GGS 325 Final

Story of Muhammad

(1) Angel Gabriel tells Mohammed that he is the prophet and should start a new religion called Islam; (2) Mohammed gathers some followers and flees to Medina to escape persecution; (3) Gathers more followers and returns back to Mecca and conquers the city; along the way he names the body of all Muslims, Umma

Conclusions about women in MENA

-Islam required women to live in sequestration, indolence, and depravity -such idle and childish harem women "ruined" men and made them incapable of running their countries

Economies of MENA

-Ottomans imported 3-4 times more than they exported -internal trade within the empire was the most important part of political cohesion and economic prosperity in the ottoman empire -Europe exported tea, coffee and sugar to MENA -Middle East is known as the crossroads of trading

Ottoman Empire in MENA

-controlled much of modern day MENA from 1300 until end of WWI -aligned itself with central powers in WWI (central powers lost the war)

Fall of Babylonia

-internal opposition plus external pressure weakened Egypt and Babylonia -new states emerged -Babylonians absorbed their invaders -Egyptians expelled their invaders and expanded their empire to Syria

Sunni - Shia conflict

-resulted in political warfare as witnessed in Iraq, Syria, Yemen -Iran supports Shia, Saudi Arabia supports Sunni

Semitic and Indo Iranian Invasion

-river states were disrupted (Sumer was conquered) -Babylonian (Law giver) led by Hammurabi was formed -Indo-European mixed with local people brought in horse culture into the region -expanded their state to Nile Delta

Kingdom of Sumer

-southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent -known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture -considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it

What 3 factors helped Mesopotamia to flourish? Explain how each factor contributed to the growth of the Mesopotamia civilizations

1. Learned to keep the annual flooding under control to help with agriculture 2. cultivated grain and spread throughout the land 3. established governments to build dams and other structures

Knowledge of geography comes in handy in a war situation for which of the following reasons?

1. Understanding the logistics of moving soldiers and supplies 2. becoming familiar with the terrain of operations 3. appreciating the cultural values and diversity of peoples in the conflict zone 4. all of the above

Which of the following are criteria which link counties that form the different regions?

1. cultural 2. natural 3. economic 4. all of the above

According to your textbook and class discussion, early civilizations of the region(MENA), were marked by...

1. irrigation farming 2. huge accumulations of wealth and major buildings 3. writing 4. all of the above

Muhammad was born in Mecca _____ years after the birth of Christ.

571

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all acknowledge _____ as a founding patriarch.

Abraham

North Africa is separated from Sub-Saharan Africa by the ______, a transitional area between Islamic-dominated North Africa and animist- and Christian-dominated Sub-Saharan Africa.

African Transition Zone

The predominant language in MENA is...

Arabic

Mesopotamia gave rise to a historical cradle of civilization that include the ___ Empire, established during the Bronze Age.

Assyrian, Babylonia, Sumerian, and Akkadian

In A.D. 70 Jerusalem was destroyed by...

Babylonians

Name two rivers we discussed on your map quiz that converge to form the Nile

Blue and White

According to the knowledge you have acquired from this class, which of the following is not considered a feature of the natural landscape?

CANAL Lake River Mountains

_______ is considered the world's second-largest religion.

Christianity

What are the major religion originated in MENA?

Christianity, Judaism and Islam

Those who felt that the successor to ________ should be a worthy follower and did not need to be a blood relative established the branch of Islam that became known as ___, which makes up about ___% of Muslims.

Cyrus, Sunni, 84%

__________ studies the spatial patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Economic geography

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom had power over which countries?

Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Iraq, Jordan, Israel

Partition of the Middle East

European politicians partitioned the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war -paid no attention to the religious or ethnic groups living in the area when they drew new boundaries

True or False: One of the pillars of Islam is to preform prayer 4 times a day.

False - 5 times a day

True or False: Northeastern United States a location of early civilization.

False. the Huang He (Yellow River) of China, Coastal Peru, Mesopotamia, and The Upper and Lower Nile are locations of early civilizations.

The main language in Iran is...

Farsi

Iraq lies in the ______ between the _____ and _____ Rivers, where the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia were established.

Fertile Crescent, Tigris, Euphrates

What is one of the basic causes of the Arab Spring?

Growing numbers of educated youth unable to find work and not allowed to express themselves in politics

MENA and the Hebrews

Hebrews under King David set up kingdom in Palestine with its capital Jerusalem -Hebrews developed faith in one God

_______ means one should conduct at least one pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.

Hijja

People live where it's easiest to live. Describe these settlement patterns.

In MENA, you will notice that populations are focused around water supplies, mountains

What are the religious differences between Iraq and Iran?

Iran is predominantly Shia, and Iraq has a mixture of Shias and Sunnis

Though most of the population in the Middle East is Islamic, there are exceptions, such as in _____, which has a Jewish majority.

Israel

According to our map exercise, which of the following associations of countries and their respective colonist is not correct.. Lebanon/Spanish Bahrain/British Tunisia/French Syria/French

Lebanon/Spanish

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Italians had power over which countries?

Libya

According to our discussion leader presentation on economic geography of the region, what does structural adjustment program (SAP) involve?

Measures to reduce inflation, measures to curb government expenditure, deregulation

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the French had power over which countries?

Moracco, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, Lebanon

By the time of ______, Mecca is said to have been a center of worship to more than 360 deities or gods.

Muhammad

________ are the main attraction of the region driving the economic forces that determine the development patterns of individual countries.

Natural resources

What is the Fertile Crescent?

Nile River Delta and around the Mediterranean Sea

Before Israel was established in 1948, the country was called _______.

Palestine

According to our discussion and textbook on the historical context of North Africa and the Middle East, the Sumerians believed in...

Polytheism

According to the economic geography of MENA, which countries have gained the most money from oil?

Qatar, U.A.E., Saudi Arabia, Iraq

The holy cities of Mecca and Medina are located in...

Saudi Arabia

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which countries stayed independent of European control?

Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey

One division of Muslims thought Muhammad's successor should be a blood relative - this division led to the _____ branch of Islam, which makes up about 15% of Muslims.

Shia

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Spanish had power over which countries?

The northeastern tip and the southwestern tip of Moracco

The _______ provides fresh water for Syria, but its headwaters originate in _______, where large dams restrict the flow.

Tigris, Turkey

True or False: The Middle East and North Africa lie at the junction of tricontinental.

True

The first eruption in the Arab Spring occurred in December 2010 in....

Tunisia

The only member of NATO in the Middle East and North Africa, ___ is considered one of the United States' closet allies in the region.

Turkey

With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which of the following countries moved toward embracing secular nationalism? 1.Iran 2.Pakistan 3.Turkey 4.Saudi Arabia

Turkey

Water politics, also called hydro-politics, is politics affected by the availability of water and water resources. According to our class discussion and Guest Speaker, in the MENA, this is particularly crucial in the relations between which set of countries?

Turkey, Syria and Iraq

Which of the following countries and cities do not match? Turkey/Istanbul Iraq/Baghdad Iran/Tehran Jordan/Amman

Turkey/Istanbul

According to economic geography of the region, all of the following are oil rich countries except... Yemen Saudi Arabia Iraq United Arab Emirates

Yemen

In a 1945 meeting in San Francisco, the United Nations accepted a proposal to create _____ carved out of land in Palestine.

a Jewish state

What would a night time satellite image of Egypt reveal?

a snake of light along the Nile River, surrounded by deep darkness

The economic foundation of classical Persian society was...

agriculture

Which of the following is not associated with the Phoenicians? agriculture alphabetic script city-states shipbuilding

agriculture

Which of the following did Sumerian cities and their governments do? 1.organize work on building projects 2.rule over the area surrounding the city 3.oversee the construction and maintenance of irrigation systems 4.organize the defense of the city against attacks 5.all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is not true of the land called Mesopotamia? It lies between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. It is a land of abundant rainfall and fertile plains. It is located in modern-day Iraq. It was the home of the Sumerians. All of the above.

all of the above

Physical geographers would be least likely to study...

churches

A system in which people from one country settle in another, maintaining connections to the mother country, most often used in the context of the exploitation of weaker countries by imperial powers is referred to as...

colonialism

Though various climate types can be found in this realm, the _____ climate dominates and covers most of the physical area.

dry or arid type b

demography

encompasses vital statistics about people such as births, deaths, distribution, and population size

Regions are dynamic because they involve...

flows of people, goods and ideas

Population pyramid

graphical representation of a population's age and sex structure (shows the age/gender composition of a population and its age/gender structure the "structure" describes the relative number of people at different ages by gender the shape of a population pyramid is a result of migration, births, deaths, as well as life expectancy

The key element in the expansion of the Indo-Europeans from their homeland was...

horses

What is the climate in most of the Middle East?

hot and dry

The spatial term "Middle East" according to our textbook______.

is considered Eurocentric and insensitive

The term "Islam" means...

peace

Islam first united the many traditional groups of Arabia with _____ and then with the _____.

religion, Arabic language

Countries are called ______ when religious codes take precedence over civil law.

religious states

According to the climatic conditions of the Middle East and North Africa, a climate that has hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters is called...

temperate Mediterranean

Palestinians living in ______ can only rely on outside support to survive.

the Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Which of the following places did not come under the control of the Muslim Ottomans? Albania Anatolia Egypt the Iranian plateau Tunisia

the Iranian plateau

Which of the following peoples did not rule a Mesopotamian empire? the Assyrians the Hittites the Jews the Chaldeans the Akkadians

the Jews

According to what we have discussed in class, before WWI, the MENA was ruled by...

the Ottoman Empire

The origins of the current regional tension over the state of Israel can be traced to the first century C.E. when...

the Roman army destroyed Jerusalem and dispersed the Jews throughout the Mediterranean

The global chock point that Egypt controls is...

the Suez Canal

Shiites believe that

the caliph must be a direct descendant of Muhammad

Dependency ratios

the dependency ratio tells you how many economically inactive people (0-15 and 65+) are dependent upon the economically active population

Prophet Muhammad

the founder of Islam, believed to be the last true prophet sent by God, wrote the Koran which were his revelations, born 571 years after the birth of Christ and 100 years after the fall of the Roman Empire

Doubling time

the number of years it would take a population to double its size at its current growth rate doubling time (T) = 70/annual percentage rate

A major reason for the decline of the Islamic Empires was...

the refusal to accept new ideas and technologies from the West

Death of Muhammad led to...

the split in the Empire, Sunni vs Shiite Muslims

In our first lecture this semester, we discussed how world regions are aligned with the concepts of geography. And according to our discussion, Geography is BEST described as...

the study of how and why human and physical attributes vary from place to place on the surface of the earth

Sunnis believe that

the successors should be pious males -majority of Muslims

During the first week of the semester talked about physical geography of the Middle East and North Africa. Physical systems in geography include...

weather and climate, landforms