Geology Weeks 5-8

What is diffraction? 1. A seismic wave is bent when it passes by a curved surface 2. A seismic wave is bent when moving from one material to another 3. A seismic wave is bounced back toward its source 4. Seismic waves are separated by liquids

1. A seismic wave is bent when it passes by a curved surface

The oceanic ridge system _____. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1. is a network of spreading centers that all spread apart at the same velocity 2. never cuts through landmasses 3. winds through all of the major oceans on Earth 4. is transected along its length by transform faults at irregular intervals 5. is responsible for destroying oceanic lithosphere all over the world

3. winds through all of the major oceans on Earth 4. is transected along its length by transform faults at irregular intervals

What glacial feature is circled in Figure 1? 1. horn 2. hanging valley 3. tarn 4. arête 5. cirque

4. arête

When considering mass wasting, which of the following factors is most influential in the downslope movement of weathered particles? 1. removal of vegetation 2. earthquakes 3. water 4. gravity 5. oversteepened slopes

4. gravity

Tributary

a river that feeds into another river Big Horn River

Watershed

an area in which all water falling in it flows out through one location Mississippi River

Convergent boundary volcanism locations include: 1. Crater Lake, OR 2. Mt. St. Helens, WA 3. East African Rift 4. Mt. Etna, Italy

1. Crater Lake, OR 2. Mt. St. Helens, WA 3. East African Rift

Crustal rifting is currently occurring in East Africa. Which of the following features would you expect to find there? 1. Normal Faults 2. Long, wide valley 3. Lava flows 4. All of the above are correct 5. Only normal faults and long, wide valleys

4. All of the above

How does an accretionary wedge form? 1. An accretionary wedge forms when an oceanic slab is too thick to subduct into the deep-ocean trench, which halts plate movement at this boundary. 2. An accretionary wedge is formed by the layering of several turbidite deposits on top of each other. 3. An accretionary wedge forms when sediment and rock are scraped off the bottom of the overriding plate. This material is carried down into the ocean via the subducting slab. 4. An accretionary wedge forms at an active continental margin when the subducting oceanic slab scrapes pieces of itself onto the more buoyant continental slab. 5. An accretionary wedge is formed when sediment and rocks fall off the overriding plate onto the subducting plate.

4. An accretionary wedge forms at an active continental margin when the subducting oceanic slab scrapes pieces of itself onto the more buoyant continental slab.

In a collision between two continental plates, can a continental plate subduct? Why or why not? 1. Both continental plates will lock against each other, subducting both plates. 2. Older continental plates can subduct beneath younger ones. 3. Continental plates shear along the front of each other, preventing subduction. 4. Continental plates are too buoyant to subduct. 5. Continental plates composed of dense minerals can subduct beneath lower density continental plates.

4. Continental plates are too buoyant to subduct.

What causes creep, and how can it be recognized? View Available Hint(s) 1. Creep occurs as a result of slopes being in areas of constant rainfall. This constant addition of water to the slope causes material to continuously slide down the slope. Creep can be recognized by piles of silt and clay at the bottom of the slope. 2. Creep is caused by the gradual death of vegetation on the slope. This decrease of vegetation over time is the best way to recognize creep. 3. Creep occurs when the slope is shaken by the foreshocks of an earthquake. It can be recognized if the downslope movement of material is observed while the ground is shaking. 4. Creep is caused by the repeated expansion and contraction of the regolith, which may be caused by repeated freezing and thawing or wetting and drying. Creep can be recognized by tilted trees, tilted fences, and displaced retaining walls. 5. Creep is caused by the long-term addition of sediment to the slope, which gently pushes the top layer downslope over time. Creep is recognized by the gradual thickening of the top layer on a slope over time.

4. Creep is caused by the repeated expansion and contraction of the regolith, which may be caused by repeated freezing and thawing or wetting and drying. Creep can be recognized by tilted trees, tilted fences, and displaced retaining walls.

Which response provides the best reason for why the asthenosphere is not capable of storing elastic energy? 1. Because heat energy is stored in the asthenosphere, there is little room for elastic energy. 2. There is no way for the energy to reach the asthenosphere. 3. The asthenosphere is liquid, so elastic energy cannot be stored in it. 4. Elastic energy can only be stored in cold, brittle rocks.

4. Elastic energy can only be stored in cold, brittle rocks Because the asthenosphere is composed of mantle material that acts like a plastic rather than a rigid solid, it cannot store elastic energy.

__________ is a measurement of displacement on the fault surface. 1. Fault propagation 2. Divergence 3. Fault creep 4. Fault slip

4. Fault slip

Water falling in Illinois would ultimately end up where? 1. Atlantic Ocean 2. Lake Michigan 3. Pacific Ocean 4. Gulf of Mexico

4. Gulf of Mexico

Which researcher coined the term 'elastic rebound' after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake? 1. Charles Richter 2. Zhang Heng 3. Giuseppe Mercalli 4. HF Reid

4. HF Reid

At which of the following locations is deposition occurring?

B D

At which of the following locations is erosion occurring?

C E A

The force of __________ allows particles to slide down the __________ slope of a dune as it moves.

gravity; leeward

Zone of deposition

large channel size mouth large volume of water gentle slope

Which portion of the stream is the most likely to become an oxbow lake in the near future?

D

Compare and contrast the two types of body waves, P and S waves

P and S waves are refracted as they travel deep through Earth, their paths bending due to increased pressure. P and S waves are able to reflect off the boundaries between layers as well. P and S waves can both move through solid rock layers. One notable and important difference is that P waves are able to move through liquid rock layers, whereas S waves are NOT transmitted through liquid rock at all.

Wind bounces and rolls sand along the ground, a process called __________.

Saltation

Sediment carried by the wind will drop to the ground when the wind's __________ decreases.

Velocity

Divide

a boundary, usually a hill or mountain, where water will flow in opposite directions on either side Appalachian Mountains

Trunk stream

the primary river flowing out of a drainage basin Missouri River Basin

Zone of transportation

meander moderate channel size moderate volume trunk stream

Zone of erosion

small volume of water mountains small channel size big boulders on the bed headwaters steep gradient

The point within the Earth from which earthquake wave energy radiates is known as: 1. focus 2. epicenter 3. fault 4. hypocenter

1. Focus

Most earthquakes are the result of movement along which feature? 1. volcanoes 2. faults 3. epicenter 4. joints

2. Faults

How does the rate of rock weathering in dry climates compare with the rate in humid regions? 1. Dry climates have much lower rates of chemical weathering and mechanical weathering than humid climates. 2. Dry climates have higher rates of chemical weathering and mechanical weathering than humid climates. 3. Dry climates have much lower rates of chemical weathering but have higher rates of mechanical weathering than humid climates. 4. Dry climates have higher rates of chemical weathering but much lower rates of mechanical weathering than humid climates. 5. Dry climates have rates of chemical weathering and mechanical weathering that are roughly equal to those in humid climates.

1. Dry climates have much lower rates of chemical weathering and mechanical weathering than humid climates.

In studies of rock obtained from ocean basins all over Earth, the oldest ages obtained are approximately 200 million years before the present. Why have no older oceanic rocks been discovered? 1. Due to tectonic activity, rocks on the ocean floor are continually recycled. 2. Scientists haven't sampled enough sites to find older rocks. 3. As the lithospheric plates move around, most of the ocean floor rocks are pushed up to form mountains. 4. Ocean floor is dispersed by volcanic eruptions.

1. Due to tectonic activity, rocks on the ocean floor are continually recycled. As the lithospheric plates move around, ocean floor is constantly being consumed.

Which of the following statements about deposition and erosion around meander loops is true? Choose all that apply. 1. Erosion occurs where water is moving the fastest along the outside of the loop. 2. Erosion occurs where water is moving the slowest along the outside of the loop. 3. Deposition occurs where water is moving the slowest along the inside of the loop. 4. Deposition occurs where water is moving the fastest along the inside of the loop.

1. Erosion occurs where water is moving the fastest along the outside of the loop. 3. Deposition occurs where water is moving the slowest along the inside of the loop.

Which event allows rocks on either side of a fault to rebound elastically, causing an earthquake? 1. friction along the fault plane is overcome 2. stress builds up along a fault 3. friction builds up along the fault plane

1. Friction along the fault plane is overcome

Do fracture zones near transform boundaries play a role in plate motion? 1. No, fracture zones play no role in plate motion. 2. Yes, fracture zones mark areas where plates are moving past each other. 3. Yes, fracture zones mark areas where plates are moving toward each other. 4. Yes, fracture zones mark areas where plates are moving away from each other.

1. No, fracture zones play no role in plate motion.

What are the differences between P waves, S waves, and surface waves? 1. P waves are the fastest and have the lowest amplitudes; S waves are the second-fastest and have the second-lowest amplitudes; surface waves are the slowest and have the highest amplitudes. 2. P waves are the fastest and have the highest amplitudes; S waves are the second-fastest and have the second-highest amplitudes; surface waves are the slowest and have the lowest amplitudes. 3. Surface waves are the fastest and have the highest amplitudes; S waves are the second-fastest and have the second-highest amplitudes; P waves are the slowest and have the lowest amplitudes.

1. P waves are the fastest and have the lowest amplitudes; S waves are the second-fastest and have the second-lowest amplitudes; surface waves are the slowest and have the highest amplitudes.

What type of plate interaction produces the San Andreas Fault? 1. plates sliding past one another 2. converging plates 3. diverging plates

1. Plates sliding past one another

What is the term for stored-up energy released by earthquakes? 1. Seismic 2. Geophysical 3. Structural 4. Tectonic

1. Seismic

__________ are instruments that sense earthquake waves and transmit them to a recording device. 1. Seismometers 2. Seismic relays 3. Seismology 4. Seismograms

1. Seismometers

Which seismic waves will have the greatest amplitude on a seismogram? 1. Surface waves 2. S waves 3. P waves

1. Surface waves

How old are the oldest sediments that have been recovered by deep-sea drilling? Are they younger or older than the oldest continental rocks? 1. The oldest ocean sediments are 180 million years old and are younger than the oldest continental rocks on Earth. 2. The oldest ocean sediments are 4 billion years old and are the same age as the oldest continental rocks on Earth. 3. The oldest ocean sediments are 180 million years old and are older than the oldest continental rocks on Earth. 4. The oldest ocean sediments are 4 billion years old and are younger than the oldest continental rocks on Earth. 5. The oldest ocean sediments are 4 billion years old and are older than the oldest continental rocks on Earth.

1. The oldest ocean sediments are 180 million years old and are younger than the oldest continental rocks on Earth.

What role do transform boundaries play? 1. Transform boundaries connect other segments of plate boundaries. 2. Transform boundaries destroy other segments of plate boundaries. 3. Transform boundaries replace other segments of plate boundaries. 4. Transform boundaries create other segments of plate boundaries.

1. Transform boundaries connect other segments of plate boundaries.

Late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks often contain extensive coal seams that were used to support the existence of Pangaea. What would the climate have been at that time and at the location where the coal deposits were formed, and what would it indicate about the continent's past latitude? 1. Warm, humid climate near the Equator 2. Temperate climate in the mid-latitudes 3. Arid climate near the Equator 4. Cold climate near the South Pole

1. Warm, humid climate near the Equator

When a headland of resistant bedrock extends out into the ocean, which statement best describes wave action in proximity to the headland? 1. Wave energy is reflected off the headland. 2. Wave energy is focused on the headland. 3. Wave energy is deflected away from the headland. 4. Wave energy hits the headland directly. 5. Wave energy acts to construct a headland.

2. Wave energy is focused on the headland.

Which of the following responses are examples of how water can promote mass wasting? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. 1. Water can saturate sediment, reducing the integrity of the slope and allowing it to move. 2. Waves and streams can undercut banks and cliffs, causing them to fail. 3. When water is added to weathered particles, the mass of the sediment is increased, which can cause slope instability. 4. Water can infiltrate sediment, partially filling the pore spaces between grains and reducing slope cohesion. 5. Water enhances the ability of vegetation to grow on weathered particles, promoting mass wasting.

1. Water can saturate sediment, reducing the integrity of the slope and allowing it to move. 2. Waves and streams can undercut banks and cliffs, causing them to fail. 3. When water is added to weathered particles, the mass of the sediment is increased, which can cause slope instability.

Although the jigsaw puzzle fit of the southern continents was noted, opponents of continental drift argued that even if continental displacement had occurred, a good fit between the continents today would be unlikely. What geologic evidence did they cite to support this claim? 1. Wave erosion and coastal deposition have changed the shape of the continents 2. FIssure eruptions along continental margins had created new land 3. Deposition in river deltas had changed the longshore current, resulting in erosion 4. The tensional stress of splitting sheared the continents beyond all repair

1. Wave erosion and coastal deposition have changed the shape of the continents

With regards to ancient climates, Wegener's continental drift hypothesis states that 300 million years ago, 1. areas in North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia produced tropical swamps along the equator while areas in South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica were glaciated at the South Pole. 2. areas in North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia produced tropical swamps at the North Pole while areas in South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica were glaciated at the equator. 3. areas in North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia produced tropical swamps in the locations they are currently found today while areas in South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica were glaciated at their current locations. 4. areas in North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia produced tropical swamps along the equator while areas in South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica were glaciated at the North Pole.

1. areas in North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia produced tropical swamps along the equator while areas in South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica were glaciated at the South Pole.

In what ways does a stream transport its load, and which part of the load moves most slowly? Select all that apply. 1. as a suspended load 2. as a suspended load, which is the slowest mode of particle transport in streams 3. as a dissolved load 4. as a bed load, which is the slowest mode of particle transport in streams 5. as a dissolved load, which is the slowest mode of particle transport in streams

1. as a suspended load 3. as a dissolved load 4. as a bed load, which is the slowest mode of particle transport in streams

Over time, mass wasting causes __________. 1. canyons to widen 2. canyons to become more narrow 3. terrain to become more steep 4. slopes to become steeper 5. canyons to incise

1. canyons to widen

What glacial feature is circled in Figure 2? 1. horn 2. arête 3. glacial trough 4. cirque 5. truncated spur

1. horn

Which does NOT contribute to destruction from seismic vibrations? 1. proximity to water sources 2. geologic material beneath the structure 3. building materials and practices 4. intensity and duration of vibrations

1. proximity to water sources

Which feature results from the collapse of a sea arch? 1. sea stack 2. seawall 3. spit 4. barrier island 5. baymouth bar

1. sea stack

Transform boundaries are classified under which type of fault? 1. strike-slip 2. normal 3. reverse

1. strike-slip

What factors influence a glacier's ability to erode? Please select all that apply 1. the rate of glacial movement 2. the erodibility of the surface beneath the glacier 3. the temperature of the atmosphere around the glacier 4. the thickness of glacial ice 5. the shape, abundance, and hardness of the rock fragments contained in the ice at the base of the glacier

1. the rate of glacial movement 2. the erodibility of the surface beneath the glacier 4. the thickness of glacial ice 5. the shape, abundance, and hardness of the rock fragments contained in the ice at the base of the glacier

Which geologic features would be present in compressional mountain belts? Choose all that apply. 1. thrust faults 2. folds 3. intrusive igneous rocks 4. rift valleys 5. normal faults

1. thrust faults 2. folds 3. intrusive igneous rocks

What is the most important erosional agent in deserts? 1. water 2. wind 3. glaciation 4. biological activity 5. mass wasting

1. water

On average, how many damaging earthquakes occur each year? 1. 100 2. 1000 3. 700 4. 635

2. 1000

In the mid-twentieth century, researchers dredging the seafloor could not find any materials older than __________. 1. 1.2 million years 2. 180 million years 3. 1.5 billion years 4. 10,000 years

2. 180 million years

When the continents were assembled and mountain ranges were matched up, mountains in Scandinavia and the British Isles matched up perfectly with which North American mountain range? 1. Rocky Mountains 2. Appalachian Mountains 3. Sierra Nevada Mountains 4. Olympic Mountains

2. Appalachian Mountains

Which of the following is a reason the Gros Ventre rockslide took place? 1. A large earthquake triggered this event. 2. A sandstone bed acted as a layer of slip, upon which all of the overlying sediments moved downslope. 3. Because the river eroded material at the valley base, there was no support of the material upslope. 4. Much of the tree cover from the mountain flank was removed, thereby decreasing slope strength. 5. The sedimentary strata were dipping at a very high angle.

3. Because the river eroded material at the valley base, there was no support of the material upslope.

How did core samples drilled from various locations in the ocean floor support the concept of seafloor spreading? 1. Cores containing older sediment were located closer to the trench than were cores containing younger sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge. 2. Cores containing younger sediment were located closer to the ridge crest than were cores containing older sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge. 3. Cores containing younger sediment were located closer to the trench than were cores containing older sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge. 4. All cores contained sediment that was roughly the same age regardless of their proximities to the ridge crest. 5. Cores containing older sediment were located closer to the ridge crest than were cores containing younger sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge.

2. Cores containing younger sediment were located closer to the ridge crest than were cores containing older sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge.

Which of the following statements about drainage basins is FALSE? 1. All water leaves a drainage basin through one river. 2. Drainage basins only contain one river. 3. A trunk stream for one drainage basin can be a tributary for a larger drainage basin. 4. Water falling on opposite sides of a divide will flow in different directions.

2. Drainage basins only contain one river.

Which of the following statements is true? 1. High volume is associated with erosion. 2. Low gradient is associated with deposition. 3. High stream velocity near the mouth is associated with erosion. 4. Small channel size is associated with deposition.

2. Low gradient is associated with deposition.

Which seismic waves are released first during an earthquake? 1. S waves 2. P waves 3. R waves 4. L waves

2. P waves

__________ are records of seismic waves. 1. Seismic relays 2. Seismograms 3. Seismographs 4. Seismometers

2. Seismograms

Which of the following correctly states the role of rivers and mass wasting in the formation of the Grand Canyon? 1. Erosion and deposition by the river is responsible for the modern shape of the Grand Canyon. 2. The Colorado River erodes downward, then mass-wasting processes move material from high to low areas, then the Colorado River transports material downstream. 3. Mass-wasting processes occur prior to both weathering and stream action, to produce the topography we see today. 4. Mass wasting is the dominant process in the formation of the Grand Canyon. 5. Mass wasting caused the Grand Canyon to become deeper and narrower, while the river caused it to widen.

2. The Colorado River erodes downward, then mass-wasting processes move material from high to low areas, then the Colorado River transports material downstream.

Which of the following accurately compares the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise? 1. The East Pacific Rise shows much more rugged topography than that of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 2. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is spreading at a much slower rate than the East Pacific Rise. 3. The East Pacific Rise is spreading at a much slower rate than the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 4. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a swell, while the East Pacific Rise shows a well-developed rift valley. 5. Both of these divergent boundaries are spreading at approximately the same rate.

2. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is spreading at a much slower rate than the East Pacific Rise.

Which of the following best describes why the 2010 earthquake in Chile caused a large tsunami while the 2010 earthquake in Haiti only caused a small and local tsunami? 1. The earthquake in Haiti was too small to have produced a tsunami. The Chilean earthquake was much larger and thus able to produce a tsunami. 2. The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does.

2. The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does.

Which is the best explanation for the global distribution of plant species, such as Glossopteris, during the Mesozoic? 1. Seeds were very small, so they could be carried by the wind 2. The landmasses were joined and the plant had a large geographic extent 3. Oceans that transgressed on the continents carried the seeds to different locations 4. Seeds were ingested by animals and later deposited in scat

2. The landmasses were joined and the plant had a large geographic extent

Which of the following responses best describes the epicenter of an earthquake? 1. The point on the fault where there is no movement recorded after an earthquake 2. The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake 3. The point within Earth where the energy of the earthquake is released 4. The zone on Earth, opposite the focus, where no S waves are received at seismograph stations

2. The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

What will happen to a seismic wave when it is reflected? 1. The wave will be bent 2. The wave will be bent back toward the source 3. The wave will undulate 4. Nothing will change the wave

2. The wave will be bent back toward the source

Divergent boundaries are not one, smooth ridge of separation. Instead, they are broken into a series of segments, with different segments of fault offset from others. What features allow for the offset of divergent boundaries? 1. Reverse faults 2. Transform faults 3. Normal faults 4. Thrust faults

2. Transform faults

Why is wind erosion relatively more important in dry regions than in humid areas? Select all that apply. 1. Humid areas are only underlain by lithified bedrock and never have any loose sediment that wind can transport. 2. Vegetation in humid areas anchors the soil, which inhibits wind erosion. 3. The sediment in humid regions is consistently gravel-sized or larger, which is difficult or impossible for wind to move. 4. Humid areas experience significantly less wind than dry regions. 5. Moisture in humid areas binds particles together, which inhibits wind erosion.

2. Vegetation in humid areas anchors the soil, which inhibits wind erosion. 5. Moisture in humid areas binds particles together, which inhibits wind erosion.

How does the plate tectonics theory help explain the existence of fossil marine life in rocks on top of compressional mountains? 1. The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust (e.g., oceanic plateaus, ocean basins, etc.). Oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct due to the fact that they contained fossils. 2. When two plates collide at their continental margins, their deformable seaward rock containing marine organisms crumples up to the top of the resulting mountains. 3. The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust (e.g., oceanic plateaus, ocean basins, etc.). Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct. 4. The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terrains, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust (e.g., oceanic plateaus, ocean basins, etc.). Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

2. When two plates collide at their continental margins, their deformable seaward rock containing marine organisms crumples up to the top of the resulting mountains.

Which of the following accurately describes the Basin and Range region of the western United States? 1. an area with alternating mountains and basins in a humid climate 2. a region with alternating mountains and basins that have been produced by normal faulting 3. a region formed by tectonic extension that includes perennial rivers and extensive channel networks 4. a large area characterized by large mountains and rivers that reach the Pacific Coast 5. a region with alternating mountains and basins that have been produced by reverse faulting

2. a region with alternating mountains and basins that have been produced by normal faulting

Which tectonic boundary is responsible for the most powerful and destructive earthquakes recorded? 1. divergent 2. convergent 3. transform

2. convergent

The lithosphere is composed of the __________ and the rigid part of the __________. 1. mantle; outer core 2. crust; upper mantle 3. outer core; inner core 4. crust; lower mantle

2. crust; upper mantle

What is the term used to describe slow, gradual displacement along a fault without the accumulation of significant strain? 1. elastic rebound 2. fault creep 3. fault propagation 4. megathrusting

2. fault creep

The offset of Wallace Creek is caused by __________. 1. squeezing along the Big Bend over the past 2-4 million years 2. right-lateral movement along the San Andreas strike-slip fault 3. movement of the North American plate as it slides past the California plate in a northwest direction 4. left lateral slip along the San Andreas normal fault

2. right lateral movement along the San Andreas strike-slip fault

Heavy rainfall caused the clay to lubricate and the sandstone to become __________. 1. lighter weight 2. saturated and heavy 3. thicker 4. eroded more quickly 5. greater in volume

2. saturated and heavy

What rock type is the easiest for a river to cut through? 1. sandstone 2. shale 3. cemented siltstone 4. conglomerate 5. limestone

2. shale

Which landform marks the furthest extent of an advancing glacier? 1. recessional moraine 2. terminal moraine 3. drumlin 4. esker 5. ground moraine

2. terminal moraine

Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt? 1. two landmasses slide past each other 2. two landmasses collide 3. two landmasses split apart 4. volcanic eruptions produce basalt flows 5. uplift and erosion of rocks around a sill

2. two landmasses collide

In addition to a travel-time graph, at least how many seismograph stations are needed to determine the location of the epicenter of an earthquake? 1. 2 2. 4 3. 3 4. 5

3. 3

What is the natural angle of repose for sand? 1. 90 degrees 2. 10 degrees 3. 34 degrees 4. 40 degrees

3. 34 degrees

The bend in the stone walls in Hollister, CA are a result of __________. 1. ground subsistence due to compaction of unlithified sediments 2. a large earthquake that caused major loss of life and property damage 3. a fault creep along the Calaveras Fault 4. groundwater withdrawal from a former sag pond

3. A fault creep along the Calaveras Fault

__________ are smaller earthquakes of lesser magnitude that follow a major earthquake. 1. Displacement 2. Foreshocks 3. Aftershocks 4. Ripples

3. Aftershocks

What causes an earthquake such as the one that occurred in San Francisco in 1906? 1. When the two edges of a fault slowly glide past one another, an earthquake occurs 2. An abrupt change in the direction of plate motion causes an earthquake to occur (e.g. when a plate that is moving northward suddenly moves to the south). 3. As plates move, stress builds up at the boundary. When the boundary eventually snaps, energy is released as an earthquake. 4. As volumes of magma beneath the lithosphere rise toward the surface, the sudden upward thrust causes an earthquake to occur.

3. As plates move, stress builds up at the boundary. When the boundary eventually snaps, energy is released as an earthquake.

When considering evidence of glaciation on the southern continents, why did Wegener reject the explanation that the entire planet had experienced a period of extreme cooling? 1. Because the glacial debris was localized to a few small mountain valleys 2. Because he knew the glacial debris was actually a misinterpreted landslide 3. Because geologic evidence supported the existence of tropical swamps in the Northern Hemisphere 4. Because the 160/180 ratio in fossils supported an ice-free period

3. Because geologic evidence supported the existence of tropical swamps in the Northern Hemisphere

What is the definition of the focus? 1. The location where three monitoring stations overlap 2. The location on Earth's surface directly above the point of slippage 3. The exact location on the fault where slippage occurs 4. The build-up of potential energy in a new location after an earthquake

3. The exact location on the fault where slippage occurs

How was the fossil record of ancient life used to support Wegener's hypothesis about Pangaea? 1. Organisms used a series of islands to "leap frog" to another, stationary continent. 2. Organisms on multiple continents independently evolved to have the same appearance. 3. Fossils of identical organisms were found on several continents, indicating the continents were once joined. 4. Fossils are evidence of mass migrations of organisms in search of resources on other continents.

3. Fossils of identical organisms were found on several continents, indicating the continents were once joined. When organisms are separated into two smaller groups by a physical barrier (i.e., the Atlantic Ocean), then they follow different evolutionary paths. The organisms Wegener cited were identical on both continents.

Earth's outer layer is composed of seven dominant plates. What is the name of this rigid outer layer? 1. hemisphere 2. asthenosphere 3. lithosphere 4. hydrosphere 5. mantle

3. Lithosphere

What is the minimum magnitude an earthquake can have if it is to be picked up by seismographic networks around the world? 1. M 7 2. M 9.5 3. M 5.5 4. M 8

3. M 5.5 ???

Which of the following statements explains why the presence of Mesosaurus in both South America and Africa supports the continental drift hypothesis? 1. Mesosaurus was a freshwater aquatic reptile and swam from South America to Africa. 2. Mesosaurus was a terrestrial reptile that was able to cross from Africa to South America by an isthmian link. 3. Mesosaurus was a freshwater aquatic reptile with fossil remains in both South America and Africa. 4. Mesosaurus was a saltwater aquatic reptile and swam from South America to Africa.

3. Mesosaurus was a freshwater aquatic reptile with fossil remains in both South America and Africa.

The __________ is a newer scale that measures the total energy released during an earthquake by determining the average amount of slip on the fault, the area of the fault surface that slipped, and the strength of the faulted rock. 1. Beaufort Scale 2. Mercalli Intensity Scale 3. Moment Magnitude Scale 4. Richter Scale

3. Moment Magnitude Scale

What happens as plates diverge at an oceanic ridge? 1. Molten mantle rock rises, cools and crystallizes into oceanic crust of felsic composition. 2. Thick, cool oceanic crust is formed, which thins and becomes hotter moving away from the ridge. 3. New oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle are generated by the cooling of molten rock upwelling from the mantle. 4. The continental lithosphere subsides deep into the mantle. 5. Decompression melting results from an increase in confining pressure from the overlying oceanic crust.

3. New oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle are generated by the cooling of molten rock upwelling from the mantle.

How does a guyot form? 1. A guyot, also known as a volcanic island, grows from a volcano to an island through repeated eruptions. 2. A guyot forms when the bulbous head of a rising mantle plume melts, producing a vast outpouring of basaltic lava. 3. Over time, guyots lose their original shapes and sizes through the process of weathering, after moving away from their original locations over hot spots. 4. Over time, guyots increase in size as turbidity currents repeatedly deposit material on top of them. 5. A guyot, also known as a submarine volcano, forms through the repeated eruption of lava underwater.

3. Over time, guyots lose their original shapes and sizes through the process of weathering, after moving away from their original locations over hot spots.

As of 2012, which was the only ocean basin to have significant tsunami warning buoy coverage? 1. Arctic ocean 2. Indian ocean 3. Pacific ocean 4. Atlantic ocean

3. Pacific ocean

__________ are defined as a chain of glacial lakes where each lake flows into the next. 1. Tarns 2. Hanging valleys 3. Pater noster lakes 4. Glacial troughs 5. Cirques

3. Pater noster lakes

What does saltating mean? 1. Flakes of gypsum mineralize to form crystals that resemble the shape and size of salt grains. 2. Sand grains avalanche down the slip face of a dune. 3. Sand grains are lifted by the wind, leap a short distance, and then fall back to the ground. 4. Sand grains pile up to form little ripples that grow into larger dunes. 5. Clay particles rotate through the air as they are blown by desert winds.

3. Sand grains are lifted by the wind, leap a short distance, and then fall back to the ground.

In what ways are the Sierra Nevada and the Andes ranges similar? View Available Hint(s) 1. The Sierra Nevada range exhibits evidence of Andean-type mountain building with the range's placement along an active continental margin, the Sierra Nevada Batholith that is a remnant of a continental volcanic arc, and with the lack of an accretionary wedge. 2. The Sierra Nevada range exhibits evidence of Andean-type mountain building with the range's placement along a passive continental margin, the Sierra Nevada Batholith that is a remnant of a continental volcanic arc, and the Coast ranges that represent either an accretionary wedge or a past island arc offshore. 3. The Sierra Nevada range exhibits evidence of Andean-type mountain building with the range's placement along an active continental margin, the Sierra Nevada Batholith that is a remnant of a continental volcanic arc, and the Coast ranges that represent either an accretionary wedge or a past island arc offshore.

3. The Sierra Nevada range exhibits evidence of Andean-type mountain building with the range's placement along an active continental margin, the Sierra Nevada Batholith that is a remnant of a continental volcanic arc, and the Coast ranges that represent either an accretionary wedge or a past island arc offshore.

How does wind's suspended load differ from its bed load? 1. The suspended load consists of gravel-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the bed load consists of sand-sized through clay-sized grains that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air. 2. The bed load consists of clay-sized and silt-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the suspended load consists of sand-sized grains that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air. 3. The bed load consists of sand-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the suspended load consists of fine, silt- or clay-sized particles that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air. 4. The suspended load consists of sand-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the bed load consists of fine, silt- or clay-sized particles that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air.

3. The bed load consists of sand-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the suspended load consists of fine, silt- or clay-sized particles that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air.

Why is the moment magnitude scale favored over the Richter scale for large earthquakes? 1. The Richter has a tendency to overestimate the amount of energy released by an earthquake. 2. The moment magnitude scale measures the energy released from an earthquake, whereas the Richter scale only measures the amplitude of the earthquake's waves, which cannot be translated into the amount of energy released. 3. The moment magnitude scale measures the total energy released, whereas the Richter scale only measures the amplitude of the largest seismic wave. 4. The Richter scale cannot differentiate between the energy amounts released during very small earthquakes.

3. The moment magnitude scale measures the total energy released, whereas the Richter scale only measures the amplitude of the largest seismic wave.

At a subduction zone where oceanic lithosphere meets continental lithosphere, which would subduct and why? 1. Continental lithosphere—it is more buoyant on the mantle. 2. Continental lithosphere—it is thicker than the oceanic plate and can plow through it. 3. The oceanic lithosphere would subduct because it has a higher density at 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter. 4. Continental lithosphere—it has a higher density at 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. 5. Oceanic lithosphere—it is more buoyant on the mantle.

3. The oceanic lithosphere would subduct because it has a higher density at 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter.

What will happen to a seismic wave when it is refracted? 1. The wave will be bounced back toward the source 2. The wave will undulate 3. The wave will be bent when passing into a material of differing density 4. Nothing will change the wave

3. The wave will be bent when passing into a material of differing density

Why do seismic waves follow strongly curved paths as they move through the interior? 1. Their paths are altered by changes in temp 2. Their paths are altered by reflection off dense materials 3. Their velocities are changed because of increasing pressure with depth 4. Their velocities are altered by changes in chemistry

3. Their velocities are changed because of increasing pressure with depth

What is the best way to describe the shape of a glacial valley? 1. V-shaped 2. irregular 3. U-shaped 4. triangular 5. rectangular

3. U-shaped

Describe the way in which wind transports sand. When winds are strong, how high above the surface can sand be carried? 1. Wind transports sand by rolling it along the ground. Sand grains never reach higher than a few millimeters above the ground. 2. Wind transports sand by saltation, a process where a particle of sand begins rolling and then hits another sand grain, launching one or both of them into the air; these and subsequent grains move along by bouncing along the surface. Saltating sand usually does not reach above 5 meters from the ground, and very rarely reaches above 10 meters from the ground. 3. Wind transports sand by saltation, a process where a particle of sand begins rolling and then hits another sand grain, launching one or both of them into the air; these and subsequent grains move along by bouncing along the surface. Saltating sand usually does not reach above 0.5 meter from the ground and very rarely reaches above 1 meter from the ground. 4. Sand grains slide along the ground as the wind pushes them. They never leave the surface of the ground.

3. Wind transports sand by saltation, a process where a particle of sand begins rolling and then hits another sand grain, launching one or both of them into the air; these and subsequent grains move along by bouncing along the surface. Saltating sand usually does not reach above 0.5 meter from the ground and very rarely reaches above 1 meter from the ground.

What factors would decrease flow velocity? Select all that apply. 1. an increase in stream discharge 2. the narrowing and deepening of the channel 3. a decrease in gradient of the stream 4. having a rough channel 5. a decrease in stream discharge

3. a decrease in gradient of the stream 4. having a rough channel 5. a decrease in stream discharge

A(n) __________ is a cone-shaped deposit of sediment that is deposited when a stream exits the mouth of a canyon. 1. inselberg 2. bajada 3. alluvial fan 4. playa 5. dune field

3. alluvial fan

Liquefaction will __________. 1. lessen the power pf seismic waves 2. do nothing to the power of seismic waves 3. amplify the power of seismic waves

3. amplify the power of seismic waves

Which plate boundary along the circum-Pacific belt is responsible for the majority of the belt's earthquakes? 1. transform 2. divergent 3. convergent

3. convergent

As stress is applied to rocks and deformation occurs, which terms best characterize the energy that is stored in the process? 1. Chemical energy 2. mechanical energy 3. elastic energy 4. gravitational energy

3. elastic energy

What type of rocks would you expect to find in a playa lake depositional environment? 1. fossiliferous limestone 2. poorly sorted conglomerates 3. evaporites and claystone 4. cross bedded sandstone 5. interbedded sandstones and conglomerates

3. evaporites and claystone

Which one of the following is an evaporite mineral? 1. calcium 2. clay 3. gypsum 4. quartz

3. gypsum

An isolated, heavily eroded hill or mountain that rises abruptly from a plain is a(n) __________. 1. fault block 2. bajada 3. inselberg 4. playa 5. alluvial fan

3. inselberg

What two layers of the ophiolite sequence are compositionally similar, but formed in different areas with respect to the crust? 1. sheeted dike complex and peridotite 2. gabbro and peridotite 3. pillow lavas and gabbro 4. deep-sea sediments and gabbro 5. pillow lavas and peridotite

3. pillow lavas and gabbro

WHich materials will allow for the fastest transmission of seismic waves? 1. partially molten material 2. molten material 3. rigid, less compressible material 4. material that has been slightly heated

3. rigid, less compressible material

What feature is responsible for creating eskers? 1. braided streams flowing out across the landscape 2. kettle lakes melting 3. streams that flowed below, in, or on the glacier 4. glacial debris piled up along the terminus 5. glacial debris smeared out under the glacial ice

3. streams that flowed below, in, or on the glacier

Earth's lithospheric plates are composed of crust and which of the following layers? 1. the middle portion of the mantle 2. the outermost portion of the core 3. the outermost portion of the mantle 4. the innermost portion of the mantle

3. the outermost portion of the mantle

How do natural levees form? View Available Hint(s) 1. Levees form as the result of the repeated flooding of a river within a floodplain. Each time the floodwaters recede, the bed load that had been carried by the water is deposited, building up levees along the banks of the river. 2. Levees form as the result of the repeated flooding of a river within a floodplain. Each time the floodwaters recede, they erode the banks of the channel in shelves called levees, thus making the channel wider and able to hold more water. 3. Levees form as the result of the repeated flooding of a river within a floodplain. Each time the floodwaters recede, the dissolved load that had been carried by the water is deposited, building up levees along the banks of the river. 4. Levees form as the result of the repeated flooding of a river within a floodplain. Each time the floodwaters recede, the suspended load that had been carried by the water is deposited, building up levees along the banks of the river. 5. Levees form as the result of the repeated flooding of a river within a floodplain. Each time the floodwaters recede, the suspended load that had been carried by the water is deposited by first depositing silt-sized grains, then sand-sized grains, and then pebbles, thus building up levees along the banks of the river.

4. Levees form as the result of the repeated flooding of a river within a floodplain. Each time the floodwaters recede, the suspended load that had been carried by the water is deposited, building up levees along the banks of the river.

Divergent boundary volcanism locations include: 1. Crater Lake, OR 2. Mt. St. Helens, WA 3. East African Rift 4. Mt. Etna, Italy

4. Mt. Etna, Italy

A seismograph detects an earthquake 200km away. From that information, can you detect where the earthquake occurred? 1. Yes, because seismographs can indicate direction as well as distance 2. No, because seismographs can't pick up earthquakes from that far away 3. Yes, you could take the distance and match it up with known fault lines 4. No, because you would need information from more than one seismograph to determine the epicenter

4. No, because you would need information from more than one seismograph to determine the epicenter

As the distance between the epicenter of an earthquake and a seismograph station increases, so does the difference in the arrival times of the P and S waves. What causes this? 1. S waves are faster than P waves 2. P waves travel through solid, liquid, and gas 3. P wave amplitude is greater than S wave amplitude 4. P waves are faster than S waves

4. P waves are faster than S waves

Why are volcanic chains associated with convergent boundaries? 1. Tensional forces rift the crust, resulting in decompression melting. 2. The friction of subduction generates magma. 3. Compressional forces create volcanic peaks. 4. Partial melting occurs due to subduction. 5. Plate collision results in mantle plumes.

4. Partial melting occurs due to subduction.

Plate A has oceanic lithosphere on its leading edge that is 10 million years old. Plate B has oceanic lithosphere on its leading edge that is 200 million years old. Which plate will be subducted if they collide with each other, and why? 1. There will not be subduction because they are both the same type of lithosphere. 2. Plate A will subduct because it is younger and so not as big. 3. Plate A will subduct because lithosphere is more dense. 4. Plate B will subduct because it is older—and therefore colder—and more dense. 5. Plate B will subduct because of rifting.

4. Plate B will subduct because it is older—and therefore colder—and more dense. The older an oceanic plate is, the colder it is, making it more dense.

How do sand dunes migrate? 1. Sand moves up the steeper side of the dune by saltation and accumulates just beyond the crest of the dune. As more sand collects, the slope steepens, and some of the sand slides down the slip face side of the dune. 2. Sand moves up the leeward slope of the dune by saltation and accumulates just beyond the crest of the dune. As more sand collects, the slope steepens, and some of the sand slides down the slip face of the dune. 3. Sand moves up the windward side of the dune by rolling and accumulates just beyond the crest of the dune. As more sand collects, the slope steepens, and some of the sand slides down the slip face of the dune. 4. Sand moves up the gentler side of the dune by saltation and accumulates just beyond the crest of the dune. As more sand collects, the slope steepens, and some of the sand slides down the slip face of the dune.

4. Sand moves up the gentler side of the dune by saltation and accumulates just beyond the crest of the dune. As more sand collects, the slope steepens, and some of the sand slides down the slip face of the dune.

Why is the formation of mountainous topography at a volcanic island arc considered to be just one phase in the development of a major mountain belt? 1. Mountain belts tend to be shorter than volcanic island arcs, and thus the volcanoes erode significantly before the mountain belt is formed. 2. Volcanic island arcs must build up new land around them before mountain ranges can form near them. 3. Volcanoes in mountain belts always become inactive before they become part of a major mountain belt. 4. Some volcanic arcs are carried on subducting plates to the margin of large continental blocks, where they become involved in large-scale mountain building episodes. 5. More volcanoes develop near the volcanic island arc before the mountain belt is created.

4. Some volcanic arcs are carried on subducting plates to the margin of large continental blocks, where they become involved in large-scale mountain building episodes.

What evidence supports that the glaciers on the southern continents were once part of a single, massive ice sheet? 1. Glaciers reshaped continental coastlines to match 2. Decreasing thickness of glacial deposits from the center outward 3. Depositional ridges of sediment point out a direction of ice flow away from a central location 4. Striations

4. Striations Striations are scratches or grooves created by glacial debris as it moves. The striations found on the southern continents all radiate from the center of the south part of Pangaea.

How do back-arc basins form? 1. Compressional forces bend the sedimentary layers in the back-arc region downward, creating a bowl-like depression. 2. A mountain range also forms on the side of the back-arc basin opposite of the volcanic arc, creating a lowland in between the two ranges. 3. Compressional forces make the back-arc region thicker and denser than the volcanic arc. This higher density causes the back-arc region to sink into a basin shape. 4. Tensional stresses resulting from slab suction stretch this part of the crust, causing it to thin vertically. 5. The back-arc region subsides into a downwarped basin shape from the added weight of addition of sediment from mass wasting events.

4. Tensional stresses resulting from slab suction stretch this part of the crust, causing it to thin vertically.

When matching up once-joined continents such as South America and Africa, the coastlines do not fit together as nicely as the continental shelves. Why might this be the case? 1. The coastlines have been altered by vast deposits of lava. 2. Large volumes of sediment eroded from the continent fills in the gaps between the shelves. 3. Separation of the continents resulted in deformation of the coastlines. 4. The continental shelves are the edges of the continent. The shoreline simply shows where the sea level is in relation to topography.

4. The continental shelves are the edges of the continent. The shoreline simply shows where the sea level is in relation to topography. Depending on sea level, continental shelves are often underwater and below the erosive effects of wave action.

In calculating the location of the epicenter of an earthquake, which of the following factors is most useful? 1. The difference in arrival time between body and surface waves 2. The distance between the depth of the focus of an earthquake and the surface of Earth 3. The length of the trace of the surface waves on a seismograph 4. The difference in arrival times of P and S waves

4. The difference in arrival times of P and S waves

Define mass wasting. 1. The movement of rock and soil down steep slopes under the direct influence of water. 2. A nontechnical word used to describe the movement of sediment by glacial ice. 3. The movement of sediment and rock that occurs before weathering processes. 4. The downslope movement of sediment and rock under the direct influence of gravity.

4. The downslope movement of sediment and rock under the direct influence of gravity.

How would you explain the definition of an epicenter? 1. The exact location on the fault where slippage occurs 2. The location of migrating magma in the crust 3. The contact point between two tectonic plates 4. The location on Earth's surface directly above the point of slippage

4. The location on Earth's surface directly above the point of slippage

When dry sediment accumulates, the angle of repose represents what property of the deposit? 1. The angle of repose represents the angle the sediment maintains when undercut by waves and streams. 2. The angle of repose represents cross-bedding in the sediment. 3. The angle of repose is the angle at which sediment accumulates when slopes move very quickly. 4. The steepest angle at which those sediments can accumulate and remain stable. 5. The angle of repose is the angle at which sediment accumulates when slopes move very slowly.

4. The steepest angle at which those sediments can accumulate and remain stable.

What is the relationship between transform boundaries and mid-ocean ridges? 1. Transform boundaries move segments of mid-ocean ridges. 2. Transform boundaries destroy segments of mid-ocean ridges. 3. Transform boundaries create segments of mid-ocean ridges. 4. Transform boundaries connect segments of mid-ocean ridges.

4. Transform boundaries connect segments of mid-ocean ridges.

Currently the Juan de Fuca plate is interacting with the North American plate where inland volcanoes and deep focus earthquakes are occurring. What type of plate boundary is this? 1. a mantle plume 2. a continental rift zone 3. a transform boundary 4. a convergent plate boundary 5. a divergent plate boundary

4. a convergent plate boundary

What are the features associated with a divergent boundary that is spreading quickly? 1. a landscape that shows features that lie between a gently sloping swell and a steep rift valley 2. a rift valley that shows steep slopes and normal faulting 3. a well-developed rift valley with numerous normal faults 4. a relatively smooth swell with gentle slopes 5. a rift valley with thick, deep-sea sediments draping old oceanic crust

4. a relatively smooth swell with gentle slopes

The Gros Ventre slide is evident today by __________. 1. only an unvegetated scar on the mountain flank 2. a large depression was once occupied by a lake 3. a lack of evidence that the rockslide ever occurred 4. a scar, runout area, and landslide debris filling the valley 5. a fault scarp from the earthquake

4. a scar, runout area, and landslide debris filling the valley

What is a playa commonly occupied by? 1. a dome 2. Salt-tolerant vegetation 3. an interdune 4. an ephemeral lake 5. a sand dune

4. an ephemeral lake

Which of the following contains the entire ophiolite suite, in order from the mantle to the seafloor? 1. gabbro, sheeted dike complex, pillow lavas, deep-sea sediments 2. sheeted dike complex, gabbro, mantle peridotite, pillow lavas, deep-sea sediments 3. deep-sea sediments, pillow lavas, sheeted dike complex, gabbro, mantle peridotite 4. mantle peridotite, gabbro, sheeted dike complex, pillow lavas, deep-sea sediments 5. mantle peridotite, gabbro, sheeted dike complex, pillow lavas

4. mantle peridotite, gabbro, sheeted dike complex, pillow lavas, deep-sea sediments

Earthquakes with a deep focus are most often associated with which of the following tectonic settings? 1. volcanic eruptions 2. divergent boundaries 3. transform boundaries 4. oceanic trenches 5. mantle plumes

4. oceanic trenches As a slab of oceanic lithosphere is subducted at trenches, this process can result in deep-focus earthquakes

Which of the following lithospheric plates is not included among the seven largest? 1. the Australian-Indian plate 2. the African plate 3. the Antarctic plate 4. the Philippine plate 5. the South American plate

4. the Philippine plate

The Rocky Mountains of the United States are characterized as: 1. shields 2. stable platforms 3. old mountain belts 4. young mountain belts 5. All of the above are correct.

4. young mountain belts

When was the last time North America had major ice sheets? 1. 100 years ago 2. 1 million years ago 3. 10 million years ago 4. 300,000 years ago 5. 18,000 years ago

5. 18,000 years ago

Which of the following processes can be observed at the margins of lithospheric plates? 1. faulting 2. earthquakes 3. volcanoes 4. mountain building 5. All of the responses are correct.

5. All of the responses are correct

Which two regions currently contain the world's last remaining ice sheets? 1. North America and Siberia 2. Northern Europe and Siberia 3. North America and Northern Europe 4. Antarctica and Siberia 5. Antarctica and Greenland

5. Antarctica and Greenland

Which statement best describes Wegener's idea of continental drift? 1. Continents are subsiding into the seas. 2. Global oceans were draining, which exposed stationary parts of the seafloor we now call continents. 3. Ancient organisms had undergone mass migrations to reach the continents where they are found today. 4. Continents were building up through sedimentation. 5. Continents were formerly in different positions on the Earth and have shifted to their present locations over time.

5. Continents were formerly in different positions on the Earth and have shifted to their present locations over time. Wegener believed that the continents had once been part of a supercontinent that he named Pangaea.

Which type of tectonic boundary is the result of two tectonic plates colliding with each other? 1. Normal faults 2. Transform boundary 3. Divergent boundary 4. Strike-slip faults 5. Convergent boundary

5. Convergent boundary

Which tectonic boundary results when two tectonic plates pull apart from each other? 1. Rifts 2. Convergent boundaries 3. Normal faults 4. Transform boundaries 5. Divergent boundaries

5. Divergent boundaries

In what way does the formation of fault-block mountains differ from the processes that generate most other major mountain belts? 1. Lithospheric crust thickens vertically during the creation of fault-block mountains but thins vertically during the formation of other mountain types. 2. Compressional forces move fault-block mountains up along reverse faults, whereas reverse faults are not integral to the building of other mountain types. 3. Compressional forces move fault-block mountains up along normal faults, whereas normal faults are not integral to the building of other mountain types. 4. Fault-block mountains form by the convergence of two lithospheric plates, whereas most other mountains form by the upwelling of hot mantle rock, which increases the buoyancy of the lithosphere above. 5. Fault-block mountains form by the upwelling of hot mantle rock, which increases the buoyancy of the lithosphere above, whereas most other mountains form by the convergence of two lithospheric plates.

5. Fault-block mountains form by the upwelling of hot mantle rock, which increases the buoyancy of the lithosphere above, whereas most other mountains form by the convergence of two lithospheric plates.

Of these choices, which two plates are growing in size, and which plate is shrinking in size? 1. The Philippine plate and the Antarctic plate are growing in size, whereas the Nazca plate is shrinking in size. 2. The African plate and the Philippine plate are growing in size, whereas the Nazca plate is shrinking in size. 3. The Pacific plate and the Antarctic plate are growing in size, whereas the African plate is shrinking in size. 4. The Philippine plate and the Antarctic plate are growing in size, whereas the Pacific plate is shrinking in size. 5. The African plate and the Antarctic plate are growing in size, whereas the Pacific Plate is shrinking in size.

5. The African plate and the Antarctic plate are growing in size, whereas the Pacific Plate is shrinking in size.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the aftermath of the Gros Ventre rockslide? 1. The rockslide reached and beveled the town of Kelly, Wyoming. 2. The rockslide scar and runout area are not easily seen. 3. The Gros Ventre River has migrated to another valley due to the accumulation of debris. 4. No one was killed as a consequence of the rockslide. 5. The rockslide debris dammed up the river and formed a lake.

5. The rockslide debris dammed up the river and formed a lake.

What role do hot spots and mantle plumes play in the breakup of a supercontinent? 1. Hot spots and mantle plumes melt the overlying continental lithosphere into liquid, creating a liquid-filled rift within the landmass. 2. Hot spots beneath various locations on the continent lower the densities of these locations, causing them to uplift. This uplift creates a strain between these areas and the colder, denser crust around them. 3. As the supercontinent moves over a mantle plume, a series of volcanoes are created, rendering the continental crust below them weak and susceptible to separation. 4. When hot mantle plumes reach the lithosphere, they weaken the lithosphere and create faults in the crust. Ultimately, the supercontinent breaks apart at these faults. 5. When hot mantle plumes reach the base of the lithosphere, they weaken the lithosphere and create three rifts in the lithosphere in a process called doming. Continents generally break apart along two of these rifts.

5. When hot mantle plumes reach the base of the lithosphere, they weaken the lithosphere and create three rifts in the lithosphere in a process called doming. Continents generally break apart along two of these rifts.

Which process is directly responsible for the development of notches, cliffs, and platforms? 1. relocation 2. rip currents 3. reflection 4. beach nourishment 5. abrasion

5. abrasion

A __________ acted as a sliding surface across which material moved downhill during the Gros Ventre Slide. 1. river 2. valley floor 3. sandstone layer 4. slide scar 5. clay layer

5. clay layer

What glacial landform is visible in Figure 1? 1. ground moraine 2. kame 3. esker 4. terminal moraine 5. drumlin

5. drumlin

What does the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale tell us about an earthquake? 1. the amount of damage in dollars that an earthquake causes 2. the amount of energy released during an earthquake 3. the magnitude of an earthquake 4. the moment magnitude of an earthquake 5. how intense an earthquake feels

5. how intense an earthquake feels

Which of the following rocks are characteristic of compressional mountain building? 1. limestone 2. sandstone 3. gabbro 4. basalt 5. schist

5. schist

A __________ is formed when vertical incision by a stream is the primary process, with relatively minimal mass wasting. 1. U-shaped valley 2. broad valley 3. wide canyon 4. gently sloping mountain 5. slot canyon

5. slot canyon

What is orogenesis? 1. the compressional stress that horizontally shortens continental crust 2. the process that only forms shields and stable platforms 3. the collision of two crustal plates that results in mountain belts 4. the folding of rock into mountains 5. the collection of processes that produce a mountain belt

5. the collection of processes that produce a mountain belt

What are the effects of Ice Age glaciers besides the formation of major erosional and depositional features? Please select all that apply. 1. pluvial lakes 2. crustal subsidence and rebound 3. the creation of proglacial lakes 4. changes to rivers and valleys 5. sea-level changes

All of the above

The force of the __________ pushes particles up the __________ slope of the dune as it moves.

wind; windward