Geology Final

This light colored igneous rock has what mafic color index (MCI)?

0-15% MCI

Examine the photo above and determine the directions of cleavage present in the sample (also note that it can be peeled off as a thin sheet). This sample has:

1 cleavage plane

In the seismogram above, from Carrier, OK, at what approximate time does the P-wave arrive?

15 seconds

Igneous rocks that have an intermediate composition will have what mafic color index (MCI)?

16-45% MCI

Examine the photo above and determine the directions of cleavage present in the sample, and the angle at which the cleavage surfaces intersect. This sample has:

2 cleavage planes not at 90o

In the seismogram above, from Carrier, OK, at what approximate time does the S-wave arrive?

22 seconds

Examine the photo above and determine the directions of cleavage present in the sample. This sample has:

3 cleavage planes

This dark colored igneous rock has what mafic color index (MCI)?

46-85% MCI

The image above from Google Earth displays an area around San Francisco. A layer of liquefaction susceptibility has been included, with areas more likely to experience liquefaction in yellow, orange, or red. Notice the 4 locations marked by letters. During an earthquake, which location would you most want to be at?

C

Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, CO is part of which physiographic province?

Colorado Plateau

What type of force created the feature in the block diagram above?

Extensional

Based on the size and shape of these two volcanoes in this image, which volcano is most likely to have magma that is mafic in composition?

Mauna Loa

Acadia National Park is part of which physiographic province?

New England

This region of Georgia has abundant igneous plutons (like Stone Mountain):

Piedmont Province

The image above depicts the shaking intensity from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (taken from the USGS). Note the scale in the upper left. Based on the intensity of shaking, which location would you prefer to be in when the earthquake occurs?

Sacramento

In the image above, an earthquake has occurred, and circles have been drawn with the radii for each distance from the seismic stations listed above. In which state did the earthquake occur?

Tennessee

The volcano pictured here is:

a composite volcano

The dark colored rock that forms a straight line on the surface in the image shown here is most likely:

a dike of mafic rock

Mount St. Helens, WA has a crater that is missing its northern wall. This is due to:

a pyroclastic eruption removed the north side of the volcano

This metamorphic rock is mainly composed of this dark mineral:

amphibole

This shiny rock is light in weight (low density) and leaves smudges on your finger. It is most likely:

anthracite coal

What is the specific name of the geology feature depicted in the block diagram above?

anticline

This dark colored igneous rock has what texture?

aphanitic

How does magma temperature affect its viscosity?

at lower temperatures, the viscosity will increase

This dark colored igneous rock is called_________.

basalt

In the photo above, what type of sedimentary environment is displayed?

beach

Your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5, and a glass plate has a hardness of 5.5. You are given a mineral that will not scratch glass, and you cannot scratch it with your fingernail. It has a hardness of:

between 2.5-5.5

The small, dark colored minerals in this light colored rock are most likely ____________.

biotite

Pumice (pictured here) forms_________________.

by a very fast cooling magma during a volcanic eruption

Aphanitic rocks form________________.

by fast cooling lava

This light colored igneous rock formed ________________.

by magma that cooled slowly

Porphyritic rocks can form_____________.

by magma that was cooling slowly, then as a lava that cooled quickly

This igneous rock formed ________________.

by very fast cooling lava

What type of volcanic feature is Crater Lake (pictured here)?

caldera

Which sedimentary rock forms from chemical weathering, the transport of ions, the precipitation of minerals, then lithification?

chert

According to this figure, what mineral is unstable in the staurolite zone?

chlorite

Which index minerals in this figure will not be found together in the same rock?

chlorite and kyanite

What type of force created the featured depicted in the block diagram above?

compressional

In the sedimentary environment shown in the photo above, what type of sedimentary rock would one most likely expect to find once this sediment lithifies?

conglomerate

Which rock was formed through mechanical weathering, the transport of sediment a very short distance, deposition of sediment, then lithification?

conglomerate

The rock in this figure is most likely an example of ____________:

contact metamorphism

For the block diagram above, choose the correct strike and dip symbol that would go along the top of the block.

cross w/ circle

For the diagram above, determine the correct map symbol that would go in the oval box.

cross w/ circle

Which rock is a chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock?

crystalline limestone

Which rock was formed through chemical weathering, the transport of ions, the precipitation of minerals, then lithification?

crystalline limestone

The magma generated at a mid-ocean ridge is due to what process shown in this figure?

decreased pressure (arrow "b")

Which depositional environment is characterized by a river meeting the ocean?

delta

The sample in the photo above is:

elastic

In the photo above, what type of sedimentary environment is present?

eolian

An earthquake has occurred in the image above. The feature depicted at the black circle is the point on the ground's surface above the earthquake. It is called the:

epicenter

Metamorphic rocks known as mylonites are typically associated with _____________:

fault zone metamorphism

This light colored rock belongs to which igneous rock classification?

felsic

Which depositional environment is characterized by the action of rivers?

fluvial

An earthquake has occurred in the image above. The feature depicted at the star is where the earthquake originates, and is called the:

focus

For the diagram above depicting a fold, what fold part should go at A, marked by the red arrow?

fold axis

What type of weathering do you think is most likely to occur in the sedimentary environment shown in the photo above?

frost wedging

In the photo below, what type of sedimentary environment is present?

glacial

The igneous rock pictured here has what texture?

glassy

This metamorphic rock shown here has the following texture:

gneissic banding

Which sedimentary structure consists of beds of sedimentary rocks with a change in sediment size through the layer, with smaller grains at the top of the bed and larger grains on the bottom?

graded beds

A possible protolith for the rock shown here is:

granite

Based on the color of the rocks shown in this close up view of Acadia National Park, the rock type shown here is __________________:

granite

This light colored igneous rock is called_________.

granite

The crystal form displayed in the photo above is:

hexagonal prism

The rock shown here is an example of:

high grade of metamorphism

When it is first erupted, basalt lava typically erupts at 1200°C; after flowing away from the vent, the temperature falls, therefore the viscosity of the basaltic lava will:

increase

Mantle plumes can form islands like the Hawaiian Island chain. According to the diagram shown, the magma that formed these islands was generated by what process?

increased temperature (arrow "a")

This rock is an example of a(n)_______________:

intermediate grade of metamorphism

What natural resource is mined in Georgia's Coastal Plain Province? This particular region shown here is south of Augusta, GA:

kaolin

Based on the size and appearance of the volcanic feature in this photo, this is a:

lava dome

For the block diagram above, which side is the hanging wall, and which way has it moved?

left side, down

For the block diagram above, which side is the hanging wall, and which way has it moved?

left side, up

A possible protolith for a non-foliated rock that reacts to acid is most likely:

limestone

This dark colored rock belongs to which igneous rock classification?

mafic

A(n) ______________________ at the Mid-Ocean Ridge, where oceanic plates are diverging and magma is generated by partial melting of the mantle:

mafic magma is produced

A quantitative measure of the energy released by an earthquake is termed:

magnitude

This sample in the picture above can be hammered. What type of tenacity does it display?

malleable

This metamorphic rock undergoes a reaction with acid:

marble

When considering maturity in clastic sedimentary rocks, which of the following is NOT true?

mature rocks have jagged clasts

In the photo above, what type of weathering is most likely to happen within this sedimentary environment?

mechanical weathering from a current

The luster of the sample in the photo above is:

metallic

What type of sediment would you expect to find in the depositional environment depicted in the image above?

mostly mature clastic sediment with some biochemical and chemical sedimentary sediments

The bay in the photo above is located in Mauritania. Parts of it dries out when the tides are out, but then will be flooded when the tides come in. What type of sedimentary structure would you likely find in this area because of this?

mud cracks

Which sedimentary structure consists of muddy cast infills of a polygonal pattern of cracks formed in mud as it dries?

mudcrack casts

Which of the following is part of the definition of a mineral?

naturally occurring definite chemical composition inorganic solid characteristic chemical structure all of the choices are correct

Examine the photo above and determine the directions of cleavage present in the sample. This sample has:

no cleavage (it fractures)

The San Andreas Fault is a transform plate boundary where _________.

no magma is produced

This metamorphic rock has the following texture:

non-foliated

What is the specific name of the geology feature depicted in the block diagram above?

normal fault

The image above depicts the amount of horizontal slip (relative movement along the fault) from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (taken from the USGS). The approximate epicenter is marked by the red arrow. Does the amount of horizontal slip decrease slower along the northern end or the southern end of the rupture?

northern end of the rupture

The image above depicts the earthquake hazards in the Bay Area today (taken from the USGS), and includes earthquake probabilities. Note the scale in the upper left. Based on the map, would you be more likely to experience an earthquake of magnitude >6.7 by 2031 if living in the northwest Bay Area or southeast Bay Area?

northwest

In a dome, the:

oldest rocks are in the center, with younger rocks to the outside

According to Bowen's Reaction Series, which mineral is the first to crystallize (form) within a cooling magma?

olivine

The light colored igneous rock shown here has what texture?

phaneritic

What is the specific name of the geology feature depicted in this block diagram?

plunging syncline

Intrusive igneous rocks can also be called:

plutonic

This igneous rock has what texture?

porphyritic-aphanitic

According to Bowen's Reaction Series, which mineral found in a rock is the first to melt?

quartz

The rock shown here can scratch glass. It is therefore mainly composed of this mineral:

quartz

Your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5, and a glass plate has a hardness of 5.5. Which of the following minerals can scratch a glass plate?

quartz, which has a hardness of 7

This metamorphic rock is hard enough to scratch glass. This rock is most likely:

quartzite

The rock shown here is most likely an example of:

regional metamorphism

The Cartersville Fault is the boundary between the Valley and Ridge and the Piedmont Geological Provinces, and formed during continental collision. What type of fault is this?

reverse

What is the specific name of the geology feature depicted in the block diagram above?

reverse fault

The crystal form displayed in the photo above is

rhombohedron

Choose the correct strike and dip symbol that would go along the top of the block diagram above (either side).

right

Cloudland Canyon in Northwest Georgia is a spectacular canyon carved by water eroding through what rock type?

sandstone

A metamorphic rock that has a foliation expressed as an alignment of visible micas is called:

schist

The metamorphic rock shown here has the following texture:

schistose foliation

A possible protolith for this metamorphic rock is:

shale

Which rock is NOT a chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock?

shale

Which depositional environment occurs in submerged areas of the ocean that are close to shore?

shallow marine

What type of force created the feature depicted in the block diagram above?

shear

What type of metamorphism is likely to be seen in this area shown here?

shock metamorphism

The metamorphic rock shown here has the following texture visible at the white arrow:

slaty cleavage

Intermediate lavas can flow _____ than mafic lavas, due to the _______viscosity

slower, higher

Observe the scratch on the mineral in the photo above, created by the fingernail. The hardness of this mineral is:

softer than a fingernail

Based on the extent of rocks exposed in this close up view of Acadia National Park, what type of igneous body is this?

stock

What is the specific name of the geology feature depicted in the above block diagram?

strike-slip fault

What is the origin of Oregon's Crater Lake?

subduction of an oceanic plate at a Convergent Boundary

The magma responsible for the volcanoes located in the Andes Mountains, along the western coast of South America and in close proximity to a deep oceanic trench, was generated by what process?

the addition of water (arrow "d", which shifts the solidus to the left)

In which direction are the beds dipping in the block diagram above?

the beds are horizontal

In the block diagram above, in which direction do the beds dip relative to the fold axis?

the beds dip away from the axis

In the block diagram above, in which direction do the beds dip relative to the fold axis?

the beds dip towards the axis

Hardness is defined as:

the resistance of a mineral to being scratched

Tenacity is defined as:

the way that a mineral resists breakage

Let's relate food items to magmas of different viscosity; if we compare how honey and water flow when poured from a container:

then the honey represents felsic magma, and the water represents mafic magma

If you have a mineral with a hardness of 4:

this mineral can be scratched by a mineral with a hardness of 7

The bay in the photo above is located in Mauritania. Parts of it dries out when the tides are out, but then will be flooded when the tides come in. What type of sedimentary environment is this?

tidal mudflat

What property is being displayed in the photo above?

white streak