GLG112 FINAL EXAM
If a stream drops 15 meters in 15 kilometers, what is its gradient?
1 meter per kilometer
When might yellowstone erupt again?
140,000 years
When was the caldera at Santorini active?
1613- 360
What stream order has the lowest discharge
1st
What was hurricane Katrina's highest storm surge height?
28 feet
How long did it take hurricane Katrina storm surge to rise?
3 in a half hours
Choose the order of the stream where you would expect a flood with the largest discharge.
4th order
You expect hurricanes between ____ and ___ degrees N & S of equator.
5 and 20
Low barometric pressure=
=moisture rising,storms
What event triggered the main eruption of Mount St. Helens May 1980?
A landslide that removed rocks & released pressure on the magma
A sandbar deposited along the inside of stream meanders due to lower velocity is a?
A point bar
Which site along this stream would have the highest velocity for that segment of the stream?
C
Which of the following types of eruptions is among the most deadly of natural disasters?
Caldera-forming
Which of the following is not a possible reason for the creation of a braided stream?
Change in floodplain size
What happens to the erosive power of a stream as velocity increases?
Erosion increases.
The downfall of which ancient civilization in the Mediterranean closely followed the caldera-forming eruption at Santorini?
Minoan
wind/ocean currents deflects to the right in the ____
N. hemisphere, counter-clockwise
3 types of hurricane destruction
Rain, Wind, Storm surge
Decrease flooding?
Retention ponds, Flood walls, Levees
wind/ocean currents deflects to the left in the _________
S. hemisphere,clockwise
T F 1st order streams have no tributaries.
True
T F 1st orders join to form 2nd orders and so on
True
T or F The main hazard of an eruption that forms a large caldera is: burning, building collapse, and suffocation from an eruption column and pyroclastic flows
True
T or F the probability of a 100-year flood occurring on any given year is 1:100
True
Increase flooding?
Urbanization
Why is the NE quadrant of a northern hemisphere storm the strongest?
Winds are travelling in the same direction as the weather system
All of the following are lines of evidence written by Plato that support the hypothesis that Santorini is the location of the lost city of Atlantis except:
Zeus, the God of sky and thunder, sent "lightening and thunder" onto the city
High barometric pressure=
air descending=sunny, no clouds
weather is the state of the atmosphere _______________
at given place and time
Which of the following is true about the formation and migration of meanders?
back and forth migration can help form a floodplain
Spiral rain bands of hurricane?
bands circulates H/L pressure around the eye
A river at capacity is considered
bank full
The lowest level to which a stream can erode is its:
base level
Zone of deposition is?
base level, or delta
Zone of transportation
central, trunk streams
The cross-sectional area of the channel of a stream or river is calculated by:
channel width X average depth
How do hurricanes lose strength?
cold water land
What is the tectonic setting for Yellowstone?
continental hot spot
Sinuosity: the amount that a river or stream channel_____________
curves in a given length
What happens to a river sediment load as it flows through a delta and encounters the sea?
decreases
flowing through a channel of water over a given amount of time is called its:
discharge
What signs show Santorini is still active?
earthquakes, ground inflation, changes in gas emission
List some hazards of Super Plinian eruptions
economic downfall, tsunamis, global cooling, volcanic weather
T or F The discharge for a 100-year flood is the same for all streams and rivers.
false
Perennial stream
flows all year round
Ash layers from the three most recent caldera-forming eruptions at Yellowstone (2.1, 1.3, and 0.64 million years ago) stretch:
from Canada to Mexico
lower ___________ is true about the base level of a stream.
gradient
The area of origin of a river is the:
headwater
Zone of erosion is located?
headwaters
Which of the following are NOT associated with a hurricane?
high atmospheric pressure
Which of the following accompanies urbanization, runoff occurs more quickly and produces a ___________ peak flow.
higher
Eye wall of hurricane?
highest wind speed
What units of measure would most likely be represented by letters A-E on the bottom of the accompanying hydrograph?
hours
What happens to water velocity downstream?
increases
The most common cause of river and stream flooding?
intense rain
It is not classified as a hurricane unless?
it reaches 74mph or above
climate is the ______________
longterm average of weather
Eye of a hurricane?
lowest pressure
What stream type is dominated by erosion and disposition?
meandering
Ephemeral stream
only flows intermittently during the year
When discharge is greater than the carrying capacity of the channel flooding
overbank flow
When meander scars are filled with water, they are called:
oxbow lakes
Where do hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones form?
pacific and atlantic oceans
Which sediment sizes are to be transported mostly on the bottom of the stream bed?
pebbles and cobbles
Which is not an example of recent volcanic activity at either Yellowstone or Santorini?
pyroclastic flows
What typically decreases downstream in a river?
sediment grain size
The amount of sediment carried by a stream is the:
sediment load
Why does a meandering stream create a wide, flat floodplain? Because the gradient is shallow so ___________________ erosion dominates
side-to-side
What three factors of a drainage basin influence the flow response to rainfall?
slope, size, shape
We use a hydrograph to measure amount of discharge over time shows how____________ a flood __________
slow/fast rises/falls
it is properly called a flood when water _______ ________ over the floodplain
spreads out
High winds combined with low pressure generate giant waves and massive flooding is a?
storm surge
The Coriolis effect describes the deflection of moving objects relative_______
to rotating frame reference
A dendritic stream pattern is made up of a series of _________ with one main trunk
tributaries
Smaller subsidiary channels that feed main channels of rivers are called:
tributaries
How do hurricanes gain strength?
warm water
What is Akrotiri and why is it important?
was an ancient city buried and preserved by pumice and ash (was relatively advanced for that time.)
What is barometric pressure?
weight of atmosphere bearing down on earth