloves are better than mittens" ever be considered a Scientific hypothesis?

No, the hypothesis is subjective, and therefore cannot be scientific

Does a scientific paper get published immediately after it is written?

No. The paper, once it is finished, is called a manuscript, which is not the final published paper. The manuscript is sent to a publisher, and an editor(s) will look it over to check for errors. Once they are found, the paper will be send back to the author so that the errors will be corrected. After that, hopefully, the paper will be published.

In 1922 HF Osborn described the first anthropoid in which continent?

North America

How do you tell the age of a fossil?

Numerical time

Occam's Razor

Occam's Razor, also called "parsimony", states that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one.

According to the principle of priority, if two different taxon names is actually the same, choose the ____ one

Oldest

Describe one situation where a trace fossil may be formed.

One way a tract fossil may be formed is if an animal burrowed within the ground and an even occurs that fills the burrow with a sediment that can then solidify leaving a trace of what was once the burrow of an animal. One example of this would be the devils screw. Which was created by what i believe was an otter-like creature which would burrow down in a shape similar to a wine bottle opener and when the burrow was filled by sediment you got the devils screw.

Identify the 2 major issues faced by paleontologists when discovering new fossils of potential new species.

Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism

Permineralized

Original hard parts (and sometimes soft parts) still present, but pore space filled up by minerals in ground water

Recrystallized

Original hard parts still present, but crystals may have broken up or rejoined

Replacement

Original material lost, replaced with some other material from pore water

Sympatric speciation

Part of the parent population becomes isolated from the other part of the parent population while coexisting in the same geographic region and ecological niche.

Parapatric speciation

Part of the parent population fills a new niche and acquires distinct traits while coexisting in the same geographic region as the parent population.

What is the difference between Peripatric and Parapatric?

Peripatric is when a small subpopulation separates from the ancestral range and Parapatric is when a small subpopulation is on the margins of the ancestral range.

What are the three ways fossils are preserved?

Permineralized, Replacement, Impression

_________________ of the landscape are largely unchanged since the beginning of time.

Physical features

Despite the various creation stories from each culture, name one of the traditional worldviews.

Physical features of the landscape are largely unchanged since beginning of time.

What are trace fossils?

Physical marks left behind in sedimentary rocks

Why is comparative anatomy important to the study of prehistoric organisms and their fossils?

Previous generations did not know what kind of organisms the fossils came from; although, some suggested that they may have come from mythical beasts. Through comparative anatomy, Leclerc and Cuvier observed that many of the fossilized organisms had similarities to modern-day organisms, while others were more unique. This, combined with knowledge of natural extinction, helped them understand that these organisms must have been unknown—not because they were mythical beasts—but because they were extinct prehistoric organisms.

Metamorphic Rock

Previously existing rock recrystallized by effects of intense heat and/or pressure?

Assuming the strata layers have not be flipped upside down, what principle can be applied in order to provide a relative time line for different layers of strata?

Principle of Superposition - layers on top are younger than layers underneath

What model best represents the creation of new species?

Punctuated Equilibrium

How do metamorphic rocks form?

Recrystalization

What is a method of lithification shared by metamorphic and sedimentary rocks?

Recrystallization. Note that sedimentary rocks undergo recrystallization on a smaller scale.

Factors that can be used to discover the position of a rock in time

Relative content of parent radioactive material vs. its daughter product Physical position relative to other layers of rock Presence of particular index fossils

What is the definition of science beyond being a "body of knowledge?"

Science is the systematic acquisition and application of knowledge about the structure and behavior of the physical universe gained via empirical evidence through observation, measurement, and experimentation.

How does Biogenic transportation of sedimentary rock work?

Sediment in the form of Ions can be taken up into the tissues of living creatures, and once the creature dies biogenic sedimentary rocks are deposited. A common example of this is the shells of marine organisms, which once the organism dies are deposited and eventually turn into sedimentary rocks like limestone

What type of rock is most likely to contain a fossil: Igneous, Metamorphic, or Sedimentary?

Sedimentary

Which type of rock preserves the remains of all fossils?

Sedimentary

Why are sedimentary rocks the most important when looking at fossils and the fossil record and why are igneous or metamorphic as important?

Sedimentary rocks typically the only type of rocks that hold fossils. Due to the formation of these rocks, when sediment, rocks, dead organisms, ions, and other components come together, they hold the fossil and can be composed of the fossil rather than destroying the fossil. While there can be organisms preserved in things such as ash, igneous and metamorphic rocks cannot hold fossils or the remains of organisms due to the mass amounts of heat and pressure that they require to form. Under these conditions, fossils and the remains of these organisms would be destroyed, and getting rid of all evidence of any remains being there.

Which is not a basic observation of natural selection?

Sexual Selection

What are the sources of variation?

Sexual dimorphism (different sexes are different sizes and shapes and have different structures), ontogenic variation (the same organism looks different during every developmental stage), geographic variation (populations in different regions have different behaviors and physical features), stratigraphic variation (lineages may shift in some traits or characteristics over time), individual variation (no two individuals in a population are identical), and taphonomic variation (differences in quality or quantity of preservation rather than biological differences).

What is the difference between sexual dimorphism and species recognition systems?

Sexual dimorphism are features used in mating behaviors and are different between the sexes of a species, while species recognition systems are used to tell different species that cohabitate apart and do not need to vary based on sex.

Symplesiomorphy and Synapomorphy

Shared Primitive Characters; shared derived characters

What is NOT considered a trace fossil?

Shells

What are the best conditions for fossilization of an organism that has died on land? Why are these conditions ideal?

Short exposure to the weather, drier conditions, and rapid burial are the best fossilization conditions for an organism that died on land because they protect the remains from predators and harsh weather conditions. This ensure the bones remain more or less in the same place, and cannot be disturbed before new sediment is laid down.

When creating a cladogram, you should look for the _______ tree

Simplest

What is one-way people explained the different species of animals found in fossils before they understood evolution?

Some people thought Fossil worlds were each a series of separate creations, other people thought Fossil worlds were a series of local extinctions and migrations from unknown parts of the world.

What was one of Nicolas Steno's conclusions that led to a more complete understanding of fossils and what they are?

Steno made the argument that rocks were not aboriginal and discovered the existence of sedimentary rocks (rock that forms many layers). As a result, he concluded that fossils are remains of once-living things, buried at the time the rocks formed. This revealed a lot about where fossils truly came from and HOW they were formed.

Briefly identify the 3 steps of Paleo CSI.

Step 1: Identify the parts like organs and structures in the fossil. Step 2: Classify the organism. Step 3: Restore the missing parts of the fossil including the soft tissue.

Which branch of geology is concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geologic time scale?

Stratigraphy

In evolutionary biology, "fitness" is best measured as:

Success at producing offspring

What is it called when more are born into a population than can possibly survive?

Superfecundity

Three Pillars of Natural Selection made by Darwin and Wallace

Superfecundity: more are born into any population than can possibly survive Heritability: some (but not all) traits are passed on to descendants Variability: there is variation in all populations NOT: Implacability: only the most savage or strong individuals will ever survive

What is the difference between synapomorphy and symplesiomorphy?

Synapomorphy includes shared derived character and symplesiomorphy includes shared primitive character

Which of the following is the most helpful in organizing a phylogenetic tree?

Synapomorphy, because the is shared and derived, meaning not all the studied groups have the trait (symplesiomorphy) nor does only one group have it (autapomorphy).

What is the purpose of systematics in biology?

Systematics is a way of organizing and classifying species, genus, family, and more specific categories.

Science is evidence based (T/F)

T

What is the correct abbreviation for Tyrannosaurs Rex?

T. Rex

What is the only proper abbreviation of the name Tyrannosaurus rex?

T. rex

What are the four types of display discussed in lecture?

Territorial, Sexual, Defensive, and Specific Recognition

The oldest valid name for a taxon is the one to be used is...

The Principle of Priority

The Principle of Priority describes how the ______ valid name for a taxon is the one to be used. When two names apply to the same taxon the older name is referred to as the ______ synonym whereas the younger name is referred to as the ______ synonym.

The Principle of Priority describes how the oldest valid name for a taxon is the one to be used. When two names apply to the same taxon the older name is referred to as the senior synonym whereas the younger name is referred to as the junior synonym.

What do the crown group and stem-group combined makeup?

The Total Group

Principle of Superposition

The fact that the oldest strata in a set of layers are found on the bottom of the stack

Give a difference between transmutation and natural selection.

The former asserted that life follows a pre-determined path of development.

Give a difference between a scientific theory and a theory in the humanities

The former must have an empirical component.

What does it mean when someone says that a fossil is permineralized?

The fossil has its hard parts and some of its firm parts but its pore spaces have been filled with minerals from ground water.

How come fossils are not typically in metamorphic rocks?

The intense heat would destroy fossils when recrystallized.

What is the principle of priority?

The oldest valid name for a taxon should be used.

Allopatric speciation

The parent population is separated by a geographic barrier allowing both populations to acquire distinct traits.

The principle of scientific thinking which states that "any explanation which requires the fewest assumptions is the most likely to be true" is called:

The principle of parsimony/Occam's razor

Which of the following are reasons why scientists write and publish papers?

The purpose of writing and publishing papers is to disseminate results, claim priority for ideas, provide evidence for claims, set up ideas of additional lines of research and it's implications, and more!

What is the principle of parsimony in your own words?

The simplest explanation is usually the best one.

What is the most important characteristic for a specimen to have as a type specimen?

The specimen is the oldest named fossil with distinctive characteristics

Stratigraphy

The study of strata or rock layers

What are the three main types of Trace fossils?

The three main types of trace fossils are Coprolites, Vomitites, and Cololites.

Fixity

The world (and species) as we see them now are how they have always been - (Argued as late as the 1850s)

Which of the following is NOT an example of the commonalities found in traditional creation stories and eternal cosmogonies?

The world is not older than humanity Human history makes up most of the history of the world NOT: Conditions for humans prior to today's era are different from the current conditions Rocks are "aboriginal"

Theoretically, is there an oldest fossil to be found?

Theoretically, yes, there could be an oldest fossil. However, it is likely that even if there were at one point an "oldest fossil," they have likely been eroded or dissolved during the incredible amount of time they have been buried for.

Sexual Selection

There are magnificent birds in the Amazon Rainforest. Some male birds have developed traits of bright colors with contrasting bold patterns. They perform dance moves to acquire specific attention from a female. However, most of these phenotypes do not have any survival purpose. What was the cause for the Amazon male birds to evolve beautiful phenotypes?

Which of the following is not a component of the beginning of a scientific paper?

Thesis

Why do Igneous rocks generally not hold fossils?

They form under high heat so most animal remains would be destroyed

What property do rocks have in the majority of early cosmologies?

They were often thought to be aboriginal, meaning they existed at the beginning of the world and were not produced/affected by events in world history.

Sympatric

This area of origin is described as a division within the ancestral range that does not mate with those outside the division.

Permineralization

This fossilization process occurs when the original organism retains its hard structures, but the pores in these structures are replaced by minerals precipitating out of solution.

Pre-history

This term refers to things that occurred before humans had written records of history, recovered through thing such as artifacts and fossils.

Heterochrony is evolution by change in the ___________ of an individual.

Timing of the development

What techniques can you use when looking at strata and rock structures to determine which came first, second, etc.?

To determine the relative sequence in which certain strata or rock structures occurred, you can use the principle of cross-cutting relationships. Any structure that cuts across or deforms another structure must be younger than the one it affected. Additionally, strata that occur on top of other strata must also be younger than those below them—since they had to have been deposited there. If you combine these two principles, then you can determine the relative sequence of events; the strata on top are the youngest and structures that have cut across those strata are even younger.

What is the purpose of review papers?

To summarize current topics in a field of science.

Amy says that the punctuations referred to in punctuated equilibrium refer to short bursts of evolution that can occur within the lifetime of one organism. Tom says this is incorrect; punctuations take hundreds if not thousands of generations to occur. Who is correct?

Tom. Punctuations are brief in relation to geologic time as a whole, but are still much longer than the lifetime of one organism.

Ichno means this is Greek...

Trace

What is the difference between trace fossils and body fossils?

Trace fossils are geologic records of past activities and behaviors of organisms. For example, footprints, nests, or burrows. Body fossils are fossils that result from the actual remains of an organism, for example, the organism's bones, teeth, or shells.

Taphonomy

Transfer of objects from the biosphere to the lithosphere

An analogous structure is one that has the same function, but is a different body part in different species. (T/F)

True

Data analysis is used to discover potential patterns between observations.

True

Evolution occurs in populations not in individuals. True or False?

True

Lagerstatten is a site of fossils where there is an unusual amount of good quality fossils, or an abundance of them, true of false.

True

T/ F - Convergent characters can actually mislead us in certain situations

True

T/F, Darwin and Wallace had similar ideas and observations

True

True or False Cladograms are the most common form of graphing evolutionary traits and species.

True

True or False. Occam's Razor states that when all things are practically equal, you should choose the simplest potential explanation.

True

True or False: After the extinction of the dinosaurs, the size of mammals appear to increase.

True

True or False: Consilience is when hypotheses don't contradict established knowledge.

True

True or False: Cuvier proposed that fossils are the remains of extinct organisms.

True

True or False: Evolution means the change of groups of living things through time.

True

True or False: Fossils are found within solid rocks.

True

True or False: Fossils are not randomly distributed

True

True or False: Insects are the majority of animals

True

True or False: Is DNA a set of instructions for building and operating bodies

True

True or False: Leonardo Da Vinci found trace fossils

True

True or False: Lumping is the process in which a species that was previously identified as a different genus gains the senior synonym of another genus after similarities between the two are found.

True

True or False: Natural phenomenons often follow regular patterns that can be predicted using mathematics?

True

True or False: Radiometric dates work for igneous rocks.

True

True or False:In a carbonized fossil, original organic material is mostly preserved

True

True or False:Panthera is the genus of the following species: Panthera Tigris, Panthera Onca, Panthera Pardus

True

True or False? Forensic sciences involves coming after the fact to observe evidence and create a theory based on it.

True

True or False? In biological nomenclature, specific organisms are identified by their genus, then species.

True

True or False? Phylogeny is the actual family tree.

True

True or False? Vestigial structures are structures that used to have a purpose but no longer do.

True

True or false: Materials such as pigments can be preserved in a fossil.

True

True/False, Any given spot is either in EWorld or in DWorld

True

True/False: Fossils were assumed to be the remains of once living magical beings in the past before they were scientifically analyzed and labeled as the physical remains or traces of organisms.

True

True/False: Rapid burial is better for preserving fossils

True

True/False: The oldest valid name for a taxon is the one to be used

True

True/False: Typological thinking is the idea that there are ideal types of things, and that we judge a specimens membership in a group by how well it conforms from that type.

True

True/False: William Smith was one of the guys who invented geologic maps. These map out the distribution of bodies of rock.

True

(T/F) We have no science of paleontology without fossils.

True ( Paleontology is the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils)

True or False: "In correlating layers of rock, similar fossils found in a layer are indicative over a larger region than a similar composition of the rock itself."

True, although only some organisms are common and widespread enough in fossils to be used in this process.

Another paleontologist infers that the extinct clade Docodonta gave milk. This would be an example of which level of inference using the extant phylogenetic bracket?

Type 2 (II)

(Fill-in-the-blank) Extant Phylogenetic Bracket (EPB) Type _: Both members of the EPB have same state Type __: One members of the EPB has derived, one has primitive Type ___: Extinct form suggested to have state different from EPB

Type I: Both members of the EPB have same state Type II: One members of the EPB has derived, one has primitive Type III: Extinct form suggested to have state different from EPB

An environment that is least likely to produce fossils

Up in the mountains, on cliff faces

Isotopic Paleontology

Using multiple isotopes to tell various qualities

Which is a basic observation of natural selection?

Variability Heritability Superfecundity

What are three important concepts seen in Natural Selection?

Variability, Heritability, Superfecundity

Identify and briefly describe Darwin and Wallace's observations within their Natural Selection model.

Variability: there is variation in all populations. Heritability: some (but not all) variation is inherited. Mutations: new variations in heritable traits, caused by miscopied DNA. Superfecundity: organisms produced far more offspring than can possibly survive.

During the time when ideal forms were still considered "true forms," what were variations considered?

Variations were degenerations from the ideal form

_______ are the name of homologous structures that no longer have a function or a greatly reduced function in an organism.

Vestigial Structures

"(Blank) (Blank) are leftover features from ancestors which serve different or no function."

Vestigial Traits

Cololites

What is considered the gut contents trace fossil

Paedomorphosis

When a descendant species has an adult form that resembles the juvenile of the ancestor

Herbert Spencer

Who coined the phrase "Survival of the Fittest"?

Who developed Cladistics?

Willi Hennig (1913-1976); was a mid-20th century entomologist from Germany!

Who created the theory that different layers of strata contain various different fossils?

William Strata Smith

Microevolution is change "______ a species" Macroevolution is change "_____ the species level"

Within Above

What animal was the "Lindworm" actually?

Wooly Rhinocerous

Based on the principle of parsimony, would you infer that Gondwanatheria gave milk?

Yes

The name "Amniota" is used for the clade comprised of all descendants of the concestor of Sauropsida, Monotremata, and Theria. Under this definition, is Gorgonopsia a member of Amniota?

Yes

Since erosion and deposition occur on Earth and allow us to see into the past, could the same be said about other planets in the solar system?

Yes! In fact, erosion on Mars suggests that the planet was once covered in ocean, only for the liquids to be slowly stripped away from the planet, likely due to the lack of a functioning magnetosphere.

Ambiguity

__________ in science can mean that there are limitations in observation and sometimes the answer is "we don't know".

After Kingdom, what comes next in the sequence? (Hint K_COFGS)

a) Class b) Order c) Phylum d) None of the above

What was Nicolas Steno's major contribution to geology?

a) He backed the establishment of museums, which in turn lead to many new insights in comparative anatomy. b) He discovered the formation process of sedimentary rock, including how fossils become preserved in the sediment. c) He studied and differentiated between mastodon fossils and the bones of Asian and African elephants. d) He introduced the theory of catastrophism, where geologic change is the result of sudden and atypical phenomenon.

Which of the following is not a problem with the biological species concept with regards to extant organisms?

a) Hybridization b) Ring Species c) Introgression d) Ontogeny

Of the following options and given reasons, which is least likely to be fossilized:

a) Jellyfish; because they are too small in size b) Snail (shells); because their shells are too fragile c) Jellyfish; because they are composed of only soft tissue d) Snail (shells); because their shells are composed of only hard tissue

Which of the following views held by transmutationists is true?

a) Life proceeds from a simple form to a more complex (ideal) form. b) New species are the modified descendants of older species. c) Organisms as we see them today are how they have always been. d) There have been multiple origins of life.

The branching order of ancestors is inferred by which shared evolutionary specialization?

a) Morphologies b) Genes c) Genomes

Matching a) ___ Principle of Original Horizontality b) ___ Principle of Superposition c) ___ Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

a) Sediment forms horizontal strata at the time that it settles. b) Strata closer to the bottom are older than the strata above them. c) Any structure that disrupts strata is younger than the structure it deforms.

Which of the following are examples of macroevolution?

a) adaptive radiations b) convergence c) exaptation d) heterochrony

Which is not an example of an area of origin within speciation?

a) sympatric b) allopatric c) divergence d) peripatric

Which is not a qualifier to be an index fossil?

a) they are common b) they are easily preserved c) they are geographically limited (not a quality) d) they are distinctive

Arrange these words from most generic (a.) to most specific (g.) Kingdom, order, family, species, genus, class, phylum

a. Kingdom b. phylum c. class d. order e. family f. genus g. species

Which of the following is not something to expect from sexual dimorphism?

a. One morph, typically the male, is showier b. One morph, typically the female, is smaller - One morph, typically the female, is smaller. This is not an expectation of sexual dimorphism and either males or females may be the smaller morph. c. Distinction between males and females is less pronounced before sexual maturity d. One morph, typically the male, is rarer

Which of the following organisms is most likely to be preserved?

a. Organisms with soft parts b. Organisms with firm parts c. Organisms with hard parts d. All organisms have an equal likelihood of being preserved

An example of punctuated equilibrium is

a. cladogenesis b. anagenesis c. adaptive landscape

Which of the following are examples of trace fossils?

a. footprints b. a shiny rock c. a single finger bone from an iguanadon d. a wooly mammoth tusk

These type of fossils include original parts except:

a. unaltered; b. recrystallized; c. per-mineralized; EXCEPT: d. impression

Different modes of fossils include:

a.fragments b.complete individual c.articulated sections

Which geological features date back to forever?

aboriginal rocks and physical features of the landscape

What type of speciation is it when two populations of the same species become isolated from each other due to geographic changes?

allopatric

Why can we say that some (but not all) variability is inherited?

because some traits are genetic

Properties of a Good Index Fossil

common geographically widespread easily preservable distinctive features Not an answer: a very long geologic duration

Hypothetico-deductive method (Scientific Method)

developing an hypothesis based on previous observations, and making new observations which could potentially show the hypothesis is incorrect.

Transmutationism

direct lineal relationship between ancestor and descendant species

What does empirical mean?

evidence-based

Heterochrony

evolution by change in the timing of the development of the individual

Exaptation

evolution by co-option of traits previously adapted to other functions

Since scientists cannot learn everything from the fossil remains, what is a technique they use to gain a better understanding?

evolutionary relations/phylogeny, biomechanics and functional anatomy, using trace fossils to study behaviour, studying water flow around aquatic animals.

True or false: A theory is always correct

false- a theory is just widely accepted after being proven many many times over time. It can still be proven wrong

How can we differentiate genus and species when reading an organisms name?

genus is capitalized while species is not

Which of the following are good properties for an index fossil to have?

geologically widespread, distinctive, and easily preservable

The study of trace fossils is _____________

ichnology

Principle of Priority

indicates that the oldest valid name for a taxon is the one to be used

Rocks form

layers

What are the defining characteristics of the transmutationist model?

life was spontaneously generated multiple times throughout history living things become more complex with time transformations to a parent that happen during its lifetime will be passed to the child

How do sedimentary rocks form?

lithification

What was the "Piltdown Man" skull actually made out of?

medieval human skull, 500 year old orangutan jaw, and fossil chimp teeth

Horses are continuously walking on their _____ finger or toes

middle (same structures repeated in different organisms / homologous structures)

What type of group is equivalent to a clade?

monophyletic

Which one is the most common mode of preservation for vertebrate bones and teeth, and wood?

permineralization

Theory that people had in the past to explain the existence of fossils

remains of mythical/magical beings (in context of the peoples' culture); certain rocks just look like organic things; incomplete creations from when the world was created; creations from demons; a newly-discovered crystalline structure that happens to look organic

Homology

same structure repeated in different organisms

Body fossil

skin, teeth, pollen

Convergence

the independent evolution of similar adaptations from dissimilar ancestors

If two taxons actually refer to the say taxon, which one gets precedence?

the oldest one

Evidence

the sum of the observations and the analytical results based on those observations

Why are Lagerstätten fossil sites notable?

they have exceptional quality of preservation or exceptional quantity of individuals of fossil specimens.

Is this a hypothesis? High intensity workouts increase heart rate.

true it is a formal statement of a pattern that appears to exist in a set of observations and it is falsifiable.

True or false- convergent characters can be misleading.

true, as similar adaptations do not necessarily mean common ancestry.

A _________ _________ is an attribute that is retained throughout the process of evolution, but does not serve its original purpose

vestigial structure

Turnover Pulse

when changes in the external environment cause changes in multiple species at once (punctuation). This 'pulse' is identified in the fossil record by one layer having one set of fossils (species) and the next having a totally new set of fossils (species).

Adaptive radiations

when many diverse lineages with many modes of life descend from a common ancestral population in a geologically short period of time