GEOLOGY FINAL CRIESS
which of the following is true about how shorelines are affected from the land side?
a and b only
eruptions of scoria cones are commonly associated with
a and b only [basaltic lava flows, lava fountains]
when basaltic lava reach the ocean they
a and b only [can add new land, form billow basalts]
which of the following is unlikely to cause deposition of sediment along a river?
a drop in sea level
which of the following is the best example of heat transfer by conduction?
a pan is placed directly on a burner
what is the interpreted origin for magma that forms flood basalts?
a rising mantle plume
which event is best described/represented by the hydrogen shown here?
a summer thunderstorm
what is a principle we use to determine the age of a landscape surface?
a surface with a well developed soil is probably older than a surface with no soil
what is a popular model for the formation of an atoll?
a volcanic island forms and subsides
if a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains
a wide range in the size of clasts
which of the following is a principle to interpret relative ages?
a younger rock can include pieces of an older rock
important characteristics to observe in rocks include
a, b, c only [types of minerals present, sizes and shapes of crystals, presence or absence of layers]
which of the following is true about how a stream erodes material?
abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions
a key step in developing a new explanation is
all of the above
some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface because they
all of the above
the distribution of natural resources is influenced by
all of the above
what are some uses of magnetic reversals?
all of the above
what strategies do we use to investigate human origins?
all of the above
when a plate boundary changes its orientation, it can change from
all of the above
which of the following are associated with turbidity currents?
all of the above
which of the following can influence can influence a river's profile?
all of the above
which of the following can influence whether a shoreline gains or loses sand with time?
all of the above
which of the following is NOT a mineral?
all of the above
which of the following is a common metamorphic process?
all of the above
which of the following is a common use of a mineral?
all of the above
which of the following is a feature that commonly forms where limestone has been dissolved?
all of the above
which of the following is a reason why rock units may change from one section to another?
all of the above
which of the following is a way geology can help us learn about Earth's past?
all of the above
which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect climate?
all of the above
which of the following is evidence that earth's history is not short?
all of the above
which of the following is true about rocks and minerals?
all of the above
which of the following is used to match continents or track positions of the continents in the past?
all of the above
which of the following most likely indicates that sea level has fallen relative to the land?
all of the above
which of the following occurs in a lava tube?
all of the above
if an area has shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes, what can you infer about the area?
all of the above [it's near a subduction zone, the shallow earthquakes will be closer to the trench than deeper ones, the depth pattern of earthquakes can be used to determine which way the slab is inclined, this area has the potential for large earthquakes]
what do the two stars near the center of this block represent?
all of the above [the location of the earthquake, the star at depth is the place where the earthquake is generated, the star at depth is the hypocenter, the star on the surface is the epicenter]
factors that do not affect the appearance of a shoreline from the water side include
all of the above affect the appearance
which of the following is NOT a problem addressed by geologists?
all of the above are addressed by geologists
which of the following landscape features is NOT common in deserts?
all of the above are common in deserts
which of the following is probs NOT important in assessing an area's potential for slope failure?
all of the above are important
which of the following activities is NOT used to monitor volcanoes?
all of the above are used to monitor volcanoes
which of the following is NOT a way in which fossils can be preserved
all of the above are ways a fossil can be preserved
which of the following does NOT help define layers in some sedimentary rocks?
all of the above are ways that can define layers in some sedimentary rocks
which of the following is NOT a way in which local mountains can be built?
all of the above are ways to make local mountains
which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed?
all of the above can be metamorphosed
if you wanted to locate hot spots on earth, which of the following would NOT be a good place to look?
all of the above would be good places
which of the following types of faults does NOT generate earthquakes?
all types of faults can generate earthquakes
what type of fold is shown?
anticline
which of the following is most likely to be associated with a confined aquifer?
artesian well
which of the following settings contains the least amount of water?
atmosphere
what is probably the most important factor in the health of most ecosystems?
availability of clean water
which of the features is labeled a kettle?
b
hot spots in continental settings typically produce
basaltic lava flows or explosive calderas
which of the following is NOT a tectonic setting in which a basin can form?
basins can form in all these settings
which of the following surface environments is the most likely site for deposits in this photograph?
beach
in which of the following environments is the lithosphere likely to be thinnest?
beneath a mid ocean ridge
the cause of the p wave shadow zone is
both b and c [some p waves are retracted upward before they reach this zone, some p waves are retracted inward through the core before they reach this zone]
which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels?
brittle deformation
the main hazard of an eruption that forms a large caldera is
burning, building collapse, and suffocations from an eruption column and pyroclastic flows
which of the features is a drumlin?
c
landslides and volcanic eruptions can cause a tsunami by
causing a large mass of rock to catastrophically displace the water
how fast do plates move relative to one another?
centimeters per year
in a low pressure system, the Coriolis effect causes wind to rotate
clockwise in the southern hemisphere
which mineral property is the least reliable for identifying a mineral?
color
what strategy was described for inferring the environment in which a rock formed?
comparing the characteristics of the rock to deposits from modern environments
what type of stress formed the structure shown?
compression
what are the three main types of stress?
compression, tension, shear
which potential geologic hazard is NOT represented by a feature on this figure?
contaminated groundwater
why does the Tibetan Plateau, shown in this figure, have a high elevation?
continental collision
in which of the following types of bonding do atoms share one or more electrons?
covalent
what type of slope failure is shown in this figure?
creep
which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties
creep
the main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
this diagram shows the conditions under which the three phases of water can exist. which of the following is NOT true?
decreasing pressure can convert vapor to ice or a liquid
the vertical igneous feature shown in this photograph is a
dike
what is the most important data for studying the potential for flooding along a river?
discharge data from stream gauges
which of the following materials probably has the highest porosity?
dry, uncompacted clay particles
what types of rocks would be most common in a composite volcano?
felsic and intermediate lava flows and tephra
the term half life represents the time it takes
for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms
which of the following is a valid statement with relevance to groundwater?
fractures are the main way groundwater moves through some rocks, such as granite
what is the origin of smooth troughs cutting across the landscape in the Great Lakes area?
glaciers carved the smooth troughs
what is the main force involved in the stability of slopes?
gravity
regional elevation can be increased by
heating the crust and mantle
where is most of earth's freshwater?
ice caps, glaciers, groundwater
if you were looking for graded beds, where would be a good place to start?
in a submarine fan
in what direction does a spit typically grow with time?
in the same direction as a longshore current
how does the addition of water cause melting?
it changes the location of the liquid solid boundary
what type of structures are shown in this photograph?
joints
which of the following sites would have the slowest moving or least energetic current?
lake at E
what happens when a glacier encounters the sea or a lake?
large blocks of ice collapse off the front of the glacier and become icebergs
which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock?
large cross beds in a well developed sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind
what is a common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids?
limestone
hot spots in oceanic settings typically produce
lines or clusters of volcanic islands
which of the following is NOT an approach communities have tried to address shoreline problems?
lowering the local sea level
which of the following Earth layers is the thickest?
mantle
which of the following features are generally NOT associated with mountain streams and rivers?
meanders
which of the following is NOT one of the main families of rocks?
meteorites
on this map of the South Atlantic, what is the feature that makes a zigzag pattern on the seafloor?
mid ocean ridge
which of the following is most likely associated with a divergent plate boundary?
mid ocean ridge
what setting has the thinnest cover of sediment in the oceans?
mid ocean ridges
which of the following is a correctly described part of the hydrologic cycle?
most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground
the earth's magnetic field is generated by
movement of iron and electrical currents within earth's outer core
which source of drinking water is most likely to be pure and safe to drink?
municipal water
a meter is
none of the above
which of the following factors helps magma rise toward Earth's surface?
none of the above
which of the following is associated with mid ocean ridges?
none of the above
what type of boundary is depicted in this figure?
ocean continent convergent boundary
the deepest parts of the seafloor are
oceanic trenches
which environment is least likely to deposit sand?
open ocean away from land
which of the following processes is NOT considered to be physical weathering?
oxidation
the diagram on the right indicates that
p waves arrive first, followed by S waves
which type of basaltic feature is shown in this photograph?
pahoehoe lava flow
what is the main reason why the age of oldest rocks can vary from one part of a continent to another?
parts of the continents have been added by the accretion of tectonic terranes
how does a cross bed form?
piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple
which of the following features can be formed by deposition along a low gradient river?
point bar
which of the following is the earliest chapter of geologic time?
precambrian
which of the following minerals could be used to make glass windows?
quartz
how does the character of a rock influence weathering?
rocks that are broken have more surface area and so weather faster
which of the following is the most used sedimentary resource?
sand and gravel
the kind of volcano shown in this photograph is a
scoria cone
what type of rock would the materials shown in this photograph produce?
sedimentary
which of the following map or diagram would best show you the shape of the land surface?
shaded relief map
the kind of volcano shown in this photograph is a
shield volcano
which of the following volcanoes is generally the largest?
shield volcano
the most important class of rocks, forming minerals on Earth is
silicates
which particles of sediment are most likely to be transported as suspended load?
small, low density particles
which of the following situations would result in angular clasts?
steep slopes in a mountain
which of the following is NOT a main group of chemical elements on the periodic table?
sulfides
tornado alley is a region in the US consisting of
texas, oklahoma, kansas, Nebraska
if a rock is subjected to differential stress then it means that
the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others
what typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they're transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings?
the clasts become more rounded
what is the depth of wave base?
the depth at which wave action also extends
the orientation of a coastline affects the appearance of a shoreline primarily because it influences
the erosive effects of waves
sudden movement on a fault can cause a tsunami when
the fault suddenly uplifts or down drops the seafloor
what steps are involved in having a hypothesis become an established theory?
the hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions
mid ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because
the lithosphere is thinner and hotter
which of the following is the principle of uniformitarianism?
the present is the key to the past
the principle of isostasy refers to
the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust
what are some effects of building a dam?
the reservoir (lake) traps sediment that over time fills up part of the reservoir
coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that
the rock cooled slowly
the margins of glaciers are usually darker than the interior primarily because
the sides have a higher concentration of rocks and other debris
what is the angle of repose?
the steepest angle at which loose material remains stable
what happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured?
the surface area increases as the rock is fractured
what is permafrost?
the upper part of the ground that remains frozen thru the year
the size of clasts that a river can carry is primarily controlled by
the velocity and turbulence of the current
which of the following is the main reason that a delta forms when a stream flows into a lake or sea?
the velocity of the stream decreases
which of the following is NOT true about the water table?
the water table is generally horizontal
a vesicular igneous texture indicates that
there was a lot of gas in the magma
which of the following processes is NOT considered to chemical weathering?
thermal expansion
the characteristics of p waves include
they compress and then expand the rock in the direction the wave travels
which of the following environments would most likely have sediment formed by evaporation of seawater?
tidal flat at E
an earthquake generated on this type of fault would most likely be associated with a
transform boundary
which of the following materials probably has the lowest porosity?
unfractured granite
which of the following would NOT be a preferred characteristic of a good aquifer?
unsaturated pores
how do we determine the location of a recent earthquake?
use seismic records from three or more stations
which of the following is NOT a type of evidence left behind by glaciers?
v shaped valleys
which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling?
volcanic glass
which of the following doesn't physically loosen rocks on the surface?
water contracting as it freezes
which of the following is NOT a way in which we map and investigate the seafloor?
we use all of these techniques
when will an area experience high tide?
when the moon is directly overhead or on the opposite side of earth