Gestalt Psychology
The Gestalt principles of organization
are present in the stimuli themselves
Wertheimer's basic premise for productive thinking was that
both the whole problem must dominate the parts, and, the principles of solutions must be understood
The Gestalt pscyhologists referred to Wundt's system as
brick and mortar psychology
In Germany, the Gestalt protest of Wundt's system was
considered to be heresy
According to Lewin, life space
corresponds to all the events that can influence a person's behavior
Like Hull, Lewin proposed that motivation is a consequence of
disequilibrium
The Gestalt protest against Wundt's system focused on his
elementism
For Brentano, the subject matter of psychology was
experiences
The most outstanding feature of Lewin's social psychology is
group dynamics
For Mach, sensations are
independent of the elements of which they are composed
The basic premise of the Gestalt principles of perception is that perceptual organizations is
innate
It is known that before an eye movement or a finger movement occurs, it is possible to record altered activity in a specific cerebral cortex area. The Gestaltists would argue that this is support for the principle of
isomorphism
The Gestalt psychologists maintained that a correspondence called _________ exists between perceptual activity and brain activity
isomorphism
Perhaps the major contribution of Gestalt psychology to contemporary systems was the
legitimization of conscious experiences
The focus of Lewin's system was on
motivation
From the Gestalt perspective, insight requires that one
perceive the relationships between the components of the problem or issue
A(n) _____________ is a quality of wholeness or completeness in perceptual experiences that does not vary even when the actual sensory elements change
perceptual constancy
The unbiased description of immediate experience as it occurs is
phenomenology
The original source material from The Mentality of Apes, Kohler argued that "a particular difficulty must lie in the
problem itself"
The thrust of gestalt psychology's attack on behaviorism focused on
reductionism
Pavlov
replicated Kohler's work but found it to be "chaotic"
Like Skinner, Lewin argued that
statistics were not useful
An early test of Lewin's tension theory was done by Zeigarnik who discovered that humans
tend to remember unfinished tasks better than finished ones
Kohler's basic criterion for intelligence was
the ability to solve problems
Wertheimer defined "peripheral factors" as
the organizing principles present in the stimuli
The construct of the life space describes
the person's psychological field
Maslow's notion of self-actualization was partially based on
the personal characteristics of Max Wertheimer
"apparent movement" is another term for
the phi phenomenon
The observation that an undone task is remembered until completed is an illustration of
the zeigarnik effect
Gestalt psychologists believed that
there is more to perception than meets the eye
The Gestalt psychologists initially chose to focus on perception
to challenge Wundtian psychology directly
The Gestalt school's major difference with behaviorists was over the
utility of the concept of consciousness
The notion of Gestalt qualitaten was offered by
von Ehrenfels
Kohler argued that trial-and-error learning
was a consequence of not allowing the subject to see the whole situation
For Wertheimer, rote memorization and/or rote learning
was a necessary albeit distateful prerequisite for the learning of some material
Kohler's research on Tenerife
was analyzed based soley on his descriptions of incidents
The notion that form is a property of objects is
A definition of "Gestalt"
Psychologists attacked which aspect of Gestalt psychology?
All of the choices are correct
One of the major reasons that Gestalt psychology failed to become popular in the US apparently was
American scholars' belief that Gestalt theory had only to do with perception
The spontaneous understanding of a phenomenon is called
Einsicht
Concurrent with the rise of Gestalt psychology, the Zeitgeist in physics was embracing
Field theory
The leaders of the ________ immediately supported the Nazi regime and proclaimed the "evil influence" of the Jews
German Psychological Society
Which of the following statements indicates how Gestalt psychology and behaviorism treated the study of consciousness?
Gestalt psychology accepted the study of consciousness but criticized the attempt to analyze it intoelements. Hehaviorism refused to acknowledge the existence of consciousness
A group of psychologists at ____________ worked in phenomenology and anticipated the Gestalt school
Gottingen
How did Wertheimer explain the phi phenomenon?
He did not; he said it did not need explanation
The essence of the Gestalt system is found in the work of the philosopher
Kant
The Gestalt system was introduced to American scholars by
Koffka
This person was a subject in Wertheimer's research on the perception of apparent movement
Koffka and Kohler
The connection between certain aspects of Gestalt psychology and principles and terms of physics reflects
Kohler's training in physics
The term field theory was applied to whose system?
Lewin's
The importance of perceptual constancies in the Wundt versus Gestalt debate was that the experience supported
The Gestalt position that "completeness" of an experience is not altered when the actual sensory components of the experience are altered
____________ was the spokesperson for the Gestalt movement, studied thinking processes of chimpanzees
Wolfgang Kohler
Gestalt psychology started as a movement opposed to
Wundt's approach
Kohler reported that he was "shocked" by
Wundt's notion that psychological facts are composed of inert atoms
Kohler's findings occurred simultaneously with ________ discovery of ___________.
Yerkes', ideational learning
Wertheimer suggested that brain activity is
a "configural whole process"
For the school of Gestalt psychology, "form" was
a creation of the mind
Kohler argued that solving a problem requires
a restructuring of the perceptual field
In the Gestalt view, learning entails
a restructuring of the psychological environment
Contrary to the notion of a passive mind, as portrayed by the British empiricists, the German philosopher Kant held that the mind
actively organizes sensory information into a coherent experience
The Gestalt psychologists argued that elements
all of the choices are correct
An analysis of an overt behavior in Lewin's system requires a consideration of
all the choices are correct
Perhaps the best known of the books written by the Gestalt psychologists, The Mentality of Apes, was the result of
an accident of war
According to Kohler, insight involves
an immediate apprehension or cognition of relationships
Fields of force were like Gestalts in that they
are entities independent of the effects of individual particles