GEOLOGY FINAL CRIESS

which of the following is true about how shorelines are affected from the land side?

a and b only

eruptions of scoria cones are commonly associated with

a and b only [basaltic lava flows, lava fountains]

when basaltic lava reach the ocean they

a and b only [can add new land, form billow basalts]

which of the following is unlikely to cause deposition of sediment along a river?

a drop in sea level

which of the following is the best example of heat transfer by conduction?

a pan is placed directly on a burner

what is the interpreted origin for magma that forms flood basalts?

a rising mantle plume

which event is best described/represented by the hydrogen shown here?

a summer thunderstorm

what is a principle we use to determine the age of a landscape surface?

a surface with a well developed soil is probably older than a surface with no soil

what is a popular model for the formation of an atoll?

a volcanic island forms and subsides

if a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains

a wide range in the size of clasts

which of the following is a principle to interpret relative ages?

a younger rock can include pieces of an older rock

important characteristics to observe in rocks include

a, b, c only [types of minerals present, sizes and shapes of crystals, presence or absence of layers]

which of the following is true about how a stream erodes material?

abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions

a key step in developing a new explanation is

all of the above

some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface because they

all of the above

the distribution of natural resources is influenced by

all of the above

what are some uses of magnetic reversals?

all of the above

what strategies do we use to investigate human origins?

all of the above

when a plate boundary changes its orientation, it can change from

all of the above

which of the following are associated with turbidity currents?

all of the above

which of the following can influence can influence a river's profile?

all of the above

which of the following can influence whether a shoreline gains or loses sand with time?

all of the above

which of the following is NOT a mineral?

all of the above

which of the following is a common metamorphic process?

all of the above

which of the following is a common use of a mineral?

all of the above

which of the following is a feature that commonly forms where limestone has been dissolved?

all of the above

which of the following is a reason why rock units may change from one section to another?

all of the above

which of the following is a way geology can help us learn about Earth's past?

all of the above

which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect climate?

all of the above

which of the following is evidence that earth's history is not short?

all of the above

which of the following is true about rocks and minerals?

all of the above

which of the following is used to match continents or track positions of the continents in the past?

all of the above

which of the following most likely indicates that sea level has fallen relative to the land?

all of the above

which of the following occurs in a lava tube?

all of the above

if an area has shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes, what can you infer about the area?

all of the above [it's near a subduction zone, the shallow earthquakes will be closer to the trench than deeper ones, the depth pattern of earthquakes can be used to determine which way the slab is inclined, this area has the potential for large earthquakes]

what do the two stars near the center of this block represent?

all of the above [the location of the earthquake, the star at depth is the place where the earthquake is generated, the star at depth is the hypocenter, the star on the surface is the epicenter]

factors that do not affect the appearance of a shoreline from the water side include

all of the above affect the appearance

which of the following is NOT a problem addressed by geologists?

all of the above are addressed by geologists

which of the following landscape features is NOT common in deserts?

all of the above are common in deserts

which of the following is probs NOT important in assessing an area's potential for slope failure?

all of the above are important

which of the following activities is NOT used to monitor volcanoes?

all of the above are used to monitor volcanoes

which of the following is NOT a way in which fossils can be preserved

all of the above are ways a fossil can be preserved

which of the following does NOT help define layers in some sedimentary rocks?

all of the above are ways that can define layers in some sedimentary rocks

which of the following is NOT a way in which local mountains can be built?

all of the above are ways to make local mountains

which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed?

all of the above can be metamorphosed

if you wanted to locate hot spots on earth, which of the following would NOT be a good place to look?

all of the above would be good places

which of the following types of faults does NOT generate earthquakes?

all types of faults can generate earthquakes

what type of fold is shown?

anticline

which of the following is most likely to be associated with a confined aquifer?

artesian well

which of the following settings contains the least amount of water?

atmosphere

what is probably the most important factor in the health of most ecosystems?

availability of clean water

which of the features is labeled a kettle?

b

hot spots in continental settings typically produce

basaltic lava flows or explosive calderas

which of the following is NOT a tectonic setting in which a basin can form?

basins can form in all these settings

which of the following surface environments is the most likely site for deposits in this photograph?

beach

in which of the following environments is the lithosphere likely to be thinnest?

beneath a mid ocean ridge

the cause of the p wave shadow zone is

both b and c [some p waves are retracted upward before they reach this zone, some p waves are retracted inward through the core before they reach this zone]

which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels?

brittle deformation

the main hazard of an eruption that forms a large caldera is

burning, building collapse, and suffocations from an eruption column and pyroclastic flows

which of the features is a drumlin?

c

landslides and volcanic eruptions can cause a tsunami by

causing a large mass of rock to catastrophically displace the water

how fast do plates move relative to one another?

centimeters per year

in a low pressure system, the Coriolis effect causes wind to rotate

clockwise in the southern hemisphere

which mineral property is the least reliable for identifying a mineral?

color

what strategy was described for inferring the environment in which a rock formed?

comparing the characteristics of the rock to deposits from modern environments

what type of stress formed the structure shown?

compression

what are the three main types of stress?

compression, tension, shear

which potential geologic hazard is NOT represented by a feature on this figure?

contaminated groundwater

why does the Tibetan Plateau, shown in this figure, have a high elevation?

continental collision

in which of the following types of bonding do atoms share one or more electrons?

covalent

what type of slope failure is shown in this figure?

creep

which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties

creep

the main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

this diagram shows the conditions under which the three phases of water can exist. which of the following is NOT true?

decreasing pressure can convert vapor to ice or a liquid

the vertical igneous feature shown in this photograph is a

dike

what is the most important data for studying the potential for flooding along a river?

discharge data from stream gauges

which of the following materials probably has the highest porosity?

dry, uncompacted clay particles

what types of rocks would be most common in a composite volcano?

felsic and intermediate lava flows and tephra

the term half life represents the time it takes

for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms

which of the following is a valid statement with relevance to groundwater?

fractures are the main way groundwater moves through some rocks, such as granite

what is the origin of smooth troughs cutting across the landscape in the Great Lakes area?

glaciers carved the smooth troughs

what is the main force involved in the stability of slopes?

gravity

regional elevation can be increased by

heating the crust and mantle

where is most of earth's freshwater?

ice caps, glaciers, groundwater

if you were looking for graded beds, where would be a good place to start?

in a submarine fan

in what direction does a spit typically grow with time?

in the same direction as a longshore current

how does the addition of water cause melting?

it changes the location of the liquid solid boundary

what type of structures are shown in this photograph?

joints

which of the following sites would have the slowest moving or least energetic current?

lake at E

what happens when a glacier encounters the sea or a lake?

large blocks of ice collapse off the front of the glacier and become icebergs

which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock?

large cross beds in a well developed sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind

what is a common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids?

limestone

hot spots in oceanic settings typically produce

lines or clusters of volcanic islands

which of the following is NOT an approach communities have tried to address shoreline problems?

lowering the local sea level

which of the following Earth layers is the thickest?

mantle

which of the following features are generally NOT associated with mountain streams and rivers?

meanders

which of the following is NOT one of the main families of rocks?

meteorites

on this map of the South Atlantic, what is the feature that makes a zigzag pattern on the seafloor?

mid ocean ridge

which of the following is most likely associated with a divergent plate boundary?

mid ocean ridge

what setting has the thinnest cover of sediment in the oceans?

mid ocean ridges

which of the following is a correctly described part of the hydrologic cycle?

most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground

the earth's magnetic field is generated by

movement of iron and electrical currents within earth's outer core

which source of drinking water is most likely to be pure and safe to drink?

municipal water

a meter is

none of the above

which of the following factors helps magma rise toward Earth's surface?

none of the above

which of the following is associated with mid ocean ridges?

none of the above

what type of boundary is depicted in this figure?

ocean continent convergent boundary

the deepest parts of the seafloor are

oceanic trenches

which environment is least likely to deposit sand?

open ocean away from land

which of the following processes is NOT considered to be physical weathering?

oxidation

the diagram on the right indicates that

p waves arrive first, followed by S waves

which type of basaltic feature is shown in this photograph?

pahoehoe lava flow

what is the main reason why the age of oldest rocks can vary from one part of a continent to another?

parts of the continents have been added by the accretion of tectonic terranes

how does a cross bed form?

piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple

which of the following features can be formed by deposition along a low gradient river?

point bar

which of the following is the earliest chapter of geologic time?

precambrian

which of the following minerals could be used to make glass windows?

quartz

how does the character of a rock influence weathering?

rocks that are broken have more surface area and so weather faster

which of the following is the most used sedimentary resource?

sand and gravel

the kind of volcano shown in this photograph is a

scoria cone

what type of rock would the materials shown in this photograph produce?

sedimentary

which of the following map or diagram would best show you the shape of the land surface?

shaded relief map

the kind of volcano shown in this photograph is a

shield volcano

which of the following volcanoes is generally the largest?

shield volcano

the most important class of rocks, forming minerals on Earth is

silicates

which particles of sediment are most likely to be transported as suspended load?

small, low density particles

which of the following situations would result in angular clasts?

steep slopes in a mountain

which of the following is NOT a main group of chemical elements on the periodic table?

sulfides

tornado alley is a region in the US consisting of

texas, oklahoma, kansas, Nebraska

if a rock is subjected to differential stress then it means that

the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others

what typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they're transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings?

the clasts become more rounded

what is the depth of wave base?

the depth at which wave action also extends

the orientation of a coastline affects the appearance of a shoreline primarily because it influences

the erosive effects of waves

sudden movement on a fault can cause a tsunami when

the fault suddenly uplifts or down drops the seafloor

what steps are involved in having a hypothesis become an established theory?

the hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions

mid ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because

the lithosphere is thinner and hotter

which of the following is the principle of uniformitarianism?

the present is the key to the past

the principle of isostasy refers to

the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust

what are some effects of building a dam?

the reservoir (lake) traps sediment that over time fills up part of the reservoir

coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that

the rock cooled slowly

the margins of glaciers are usually darker than the interior primarily because

the sides have a higher concentration of rocks and other debris

what is the angle of repose?

the steepest angle at which loose material remains stable

what happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured?

the surface area increases as the rock is fractured

what is permafrost?

the upper part of the ground that remains frozen thru the year

the size of clasts that a river can carry is primarily controlled by

the velocity and turbulence of the current

which of the following is the main reason that a delta forms when a stream flows into a lake or sea?

the velocity of the stream decreases

which of the following is NOT true about the water table?

the water table is generally horizontal

a vesicular igneous texture indicates that

there was a lot of gas in the magma

which of the following processes is NOT considered to chemical weathering?

thermal expansion

the characteristics of p waves include

they compress and then expand the rock in the direction the wave travels

which of the following environments would most likely have sediment formed by evaporation of seawater?

tidal flat at E

an earthquake generated on this type of fault would most likely be associated with a

transform boundary

which of the following materials probably has the lowest porosity?

unfractured granite

which of the following would NOT be a preferred characteristic of a good aquifer?

unsaturated pores

how do we determine the location of a recent earthquake?

use seismic records from three or more stations

which of the following is NOT a type of evidence left behind by glaciers?

v shaped valleys

which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling?

volcanic glass

which of the following doesn't physically loosen rocks on the surface?

water contracting as it freezes

which of the following is NOT a way in which we map and investigate the seafloor?

we use all of these techniques

when will an area experience high tide?

when the moon is directly overhead or on the opposite side of earth