Give Me Liberty!: An American History, AP Edition, Eric Foner, Third Edition

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

An autobiography of an freed slave that gives insight into slave life and challenges many period stereotypes towards blacks.

Plantation

An early word for a colony, a settlement planted from abroad among an alien population in Ireland or the New World. Later, a large agricultural enterprise that used unfree labor to produce a crop for the world market.

''Christian liberty''

An idea common in Europe that freedom would come from abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of Christ.

English liberty

An idea that certain ''rights of Englishmen'' applied to all within the kingdom.

Yamasee uprising

An uprising in Carolina by Indians sparked by fears over trade debts owed to colonists.

Stono Rebellion

An uprising in South Carolina by slaves that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

Pequot War

An armed conflict that led to the destruction of one of New England's most powerful Indian groups.

Neolin

A Delaware religious prophet whose teachings contributed to Pontiac's Rebellion.

Zheng He

A Chinese Admiral who led seven large naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean.

Pope

A Pueblo Indian who became the main organizer of an uprising that aimed to drive the Spanish from their colony and restore the Indians' traditional autonomy.

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan compromise allowing for the baptism and a subordinate church membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration.

Moral liberty

A Puritan concept meaning ''a liberty to that only which is good.''

Encomienda system

A Spanish system under which the first settlers had been granted authority over conquered Indian lands with the right to extract forced labor from the native inhabitants.

Metacom

A Wampanoag leader, called King Philip by colonists, who was the mastermind behind a 1675 uprising against settlers known as King Philip's War.

Roanoke colony

A base set up off the North Carolina coast in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh.

Cahokia

A city near present-day St. Louis that was a fortified community created by ''mound builders,'' which had a population between 10,000 and 30,000 in the year 1200.

Father Junipero Serra

A controversial figure who founded the first California mission in San Diego in 1769.

Glorious Revolution

A coup engineered by a small group of aristocrats that led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II

Seditious libel

A crime that included defaming government officials in published works.

Salem witch trials

A crisis of trials and executions in Salem, Massachusetts, that came about from anxiety over witchcraft in 1692.

Maize

A crop that formed the basis of agriculture in the Western Hemisphere.

''virtual representation''

A doctrine which stated that the House of Commons represented all residents of the British empire, whether or not they could vote for members.

Walking Purchase

A fraudulent transaction in 1737 whereby Pennsylvania Governor James Logan acquired a large tract of land by hiring runners to mark land; the Lenni Lanape Indians had agreed to cede land that a man could walk in thirty-six hours.

Loyal Nine

A group of merchants and craftsmen who had taken the lead in opposing the Stamp Act.

Gullah

A language that mixed various African roots that was mostly unintelligible to whites.

English Toleration Act

A law of 1690 that allowed all Protestants to worship freely.

''cousinocracy''

A term referring to the tight-knit and intermarried nature of the Virginia upper class.

Backcountry

An area stretching from central Pennsylvania southward through the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and into upland North and South Carolina.

''salutary neglect''

A policy adopted by British governments that left the colonies largely to govern themselves.

The Sovereignty and Goodness of God

A popular captivity narrative written by Mary Rowlandson.

Virginia Company

A private business organization whose shareholders included merchants, aristocrats, and members of Parliament.

Pontiac's Rebellion

A revolt against British rule in 1763 by Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes.

Las Siete Partidas

A series of Spanish laws granting slaves certain rights relating to marriage, the holding of property, and access to freedom.

Caravel

A ship capable of long-distance travel.

Wampum

A string of beads used by Indians in religious rituals and as currency.

Uprising of 1622

A surprise attack on Virginia's settlers that was led by Opechancanough.

Headright system

A system in which any colonist who paid for his own or another's passage from London was rewarded with fifty acres of land.

''task'' system"

A system whereby individual slaves were assigned daily jobs, and the completion of which allowed them time for leisure or farming of their own.

Redemptioners

A term for indentured families.

Mercantilist system

A theory that government should regulate economic activity as to promote national power.

Act Concerning Religion

Adopted in Maryland in 1649; institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning.

Enclosure movement

An agricultural process that introduced more modern farming practices, such as crop rotation and the fencing of ''commons.''

Covenant Chain

An alliance formed by Sir Edmund Andros, in which the imperial ambitions of the English and Indians reinforced one another in New York.

Iroquois

An alliance of five peoples living in present-day New York and Pennsylvania - the Mohawk, Oneido, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga - which formed a Great League of Peace.

King Philip's War

Beginning in 1675, an uprising against white colonists by Indians. A multi-year conflict, the end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the disposession of the region's Indians.

Virtue

Defined in the eighteenth century as both a personal moral quality but also the willingness to subordinate self-interest to the pursuit of the public good.

Navigation Acts

Passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650-1775; enforcement of the acts led to growing resentment by colonists.

Metis

Children of marriages between Indian women and French traders or officials.

Dominion of New England

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies, and later New York and New Jersey, by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.

Albany Plan of Union

Drafted by Benjamin Franklin in 1754; envisioned the creation of a Grand Council composed of delegates from each colony, with the power to levy taxes and deal with Indian relations and common defense.

English Bill of Rights

Enacted in 1689 by Parliament; listed parliamentary powers such as control over taxation as well as rights of individuals, including trial by jury.

Slave code

Enacted in 1705 by the House of Burgesses, this legislation created the provision of white supremacy over slaves and blacks.

Puritans

English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630.

Runaways

Escaped slaves seeking freedom from their owners.

Lords of Trade

Established in 1675 by England to oversee colonial affairs.

Circulating libraries

Establishments that made possible wider dissemination of knowledge, as books were still expensive. The first, the Library Company of Philadelphia, was established by Benjamin Franklin in 1731.

Great Awakening

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield.

Sons of Liberty

Organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act.

Huguenots

French Protestant colonists in America.

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia expelled by the British.

Freedom of expression

Generally not considered one of the ancient rights of Englishmen; there was no legal protection of free speech in the 17th century.

Committees of Correspondence

Groups that communicated with those in other colonies to encourage opposition to the Sugar and Currency acts

Black Legend

Idea that the Spanish New World empire was more oppressive toward the Indians than other European empires; was used as a justification for English imperial expansion.

Sugar Act

Introduced in 1764 by Prime Minister George Grenville, reducing the tax on molasses imported into North America from the French West Indies, but also establishing a new machinery to end the widespread smuggling by colonial merchants.

Great Migration

Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years.

Liberalism

Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting the power of government to interfere with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.

Writs of assistance

One of the colonies main complaints against Britain, the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling.

Creoles

Persons born in the New World of European ancestry.

Peninsulares

Persons of European birth living in the colonies.

Republicanism

Political theory in eighteenth-century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom.

Factories

Portuguese fortified trading posts on the western coast of Africa.

Captivity narratives

Publications written by colonists who had been captured by Indians.

Pilgrims

Puritan Separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620.

Society of Friends (Quakers)

Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the inner light or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.

American Enlightenment

Revolution in thought in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion.

Indentured servant

Settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World; Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by English and German indentured servants.

Patroons

Shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor.

Mayflower Compact

Signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, the document committed the group to majority-rule government.

Artisans

Skilled craftsmen.

Presidios

Spanish military outposts in Texas.

Mestizos

Spanish word for person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

Reconquista

The ''reconquest'' of Spain from the Moors by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

Anglicanism

The Church of England.

''middle ground''

The area between European empires and Indian sovereignty that contained intermixed villages of settlers and tribes.

''deference''

The assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried a right to public office.

Tenochtitlan

The capital city of the Aztec empire, in present-day Mexico.

Sugar

The chief crop produced by slaves in the Western Hemisphere during the eighteenth century.

Tobacco colony

The expansion of tobacco cultivation in Virginia.

House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in colonial America.

John Winthrop

The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

John Smith

The leader of the early Virginia colony.

Dower rights

The right of a married woman to one-third of her husband's property in the event that he died before she did.

Atlantic slave trade

The systematic importation of African slaves from their native continent across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World, largely fuelled by rising demand for sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco.

Columbian Exchange

The transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with Columbus's voyages.

Middle Passage

The voyage of slaves across the Atlantic.

Bacon's Rebellion

Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands.

Pueblo Revolt

Uprising in 1680 in which Pueblo Indians temporarily drove Spanish colonists out of modern-day New Mexico.

Freedom of the press

Viewed as dangerous by both American and European governments.

Two Treatises of Government

Written by John Locke around 1680, but became largely influential in the next century. He wrote on the principles of government, the social contract between man and government, and the natural rights of man.

A Discourse Concerning Western Planting

Written in 1584 by Richard Hakluyt, this work lists twenty-three reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies.