Sociology 134: Week 2

________ is best described as the argument that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions.

Biological determinism

What was the context in which the concept of ethnicity was invented?

a.It was invented by the British empire to differentiate between British people who stayed or left the country. b.It was invented after World War II to define Jewish people in terms other than "race." c.It was created by Americans to make sense of the new immigration from southern and eastern Europe. d.It was created to reflect the movement of people from various African countries around the world.

A person's ________ is their family lineage, which often includes tribal, regional, or national affiliation.

ancestry

Although many people think of Tiger Woods as African American, he considers himself multiracial and as a child invented the term "Cablinasian" to describe himself. This example helps us understand the complex relationship between ________.

ancestry and phenotype ?

In the United States, ________ often creates distinctions and identities within ________. For instance, four people may be considered white, yet they may each have ancestry and cultural traditions originating from different countries, including Poland, Ireland, England, and Norway.

ethnicity; racial groups

Racial taxonomies are bound to their specific social and ________ contexts.

historical

When racial categories are considered natural and immutable, they have become ________ in a society.

naturalized

A person's ________ is their physical appearance, including skeletal structure, height, hair texture, eye color, and skin tone.

phenotype

The current ________ in the United States delineates five major groups. a.

racial taxonomy

Sociologists believe that race is a(n)

social construction

Race, ethnicity, and nationality are overlapping ________ that are mutually reinforcing and cannot be understood in isolation from one another.

symbolic categories

Aliya Saperstein and Andrew Penner used longitudinal survey data that followed 12,000 Americans for nineteen years, beginning when they were teenagers. Which of the following did they find?

People who were initially classified as "multiracial" on the Census drifted toward a single category by the end of the nineteen-year period. ??

What did Charles Darwin determine about racial differences in biology?

Race has no biological grounding.

Race is often described with reference to ________, but there is much more genetic variation within ________ than between them.

biological markers; traditionally defined racial groups