Global Cities Exam 1
Characteristics of cities in the middle period
Cities of the Middle Period (fall of Rome to Industrialization) -Focus on mercantilism -- state power to control commerce and trade -Walled cities for defense, central market squares for commerce and social life -European cities experienced decline and rebirth -Cities in non-Western world maintained continuous status and growth
gateway cities
Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.
Patterns of US migrations over time
Internal Migration -Strong westward movement -Rural to urban migration during early industrialization -Black exodus from the south to northern cities -Growth of the sunbelt south cities as people moved away from rustbelt northern cities Immigration -Diversity growing over time due to consistent immigration -Distinct geography to immigration •Asians to the west coast •Europeans to east coast and upper midwest •Latin Americans to hispanic borderlands to the southwest -Heightened immigration since WWII to key immigrant gateway cities --New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Toronto for example -Recent trend of new immigrants moving straight to suburbs
city
a large town/ human settlement
urban agglomeration
an urbanized core region that consists of several adjacent cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbs
urbanization
the growth of cities
brain drain
the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
Characteristics of U.S. cities (related to Growth of the American City slide)
-Grid layout plan/pattern. Known as North American Sprawling Decentralized Metropolis -Sprawl and decentralization associated with evolution of transportation technology -Pedestrian/horsecar cities are walking inner cities. Automobiles/evolution caused streets, freeways, etc. to be built around the walking cities with suburbs going outward. Inner cities are declining.
industrial city
A city characterized by relatively large size, open competition, an open class system, and elaborate specialization in the manufacturing of goods. a zone or area that consists of a cluster of stand-alone industrial facilities, all operating simultaneously. It is usually located on the outskirts of a city, and is normally provided with good transportation access, including road and rail.
gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
edge cities
A term introduced by Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the CBD toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern buildings
urbanism
A term used by Louis Wirth to denote distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality.
Specific global city status indicators
Alpha+++ cities are ones most integrated with the global economy -NY and London Alpha+ cities are advanced service niches for global economy - Hong Kong for financial services Alpha- cities are ones that link major economic regions into the world economy - Los Angeles, Moscow Beta cities link moderate economic regions to the world economy - Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Gamma cities link smaller economic regions to the world economy -Ankara, Turkey There is mobility here with city status - the idea of emerging global cities is important Other important urban hierarchy levels: Regional Hubs: an anchor city for a region but with few global connections Provincial Cities: a city with little influence beyond its borders
multiplier effect
An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.
Sustainability efforts in Mexico City from the class video
Anti-pollution efforts: See video
Twin cities phenomenon and maquiladores
Border cities that established special reciprocal relationships -Labor exchange beginning in WWII era -Grew into important sites for maquiladores assembly industry during Border Industrialization Program -Now considered transnational conurbations Examples -Ciudad, Juarez, Chihuahua AND El Paso, Texas -Dajabon, DR AND Quanaminthe, Haiti
Characteristics of Global Cities
Business Activity Variety of international linkages and financial services Headquarters to multinational corporations Dominates the trade and commerce of a large surrounding area Major manufacturing presence often with port-container facilities Human Capital Post-industrial economy with many employed in the knowledge economy (technology corridors, eds and meds research) Information exchange Centers of media and communication global networks Cultural experience Centers of innovation in business, culture, politics Extensive service and entertainment infrastructure Political engagement Considerable global decision making power and influence, political institutions located there
Channel migration - what it is and why/how it happens
Channel Migration: or chain migration - a specific pattern to human migration from one starting point to another ending point. We see this clearly with the great migration of blacks from the south to the north during the great migration of the early 20th century. What might have contributed to these patterns? Social networks, transportation routes are two important processes to consider here.
Map analysis: where in the world are immigrants going?
Check notebook
pace of urbanization
Cities growing at a faster rate than overall population Scale of urbanization is increasing -- megacities, metacities, megalopolis This rate and scale pattern places increased pressure on urban environments, management, and structure/organization -Urban Challenges: issues around environmental problems, managing population growth, managing urban inequality, urban services, housing and settlement, employment, racial/ethnic diversity, built environment modernization, globalization, increased congestion and traffic, urban governance
Common land use distribution with percentages
Common land-use distribution: -30% residential -20% roads and highways -15% public land/parks, government buildings -10% industrial/manufacturing -4% commercial -20% vacant or undeveloped land
Patterns of settlement for new migrants to arrival cities
Doug Saunders: his concept of ARRIVAL CITIES describes how cities change due to immigration and how opportunity structures differ among places. Arrival Cities differ between the Less Developed and the More Developed worlds. In the More Developed world, gateway cities are home to large populations of international immigrants. In the Less Developed world that is still experiencing rural-to-urban migration, cities are exploding through this internal migration.
Characteristics of Spanish colonial city layout
European influences: Castilian towns, Italian Renaissance -Classical Greek and Roman grid layout -Architectural patterns reminiscent of southern Spain Central Plaza -Parklike features -- paved walkways, benches, ornamental plantings, possibly kiosk or bandstand -Facing the plaza were the most important buildings in town: principal church, government buildings, business offices, cafes and restaurants -Plaza served important social role: social interaction, marketplace, political rallies, services -Zócalo-- Mexican main square/plaza Residences -Interior courtyards for privacy and relaxation -Elite residences close to central plaza -Barrios: Outlying sections of town occupied by Native Indian workers and contained industry Wealthy people closer to the central plaza while native people and workers are relegated to the outer, less prestigious neighborhoods.
Earthquakes in the Caribbean
Every year over 1,200 earthquakes are recorded in the Eastern Caribbean Either tectonic or volcanic in origin Largest was in Cayman in January 2020 at 7.7 magnitude
Characteristics of main models of urban spatial structure
General land use models help explain distribution of population and industry within cities: Concentric Zone: An urban development model based on human ecology theory that views cities as a series of five circular rings or zones, originating with a central business district Sector: proposed that a city develops in sectors instead of rings. As the city grows and these activities flourish and expand outward, they do so in a wedge and become a sector of the city Multiple Nuclei: a city contains more than one center around which activities revolve. Some activities are attracted to particular nodes while others try to avoid them.
Reasons that arrival cities work or fail
How can cities benefit from increased immigration? New businesses - immigrants often start small businesses and this can revive a shrinking city. Growing population has a multiplier effect - not just from new businesses - immigrants to a new place fuel the need for lots of related services and businesses. Gateway cities are thriving economically - new people increase the pool of workers, often skilled workers. Growing economies need immigrants. Many places are not hotspots for post-industrial internal migration of the creative class and knowledge workers, but can become magnets for immigrants that can in effect revitalize the space. Check notebook for how they fail
Idea of hyperdiversity
Hyperdiversity: condition in which a city experiences and appreciates its multiculturalism on many levels. It is a growing movement that is thinking about diversity as an asset. Hyperdiverse cities include people with a number of different ethnicities, cultures, socio-economic statuses, etc. An example of the theory that hyperdiverse cities have the potential for greater social mobility
Migration trends in Washington, DC, Sydney, Paris
In Washington, DC, skilled immigrants are moving straight to middle and upper class suburbs, bypassing the traditional inner city locations all together. In Sydney, tensions are increasing around the mixing of cultures/religion with Mosques under greater scrutiny. Paris is witnessing high numbers of immigrants from former colonies who are forming immigrant enclaves in less desirable parts of the city/suburbs. In Moscow, Muslims from former Soviet republics are bridging the cultural gap through language instruction.
Map analysis: US cities associated with industrial era and post-industrial era
Industrial: Geography of the Industrial Urban Economy- cities as industrial centers, certain regions also appeared that got larger chunks of the pie. Industrial cities dotted the country and cities in certain regions grew in size and importance. During the industrial era, the midwestern cities of what is known as "The Rust Belt" - centers for steel and manufacturing such as Detroit and Pittsburgh flourished. Once manufacturing declined as the post-industrial era took hold, only those former manufacturing cities that could reinvent themselves as knowledge hubs with key global links continued to thrive. Cities on this map with red circles around the black dots are ones that now have evolved to play an integral role in the post- industrial global economy. San Francisco, Houston, Chicago, Toronto, etc. are all examples of cities that have maintained global status through sectoral transformation. Post-Industrial: Knowledge economy is more geographically concentrated in certain cities - the geography of key nodes in the post-industrial economy encompasses a different set of cities than the industrial economy. The larger circles here represent places that are attracting the bulk of the foreign-skilled workers. These are workers coming the the US to work knowledge economy jobs. You see cities like Seattle, North Carolina's Research Triangle, San Francisco, as prominent in today's post-industrial economy. Cities like Austin, TX are rising in prominence as their share of the knowledge economy pie grows. Europe, the blue banana represents the arc of interconnected cities (megalopolis) that is world's largest concentration of people, industry, money and economic power. The black dots within the blue arc show the major cities that form the economic powerhouse. Note that cities are taking the lead here - they are the vital nodes of economic and social activity
Green city initiatives from our class exercise
Initiatives in LDC cities Bangkok - requiring 50% open space - low-tech Bangkok - penalties for heavily polluting vehicles and factories -- low tech Bangkok - efforts to double public transit users - low-tech Bogota - bike paths, bus lanes, high parking fees, and "no car days" - low-tech Bogota - tightening building codes to make new buildings more sustainable - low-tech Bangkok - deploying cloud-seeding planes to induce rain to clear air - high-tech Bogota - adding a subway by 2022 - high-tech Bogota - efficient building codes, building with recycled materials - high-tech Mumbai - planning to treat sewage that is released into ocean - high-tech Mumbai - solar technology to generate power for rail stations - high tech Initiatives in MDC cities Seoul - creating and maintaining a greenbelt around the city - low-tech Toronto - recycling infrastructure highway - low-tech Toronto - community engagement efforts - low-tech Toronto - bike paths - low-tech Amsterdam - zero CO2 emissions by 2050, replace all diesel busses, increase electric fleet - high tech Amsterdam - increased solar panels - high tech Amsterdam - burning solid waste in incinerators to generate heat and power - high tech Seoul - Intelligent Transport Systems and bus tracking via GPS - high-tech Seoul - developing a new green city called Songo - high tech Seoul - developing a state of the art waste system - high-tech
Results of class Urban Hierarchy Game (know which cities fall into which categories)
Key Global Cities San Francisco -- 150 points Philadelphia - 160 point Emerging Global Cities Austin - 140 points Pittsburgh - 110 point Regional Hubs Miami - 40 points Burlington, VT - 40 points Provincial City Youngstown, Ohio -- 60 point
Lasting legacies of colonialism in South America
Lasting legacy: segmentation of Latin American society into a small aristocracy and large underclass Rapid establishment of hundreds of towns and cities for upper-class privilege and to rule over rural peasants -Self-governing -Ease of obtaining Spanish imports -Protection and security -Easy access to religious life -Spanish law allowed cities to lay claim to nearby rural areas not controlled by other cities -Extracting resources from rural areas and using profits to invest in urban areas -No effort toward regional integration Vast distance and rugged terrain between cities - Little communication between places led development of isolated city-states Segmentation of Society; Hierarchy of Social Class -Peninsulares & Criollos on top, slaves and native american indians on bottom
Urban environmental issues
Many people want to live by the coast, especially east or gulf, which is causing intense storms leaving lots of damage. Water -Supply -Quality -Pollution from industrial waste/accidents -lead in water supply in Flint, Michigan Air pollution -Smog -Acid rain Climate change -Increases in drought conditions, flooding, storm intensity
Characteristics of the restructuring of urban priorities in the age of globalization
North America profoundly impacted by globalization. Increasing competition between cities Montreal- cultural center, heart of French North America Philadelphia- new visitors centers, museums, etc. around independence hall Polish city of centers- competition among cities Emphasizing the local- growth of tourism
North America's geography of urban diversity
North America's cultural diversity expressed in two ways: -People with similar backgrounds congregate near one another -Distinctive cultures leave their mark on the everyday scene Urban communities on the cutting edge of LGBT rights; ethnicity and lifestyle World regions show gateway cities, for example Los Angeles has a large diversity
new urbanism
Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.
Characteristics and examples of urban system classification categories
Primate City: at least 3 or 4 times larger than any other city, creating resource imbalance, neglected small towns. Examples: Bangkok, Thailand and Seol, South Korea. Dual Anchor Cities: 2 dominant cities on opposite ends of the country. Example: Karachi-Lahore, Pakistan Rank-Size Rule: cities decrease in size proportionally. Largest City, 2nd largest city is half the size of the largest, 3rd largest is 1/3 the largest, and so on... Example: Germany Balanced Urban System: multiple large cities throughout. Example: India (6)
Push and pull forces of migration to cities
Push Force: a reason people LEAVE their home (always negative). examples? Pull Force: a reason people go to certain host places (always positive).examples? Check notebook for examples
Characteristics of the modern Latin American City layout model
Sectoral Structure CBD- Central Business Center Favored quarter/spine area = upscale residences and fancy shops Working and middle class live in bands Squatter settlements in outside area -Urban growth is more constrained than middle America by size and topography, small islands with mountainous terrain -Varies by cities, but commonalities exist -Growing presence of suburbanization and "enclave urbanism"
Characteristics of Detroit and Cleveland (read the Distinctive Cities blurb)
Some cities confront a declining or stagnant economy & shrinking population CLEVELAND: -1950 population = 900,000; 2014 population = 390,000 -lots of new infrastructure like museums and sport stadiums -player in regional and national health services & biomedical technologies -2000-2007 shrinking population by 8% -inner suburbs continue to decline and overall urban growth remains negligible DETROIT: -1950 population= 1.8million; today well less than half that number exists in the city -manufacture jobs became scarce. unemployment and crack cocaine epidemic took over the streets (ex: drug violence) -new infratstructure not necessarily improved economic growth -today 40% of residents live below poverty line -80% african american, 9% white, 7% hispanic (highly segregated) -hit hardest by 2008 foreclosure crisis. 55,000 homes foreclosed, 78,000 homes vacant Both cities continue to experience mixed results in efforts to realign and reinvigorate their economies.
Migration trends of MDC vs. LDC countries
The migration trends in cities of the more developed world and the less developed world differ greatly. In cities of More Developed Countries, there is a strong tend toward international immigration. Internal movement is more for lifestyle reasons - moving to the coasts or to warmer climates). Cities of Less Developed Countries are currently experiencing high rates of internal migration that takes the form of rural-to-urban movement. People are leaving the countryside in search of economic opportunity in cities.
brain gain
The opposite of brain drain; opening up new opportunities and bringing business experience and special skills
MDC vs. LDC urban economic drivers
The urban economic drivers differ between cities in more developed regions of the world and cities in less developed regions of the world. The differences between cities of the more and less developed regions of the world will be a running theme in this class. In cities of the more developed world knowledge economy work is driving the economy and cities with key global links are thriving. Manufacturing cities are in decline and often physically shrinking. Smaller cities all over the more developed world are trying to increase their status by accentuating their authentic qualities; one example of this is the Cittaslow movement in Europe. Cities of the less developed world are still mostly in the industrial era where manufacturing jobs are key to development and rising status. Only in a few places such as Bangalore, India is the knowledge economy a key economic driver while also creating stark economic unevenness with those developing countries
Natural Disasters
This region is prone to a variety of natural disasters, especially the Island Nations of the Caribbean Haiti, in 2010, experienced a 7.0 earthquake. Effects of natural disasters exacerbated by: -Regional poverty •Poorly built housing and urban infrastructure -Natural landscape •Small countries surrounded by a lot of water •Steep mountainous terrain with population concentrated in low-lying flood plains •Most areas lie on a fault zone
Map analysis: corporate network connectivity between world regions and cities
Transportation Connectivity: important kind of linkage. Cities with good transportation network benefit, cities with less advanced or inadequate transportation infrastructure fall behind Europe is a shining example of impressive transportation connectivity both within cities through subway systems and between cities with their inter-city rail system. (See word doc.)
Urban environmental issues in LDC cities
Urban areas produce a lot of non-biodegradable trash. In many cities, especially in LDCs, disposal is inadequate. Sewage and industrial waste in the water supply is a constant problem in many overcrowded LDC cities with inadequate infrastructure. Causes disease. Water supply is a problem in desert areas and to a lesser extent, areas that do not have access to fresh water.
Environmental conditions in South America
Urban environmental hazards: air pollution and untreated sewage disproportionately affects poor populations living in overcrowded shantytowns/favelas with no escape -Higher instances of gastrointestinal and respiratory illness among poor population Notable efforts to promote urban sustainability and environmental justice -Community groups -Government efforts to monitor and alleviate air pollution -Attention toward public transit
Factors causing air pollution/acid rain in cities
Weak government, government corruption, government not prioritizing environmental issues Technological and societal advancement-- automobile ownership on the rise, industrialization, the increased use of plastics and other non-biodegradables, sprawl Places that still use dirty fuels - coal, etc. or have inefficient customs for fuel burning (New Delhi is a good example as households use inefficient stoves that burn on the dirtier side), LDCs mainly Overcrowding in cities - primate cities put stress on systems (harder to efficiently collect garbage, for example) Bangkok is a good example of environmental problems due to it being a primate city Settlement in low-lying areas - Venice a good example Air Pollution: Cities are places where severe air pollution affects quality of life and harms the environment overall. Both anthropogenic and environmental causes. Forest clearing is particularly dangerous because the air particles do a lot of damage to human lungs - that is why you see people in Southeast Asia walking around with surgical masks. Acid Rain: Specifically a problem in industrialized countries but there are some natural causes too. Acid rain spreads quickly with the wind. Whole eastern half of the US and most of Europe is affected. Two particular issues in cities are the stone erosion caused by acid rain because of all of the outdoor statues in European cities AND steel corrosion which eats away at the foundation of bridges.
postindustrial city
a city in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy
sustainable city
a city with a livable environment, a strong economy, and a social and cultural sense of community; sustainable cities enhance the well-being of current and future generations of urban dwellers
metropolitan area
a major population center made up of a large city and the smaller suburbs and towns that surround it
megalopolis
a very large, heavily populated city or urban complex
global cities
an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system
