Glucose Patho

The range of 40 to 65 mg/dL (2.2-3.6 mmol/L) is

indicative of hypoglycemia.

Which cause of tremors, pallor, and diaphoresis would be suspected in client with type one diabetes?

Aerobic excercise.

An obese client with type 2 diabetes ask about the intake of alcohol or special "dietetic" food in the diet. Which instruction would be included in the teaching plan?

Alcohol can be consumed, with its calories counted in the diet.

What does the Glycosylated hemoglobin test provide?

Accurate long-term index of the average blood glucose level for the 100 to 120 days before the test. A result of less than 8% for this child indicates that the diabetic regimen is effective.

The primary health care provider prescribes daily fasting blood glucose levels for a client with diabetes mellitus. Which is the goal of fasting glucose levels for a client with diabetes mellitus?

70 to 105 mg/dL (3.9-5.8 mmol/L) of blood.

The nurse is planning to teach a 9 year old child with type 1 diabetes to perform blood glucose monitoring. Which information would the nurse use as a basis for the teaching?

A child this age can maintain the glucose level in the normal range by changing insulin needs accordingly.

When teaching an adolescent with type 1 diabetes about dietary management, which instruction would the nurse include?

A ready source of glucose should be available.

What is ketoacidosis?

A serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of ketones (blood acids). This develops when the body is unable to produce enough insulin. Without enough insulin, the body begins to break down fat as an alternative fuel. Will lead to a buildup of ketones (Toxic acids) to the blood stream.

Which assessment finding would the nurse associate with a client with diabetic ketoacidosis?SATA.

Acetone breath and decreased arterial carbon dioxide level.

which assessment findings would the nurse identify as a significant in an infant of a diabetic birth parent who is large for gestational age (LGA)?

Blood glucose level less that 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L)

Which action would help foster acceptance of the diabetic regimen by an adolescent with type 1 diabetes who is brought to the ED in ketoacidosis and admits to not adhering to the diabetic regimen?

Encourage the adolescent to express feeling about having diabetes.

Which laboratory results supports that the nurse is suspicion that a client diagnosed with type 1 diabetes is experiencing ketoacidosis?

Blood glucose of 300 mg/100 mL (16.7 mmol/L), blood pH of 7.20 The blood glucose level of 300 mg/100 mL (16.7 mmol/L) is greater than the expected range of individuals with type 1 diabetes, indicating hyperglycemia.

Which physiological changes would the nurse expect to find a client with a 20 year history of type 2 diabetes?

Blurry, spotty, or hazy visions

Which clients plan of care cannot be delegated? A- Changing the clients response. B- Assisting the client in walking C-Teaching care measure for a diabetic client. D- Helping the client while bathing.

C

The nurse is formulating a teaching plan for a client recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Which interventions would the nurse include to decrease the risk of complications? SATA.

Examine the feet daily, wear well-fitted shoes, preform regular exercise.

A client with type 1 diabetes has an above the knee amputation because of severe lower extremity arterial disease. Two days after surgery, which intervention is appropriate when preparing the client to eat dinner?

Checking the clients serum glucose level.

Ketoacidosis is a complication of type 1 diabetes....

Children require close blood glucose monitoring because of the demands of growth and their erratic diets.

Which information would the nurse base a response on to a parent who asks for guidance regarding who to tell them of the diagnosis of diabetes of their child who plays on the soccer team?

Children with diabetes who participate in active sports can have episodes of hypoglycemia.

Which factors contribute to a clients slow rate of healing? SATA

Diabetes, smoking and Alcohol abuse.

A client who is 60 pounds (27.2kg) more than the ideal body weight is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Which concept would the nurse include in teaching about diabetes when discussing strategies to lost weight?

Obesity leads to insulin resistance.

Which statement would a nurse make about older adults and type 2 diabetes?

Older adults seldom develop ketoacidosis.

The nurse is caring for the newborn of a mother with diabetes. For which signs of hypoglycemia would the nurse assess the newborn? SATA.

Pallor, irritability, Hypotonia, ineffective suckling.

Which manifestation would the nurse expect to find when assessing a client with hypoglycemia? SATA.

Palpitations, diaphoresis, slurred speech.

Which responses would the nurse expect a client experiencing hypoglycemia to exhibit? SATA.

Palpitations, tachycardia, nervousness

Which nursing interventions would be included in the treatment of an adolescent who is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, has a body mas index (BMI) or 30m and reports fatigue, frequent urinations, and all tingling sensation in the feet? SATA

Physical activities, Dietary counseling, Behavior modification.

Which common cause of diabetic ketoacidosis would the nurse consider when caring for a postoperative client with diabetes?

Presence of infection.

Which client is at risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus? SATA. A. 15 yr old male who plays video games 6 hrs per day. B. 36 year old female with a history of gestation diabetes. C. 47 year old male who weighs 250 pounds and is 5'9 tall. D. 28 year old female with polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS) E. 60 yr old male of native American desecent who abuses alcohol.

all are correct

Which type of eye disorder will the nurse expect to read in the electronic medical record (EMR) of a client with has increased blood pressure, sever myopia, and high blood glucose levels?

glaucoma

What does glucose tolerance reveal?

carbohydrate metabolism in response to a glucose load.

What is behavior modification?

early approach that used respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior.

Neurological aging causes

forgetfulness and slower response time; repetition (Continued reinforcement is an example of repetition).

When blood glucose levels decrease this causes clinical findings?

nervousness, tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, tremors, and hunger.

a child with type 2 diabetes is scheduled for abdominal surgery. which factors are most important for the nurse to consider during the postoperative period?

the blood glucose level will increase because of the stress of surgery . diabetic control is usually maintained with insulin after surgery.

Which statement by a client with type 2 diabetes indicates to the nurse that additional dietary teaching is needed?

"I can eat as much dietetic fruit as I want."

Which statement made by a diabetic client shows that dietary teaching by the nurse was effective?

"My diet can be planned around a wide variety of commonly used foods.

The nurse teaches a client with type 2 diabetes how to provide self care to prevent infections of the feet. Which statement made by the client shows that teaching was effective?

"i should control my blood glucose with diet, exercise, and medication."

As the nurse plans to teach a 9 year old with a learning disability about his diabetes, the parent intervenes and states, "That wont be necessary. With his learning issues, I recognize that he can't care for himself." Which is the BEST response by the nurse?

"including your son now will help him take on more of his own care in the future."

A student with type 1 diabetes asks the nurse which primary hormone causes the blood glucose level to rose. Which hormone would the nurse report?

Glucagon

ketoacidosis is usually in type

1

A clients fasting plasma glucose levels are evaluated. the nurse identifies that the client is considered to be diabetic if the results are within which range?

126 to 140 mg/dL (7.0-7.8 mmol/L)

Which fasting plasma glucose (FBG) level would indicate a client has prediabetes?

130mg/dL (7.2 mmol/L)

A 9 year old child with type 1 diabetes is prone to having hypoglycemic episodes in the morning. Which intervention would be included in the school nurse plan of care for this child?

Asking the child each day what was eating for breakfast.

When determining the main different between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the nurse recognizes which clinical presentation about type 1?

Complications are not present at the time of diagnosis.

Which manifestations would the nurse include when teaching a client about Ketoacidosis? SATA.

Confusion, Excessive thirst, fruit-scented breath.

Which principle of teaching would the nurse consider when providing instructions to an older clients recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus?

Continued reinforcement is important.

Which laboratory test would the nurse expect to be prescribed that will reveal the effectiveness of a diabetic regimen for a child with type 1 diabetes?

Glycosylated hemoglobin.

which maternal condition would cause the nurse to expect signs of respiratory distress syndrome in a neonate?

Has type 1 diabetes

Which is the priority concern of a 10 year old child who was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?

How much school might be missed.

The nurse is monitoring the newborn of a diebetic mother for tremors, periods of apnea, cyanosis, and poor suckling ability. With which complication are these manifestations associated?

Hypoglycemia.

During Ketoacidosis, the blood urea nitrogen level is?

Increased because of dehydrate.

Which laboratory value supports the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis in a client with type 1 diabetes?

Increased blood urea nitrogen levels.

Which laboratory value supports the presence of diabetic Ketoacidsosis?

Increased serum lipids.

When taking history of a 5 year old boy who recently was found to have type 1 diabetes, the nurse would anticipate which reaction from the child?

Must receive continual health teaching based on cognitive ability.

Which information would the nurse emphasize when teaching lifelong management of type 1 diabetes to an adolescent?

Inspecting both feet frequently for signs of trauma.

Which information would the nurse include in the teaching plan of an adolescent who is found to have type 1 diabetes? SATA.

Insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and adherence to the treatment regimen.

Which fluid shift will the nurse take into consideration when assessing a client with type 1 diabetes who is experiencing a fluid imbalance?

Intracellular to intravascular as a result of hyperosmolarity..

A 15 year old adolescent is found to have type 1 diabetes. Which would the nurse include when teaching the adolescent about type 1 diabetes?

It has a more rapid onset than does type 2 diabetes.

The nurse is teaching a young adolescent with type 2 diabetes about nutritional needs. Which statement demonstrates that the adolescent understands what was taught?

Its okay for me to eat one slice of pizza at a party.

A client with type 1 diabetes has dry, hot, flushed skin; a fruity odor to that breath; and is having (rapid respirations) Kussmaul respirations. Which complication does the nurse suspect that the client is experiencing?

Ketoacidosis

Which complication associated with type 1 diabetes should the nurse include in the teaching plan for the parent of a newly diagnosed child?

Ketoacidosis

Dietetic fruit is

Not sugar free.

Which newborn would the nurse anticipate will experience hypoglycemia? SATA

Preterm infant, small for gestational age infant, and large for gestational age infant.

Which eye problem is leading cause of blindness in clients with diabetes?

Rethinopathy

A 15 year old adolescent with type 1 diabetes arrives at the diabetic outpatient clinic with a parent. The adolescent sits back in the chair with arms folded, frowns, and displays a withdrawn attitude. The adolescent and parent argue in front of the nurse. Which approach would be taken by the nurse?

Speak separately with each of them , encouraging them to recognize and vent their anger.

A client with diabetes mellitus complains of difficult seeing. Which factor would the nurse suspect as being the cause?

The growth of new retina blood vessels or "Neovascularization."

which information will the nurse include when providing education to the family of an adolescent who was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?

The most important interventions are good nutrition and portion control.

A mother asks the neonatal nurse why her infant must be monitored so closely for hypoglycemia when her type 1 diabetes was in excellent control during the entire pregnancy. How would the nurse BEST respond?

"Babies of mothers with diabetes have a higher than average insulin level because of the excess glucose received from the mother during her pregnancy, so the glucose level may drop."

A teaching plan was developed for a 12 year old child who has been hospitalized for treatment of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Which would cause the nurse to be concerned about the effectiveness of the program?

The parent is having difficulty accepting the diagnosis.

When teaching a client with diabetes about monitoring for episodes of hypoglycemia, which symptom would the nurse include in the teaching plan?

Sweating

Which information about the teenagers developmental stage would be considered before starting a counseling program for a 15 year old with type 1 diabetes who has a history of noncompliance with the therapy regimen?

The struggle for identity is typical.

Which is an appropriate teaching goal for a client who is newly diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes?

To identify symptoms or hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.

What is Hypoglycemia?

Too much insulin will precipitate insulin coma.

Which result would the nurse expect to find when assessing the laboratory values of a client with type 2 diabetes?

Urine negative for ketones and positive glucose in the blood.

Which education would the nurse provide the parents of a child with type 1 diabetes who ask why they should test the childs urine for ketones during periods of stress or illness, even though blood glucose testing is being done four times a day?

Urine should be tested for ketones during illness and when the blood glucose level is increased.

When obtaining the history of a client recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, which symptom would the nurse expect to see?

Weight loss

Which initial response would the nurse make to a 67 year old man with type 2 diabetes who sadly confides in the nurse that he has been unable to have an erection for several years?

You sound upset about not being able to have an erection.

Which molecule excessively accumulates in the blood to precipitate the signs and symptoms associated with a diabetic coma?

Ketones as a result of rapid fat breakdown, causing acidosis.

Which unique response is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) that is not exhibited with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome?

Kussmaul respirations

Client with type 1 diabtes

Do not produce insulin.

An increase in which blood component is responsible for the Acidosis related to untreated diabetes mellitus?

Ketones

A client with type two diabetes travels frequently and ask how to plan meals during trips. Which is the BEST response by the nurse?

"Choose the foods you normally do and follow your food plan wherever you are."

Which response would be given by the nurse of an adolescent who has just been found to have type 1 diabetes and asks about exercise?

"Extra snacks are needed before exercise."

Acetone breath is known as

Fruit odor to the breath. Occurs when ketone levels is elevates in ketoacidosis.

The nurse is interviewing a client admitted for uncontrolled diabetes. The client has been binging on alcohol for the past two weeks. The client states, "i am worried about how I am going to pay my bills for my family while i am hospitalized."Which statement by the nurse is therapeutic?

"you are worried about paying your bills?"

What symptoms happen during hypergycemia?

Nausea, increased thirst.

Based on laboratory values, which client would the nurse address first? Client: A A1C%- 5.6 Fasting plasma glucose level- 110 Two hour plasma glucose level- 150 Client: B A1C%- 6.8 Fasting plasma glucose level- 130 Two hour plasma glucose level- 200 Client: C A1C%- 6.0 Fasting plasma glucose level- 120 Two hour plasma glucose lever- 130 Client: D A1C%- 6.1 Fasting plasma glucose level- 100 Two hour plasma glucose level- 140

Client B. The client with an A1C% level of less than 7%, fasting plasma glucose about 126 mg/dL and 2 hour plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/dL indicated diabetes mellitus. Client A,C, and D have normal values for diabetes mellitus.

The nurse is planning to teach a school aged child with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes about self care. After an assessment of what the child knows about diabetes which is the next nursing intervention?

Developing a sequence of goals with the child and parent.

A clients breath has a sweet, fruity odor. Which condition is affecting this client?

Diabetic Acidosis.

The nurse is assessing a client with diabetic ketoacidosis. Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect? SATA.

Dry skin, Abdominal pain, and Kussmaul respirations.

What is predisposing factor known in type 2 diabetes?

Excess body weight

The ketones produces

Excessively in diabetes are a byproduct of the breakdown of body fats and proteins for energy; this occurs when insulin is not secreted or is unable to be used to transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cells.

Which intervention would the nurse complete FIRST for the client found to have glucose in the urine?

reporting the finding to the primary health care provider.

The nurse observe that a clients urine has a sweet fruit odor. which information is important to evaluate when performing a further client assessment?

serum glucose level

What does serum glucose reflect?

short term (hours) variations in blood glucose.

Which factors can predispose a client with type 1 diabetes Ketoacidotic coma?

Excessives emotional stress and running a fever with the flu.

Which size would the nurse expect a newborn to be of a client who had inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes during pregnancy?

Large for gestational age, near term.

The nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes about self care. Which is the PRIMARY long term goal?

Maintaining normoglycemia.

For a pregnant client with type 1 diabetes, which action is MOST likely to reduce the risk of disease related complications?

Monitor and control blood glucose levels.

What is Hypoglycemia?

Exercise uses glucose for muscle contraction, decreasing the blood glucose level and not eating enough calories in relation to the amout of insulin received; may precipitate insulin coma.

Which intervention would the nurse prioritize when planning a teaching program for a child who was recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes?

Exploring the child's feelings about diabetes.

The nurse teaching a prenatal class is asked why infants of diabetic mothers are lager than those born to women who do not have diabetes. On which information about pregnancy and diabetes would the nurse base the response?

Extra circulating glucose causes the fetus to acquire fatty deposits.

A client is taught how to recognize signs of hypoglycemic reaction. Which symptoms identified by the client indicate to the nurse that the teaching was effective?

Fatigue, weakness, nervousness, and increased perspiration.

Signs and symptoms of Ketoacidosis are?

Frequent urine, sob, confusion, excessive thirst, fruity scented breath, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and weak.

An adolescent with a history of type 1 diabetes is admitted in Ketoacidosis. Which cause would the nurse suspect as precipitating this episode of ketoacidosis?

Infection

A client with type 1 diabetes for 25 years states, "I have been really bad for the past 15 years, I have no paid attention to my diet and have done little to control my diabetes."Which common complications of diabetes might the nurse expect to identify when assessing this client?"

Leg ulcers, loss of visual acuity, thick yellow toenails, decreased sensation in the feet.

Which clinical finding supports the diagnosis of diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Deep respirations and fruity odor to the breath.

Which cellular process associatedwith type 1 diabetes mellitus results in creased client fatigue?

Decreased production of insulin by the pancreas.

Once principle to be followed for children with type 1 diabetes is to provide the variability of the childs activity. Which would the nurse teach the child about how to compensate for increased physical activity?

Eat more food when planning to exercise more than usual

An adolescent who has had type 1 diabetes for 5 years stops adhering to the therapeutic regimen. Which developmental task would the nurse conclude is influencing this behavior?

Struggle for identity