GLG112 FINAL EXAM

If a stream drops 15 meters in 15 kilometers, what is its gradient?

1 meter per kilometer

When might yellowstone erupt again?

140,000 years

When was the caldera at Santorini active?

1613- 360

What stream order has the lowest discharge

1st

What was hurricane Katrina's highest storm surge height?

28 feet

How long did it take hurricane Katrina storm surge to rise?

3 in a half hours

Choose the order of the stream where you would expect a flood with the largest discharge.

4th order

You expect hurricanes between ____ and ___ degrees N & S of equator.

5 and 20

Low barometric pressure=

=moisture rising,storms

What event triggered the main eruption of Mount St. Helens May 1980?

A landslide that removed rocks & released pressure on the magma

A sandbar deposited along the inside of stream meanders due to lower velocity is a?

A point bar

Which site along this stream would have the highest velocity for that segment of the stream?

C

Which of the following types of eruptions is among the most deadly of natural disasters?

Caldera-forming

Which of the following is not a possible reason for the creation of a braided stream?

Change in floodplain size

What happens to the erosive power of a stream as velocity increases?

Erosion increases.

The downfall of which ancient civilization in the Mediterranean closely followed the caldera-forming eruption at Santorini?

Minoan

wind/ocean currents deflects to the right in the ____

N. hemisphere, counter-clockwise

3 types of hurricane destruction

Rain, Wind, Storm surge

Decrease flooding?

Retention ponds, Flood walls, Levees

wind/ocean currents deflects to the left in the _________

S. hemisphere,clockwise

T F 1st order streams have no tributaries.

True

T F 1st orders join to form 2nd orders and so on

True

T or F The main hazard of an eruption that forms a large caldera is: burning, building collapse, and suffocation from an eruption column and pyroclastic flows

True

T or F the probability of a 100-year flood occurring on any given year is 1:100

True

Increase flooding?

Urbanization

Why is the NE quadrant of a northern hemisphere storm the strongest?

Winds are travelling in the same direction as the weather system

All of the following are lines of evidence written by Plato that support the hypothesis that Santorini is the location of the lost city of Atlantis except:

Zeus, the God of sky and thunder, sent "lightening and thunder" onto the city

High barometric pressure=

air descending=sunny, no clouds

weather is the state of the atmosphere _______________

at given place and time

Which of the following is true about the formation and migration of meanders?

back and forth migration can help form a floodplain

Spiral rain bands of hurricane?

bands circulates H/L pressure around the eye

A river at capacity is considered

bank full

The lowest level to which a stream can erode is its:

base level

Zone of deposition is?

base level, or delta

Zone of transportation

central, trunk streams

The cross-sectional area of the channel of a stream or river is calculated by:

channel width X average depth

How do hurricanes lose strength?

cold water land

What is the tectonic setting for Yellowstone?

continental hot spot

Sinuosity: the amount that a river or stream channel_____________

curves in a given length

What happens to a river sediment load as it flows through a delta and encounters the sea?

decreases

flowing through a channel of water over a given amount of time is called its:

discharge

What signs show Santorini is still active?

earthquakes, ground inflation, changes in gas emission

List some hazards of Super Plinian eruptions

economic downfall, tsunamis, global cooling, volcanic weather

T or F The discharge for a 100-year flood is the same for all streams and rivers.

false

Perennial stream

flows all year round

Ash layers from the three most recent caldera-forming eruptions at Yellowstone (2.1, 1.3, and 0.64 million years ago) stretch:

from Canada to Mexico

lower ___________ is true about the base level of a stream.

gradient

The area of origin of a river is the:

headwater

Zone of erosion is located?

headwaters

Which of the following are NOT associated with a hurricane?

high atmospheric pressure

Which of the following accompanies urbanization, runoff occurs more quickly and produces a ___________ peak flow.

higher

Eye wall of hurricane?

highest wind speed

What units of measure would most likely be represented by letters A-E on the bottom of the accompanying hydrograph?

hours

What happens to water velocity downstream?

increases

The most common cause of river and stream flooding?

intense rain

It is not classified as a hurricane unless?

it reaches 74mph or above

climate is the ______________

longterm average of weather

Eye of a hurricane?

lowest pressure

What stream type is dominated by erosion and disposition?

meandering

Ephemeral stream

only flows intermittently during the year

When discharge is greater than the carrying capacity of the channel flooding

overbank flow

When meander scars are filled with water, they are called:

oxbow lakes

Where do hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones form?

pacific and atlantic oceans

Which sediment sizes are to be transported mostly on the bottom of the stream bed?

pebbles and cobbles

Which is not an example of recent volcanic activity at either Yellowstone or Santorini?

pyroclastic flows

What typically decreases downstream in a river?

sediment grain size

The amount of sediment carried by a stream is the:

sediment load

Why does a meandering stream create a wide, flat floodplain? Because the gradient is shallow so ___________________ erosion dominates

side-to-side

What three factors of a drainage basin influence the flow response to rainfall?

slope, size, shape

We use a hydrograph to measure amount of discharge over time shows how____________ a flood __________

slow/fast rises/falls

it is properly called a flood when water _______ ________ over the floodplain

spreads out

High winds combined with low pressure generate giant waves and massive flooding is a?

storm surge

The Coriolis effect describes the deflection of moving objects relative_______

to rotating frame reference

A dendritic stream pattern is made up of a series of _________ with one main trunk

tributaries

Smaller subsidiary channels that feed main channels of rivers are called:

tributaries

How do hurricanes gain strength?

warm water

What is Akrotiri and why is it important?

was an ancient city buried and preserved by pumice and ash (was relatively advanced for that time.)

What is barometric pressure?

weight of atmosphere bearing down on earth