Grammar - SAT Prep
Place commas where they belong in the following sentence: - "I'll eat the eggs" said Jane "if you'll eat the bacon."
- "I'll eat the eggs," said Jane, "if you'll eat the bacon."
What are some misuses of a semicolon?
- A semicolon can only separate independent clauses, it cannot be used when the words before or after it cannot stand alone as a sentence (*incorrect* ex. Driving to school; I saw the accident) - As a general rule, you may not want to use more than one semicolon in any paragraph - Avoid using two semicolons to connect three sentences
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - A weeks vacation in Paris is just what you need.
- A week's vacation in Paris is just what you need.
Place commas where they belong in the following sentence: - Although the sky was cloudy no rain was in the forecast.
- Although the sky was cloudy, no rain was in the forecast.
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - Apparently, nobodys read todays horoscope's.
- Apparently, nobody's read todays horoscopes.
Place commas where they belong in the following sentence: Are you attending my graduation or are you visiting your aunt in Chicago?
- Are you attending my graduation, or are you visiting your aunt in Chicago?
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - At Halloween we gave out Reese's, Snickers, and Crunch bars, gumballs, caramels, and taffy, and apples and candy corn.
- At Hallowe'en we gave out Reese's, Snickers, and Crunch bars; gumballs, caramels, and taffy; and apples and candy corn.
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - Athletics that is, winning athletics, have become a profitable university operation.
- Athletics-that is, winning athletics-have become a profitable university operation.
How to use colons?
- Colons can only follow an independent clause - Colons can introduce a list as long as the words in front could stand alone as a full sentence (ex. There are three primary colors: red, yellow, and blue.) - Colons can introduce a quotation when the words in front could stand alone and end with a period (ex. He gave his son boring, familiar advice: "neither a borrower nor a lender be." - Colons can connect full sentences and the second clause explains or summarizes the first (ex. I hated the house: its rooms were dark and tiny
What does a dash do? Why use a dash?
- Dashes are stronger and more forceful, and they interrupt sentences more abruptly - They connect the words on each side of them more closely than parentheses do - Less formal than a colon - There is no space before or after it
How to use a dash? When to use a dash?
- Dashes can be used to set off a sharp interruption in a sentence (ex. Once-and once was enough-I tried sky-diving) - Dashes can be used to set off a description so it won't be confused with the noun they explain (ex. Tony's punch-a right to the midsection-double up...) - Dashes can replace a colon, a dash after a sentence *an independent clause* can introduce a list (ex. The street was littered with garbage-newspapers, crushed cans, gum wrappers.) - Dashes can show a hesitation in speech, a broken-off sentence, or a sudden change in thought (ex. I stopped for a hamburger at-what's the name of that place?)
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - He slept through his alarm luckily his first class was cancelled.
- He slept through his alarm; luckily his first class was cancelled.
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - He was so hungry he bought almost everything he could see cotton candy, corn dogs, scones, ice cream.
- He was so hungry he bought almost everything he could see-cotton candy, corn dogs, scones, ice cream.
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - He was so hungry he bough cotton candy, scones, corn dogs, even deep-fried pickles.
- He was so hungry he bought cotton candy, scones, corn dogs-even fried pickles.
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - Her many attempts had on thing in common: complete failure.
- Her many attempts had on thing in common: complete failure.
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - His schemes were always elaborate, ingenious, and exciting and wholly impractical.
- His schemes were always elaborate, ingenious, and exciting-and wholly impracticel.
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - I didn't study for the test I didn't have my notes having left them in the classroom.
- I didn't study for the test; I didn't have my notes, having left them in the classroom.
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - I don't know if I can win, but I'd sure like to try
- I don't know if I can win-but I'd sure like to try.
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - I gave my neighbors, Alicia, Grace, and Isabel, a ride to the concert
- I gave my neighbors-Alicia, Grace, and Isabel-a ride to the concert.
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - I live by Oscar Wilde's advice "The only way to get rid of temptation is to yield to it."
- I live by Oscar Wilde's advice: "The only way to get rid of temptation is to yield to it."
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - I'm just taking American history (a core requirement) and guitar.
- I'm just taking American history-a core requirement-and guitar.
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - I.S.U's motto is: Veritas Vos Liberabit "the trust will make you free.
- I.S.U's motto is Veritas Vos Liberabit: "the trust will make you free.
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - Idaho offers many outdoor activities such as fishing, skiing, and hiking.
- Idaho offers many outdoor activities such as fishing, skiing, and hiking.
Place commas where they belong in the following sentence: - If you ever need a ride Judy just let me know.
- If you ever need a ride, Judy, just let me know.
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - Its a sad day when a dog cant play with is own toys.
- It's a sad day when a dog can't play with its own toys.
Place commas where they belong in the following sentence: - Marty ate four pancakes two bacon strips and a bowl of grits.
- Marty ate four pancakes, two bacon strips, and a bowl of grits.
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - My countries most important crop is pineapples.
- My country's most important crop is pineapples.
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - Once a month, the board of directors discusses' the workers suggestions.
- Once a month, the board of directors discusses the workers' suggestions.
What are the 7 uses for apostrophes?
- Ownership of an object (ex. friend's book) - "Ownership" of something more abstract (ex. friend's road trip) - Parts of a person or object (ex. my school's library) - Qualities of a person or object (ex. schools' safety) - Something produced by someone (ex. Julio's speech) - Personal relationship (ex. Juan and Julio's sister) - Something associated with a time period (ex. summer's growth)
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - Please hang the twins coats on the wall hook's.
- Please hang the twins' coats on the wall hooks.
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - Sam went skiing Terry however went snowboarding.
- Sam went skiing; Terry, however, went snowboarding.
What do semicolons do?
- Semicolons are most often used to connect two independent clauses (full sentences) that are related in meaning - Both the words before the semicolon and the words after it must be complete sentences that could be separated with a period (ex. We could go fishing on Saturday; you could borrow a pole from my neighbor)
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - She plays three instruments the fiddle, the mandolin, and the recorder.
- She plays three instruments: the fiddle, the mandolin, and the recorder.
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - She's a little bit country, he's a little bit rock 'n roll.
- She's a little bit country; he's a little bit rock 'n roll.
Place commas where they belong in the following sentence: - Simon Blake a well-known lawyer may run for governor.
- Simon Blake, a well-known lawyer, may run for governor.
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - Somebodys weddings and engagement ring's were left on the sink.
- Somebody's weddings and engagement rings were left on the sink.
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - The cheesecake, my favorite dessert, was all gone by the time I arrived.
- The cheesecake-my favorite dessert-was all gone by the time I arrived.
Place commas where they belong in the following sentence: - The movie although Susan enjoyed it immensely left her in tears.
- The movie, although Susan enjoyed it immensely, left her in tears.
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - The qualities Money painted-sunlight, rich shadows, deeps colors were abundant around the rivers and gardens he used as subjects.
- The qualities Monet painted-sunlight, rich shadows, deeps colors-were abundant around the rivers and gardens he used as subjects.
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - The radio was playing her favorite songs "Kentucky Rain" and "Blue Suede Shoes."
- The radio was playing her favorite songs: "Kentucky Rain" and "Blue Suede Shoes."
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - The rent is expensive moreover the house is pretty small.
- The rent is expensive; moreover, the house is pretty small.
Place commas where they belong in the following sentence: - The winner of the contest will receive $1000000.
- The winner of the contest will receive $1,000,000.
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - There are two kinds of people in the world those who divide the world into two groups and those who don't.
- There are two kinds of people in the world: those who divide the world into two groups and those who don't.
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - These must be Charles kid's, but who's son is that?
- These must be Charles's kids, but whose son is that?
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - Thomas Jefferson observed: "The harder I work, the more luck I seem to have."
- Thomas Jefferson observed, "The harder I work, the more luck I seem to have."
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - Those orchids color is very unusual.
- Those orchids' color is very unusual.
What is the meaning of "beating around the bush?"
- To delay or avoid talking about something difficult or unpleasant - not getting to the point
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - Tripping over the dog, I dropped my cup.
- Tripping over the dog, I dropped my cup.
Apostrophe practice (add, move or remove apostrophes and -s wherever necessary) - Ulysses travels make for fascinating reading.
- Ulysses's travels make for fascinating reading.
What are the special uses for colons?
- Use a colon after the salutation in a formal letter (ex. Dear Senator Craig:) - Use a colon to indicate hours and minutes (ex. Class begins at 9:30 a.m.) - Use a colon to show proportions (ex. The ratio of syrup to water is 1:4) - Use colons when writing out the full title or publication formation of a book, movie, or other work. One colon goes between the title and subtitle; another goes between city and publisher (ex. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King / New York: The Seabury Press)
How to connect sentences using a semicolon?
- Use a semicolon to connect two independent clauses creates what's called a compound sentence - If you don't want to use a semicolon, you could also use a comma and the words (and, but, or, or so) to connect your original two sentences - If you use "however" or moreover" to connect your ideas, you need to use a semicolon in front of it and a comma after it (ex. The course is hard; however, the teacher is pretty funny.) - Using a semicolon instead of a period lets you emphasize the connection between your original two sentences and also lets you vary the structure of your sentences
When do you use a semicolon?
- Use semicolons to separate items in a series when there are already many commas in the sentences (ex. On the table were three piles: meat, chicken and fish, rice, bread, and pasta, and spinach, broccoli, and kale) - Use semicolons to clearly mark off major sections in a list (ex. He's taking algebra, which he's good at; biology, his least favorite subject; and drama, for fun)
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - We baked six dozen cookies knowing that they always sell out fast.
- We baked six dozen cookies, knowing that they always sell out fast.
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - We practiced every day after school and all Saturday however we lost the game.
- We practiced every day after school and all Saturday; however, we lost the game.
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - We saw daffodils, apple blossoms, and lambs in the fields, spring is here
- We saw daffodils, apple blossoms, and lambs in the fields: spring is here
Practice using colons (add or remove colons whenever necessary) - When you go to the store don't forget to get toothpaste, orange juice, and dog food.
- When you go to the store, don't forget to get toothpaste, orange juice, and dog food.
Practice using semicolons (insert any semicolons or commas needed in the following sentence) - You'll need to turn left on Cedar it's the third house on the right.
- You'll need to turn left on Cedar; it's the third house on the right.
What is the meaning of "a slap on the wrist?"
- a mild reprimand or punishment
What is the meaning of "she's barking up the wrong tree?"
- be pursuing a mistaken or misguided line of thought or course of action
What is the meaning of "bought the farm?"
- died
What is the meaning of "hit the hay?"
- go to sleep
What is the meaning of "knows the ropes?"
- have experience of the appropriate procedures - knows the basics - understands how things work
What is the meaning of "go out on a limb?"
- in or into a dangerous or uncompromising position, where one is not joined or supported by anyone else; vulnerable
What is the meaning of "running out of steam?"
- lose impetus or enthusiasm - slow down, lose energy
What is the meaning of "can't cut the mustard?"
- means that someone is unable to succeed or meet expectations
What is the meaning of "just the icing on the cake?"
- something that makes a good situation even better
What is the meaning of "get down to brass tacks?"
- the essentials - getting to the bottom of something
What is the meaning of "we're all in the same boat?"
- to be in the same unpleasant situation as other people - all in this together
What is the meaning of "pulling your leg?"
- to make someone believe something that is not true as a joke - joking about something
What is the meaning of "down to the wire?"
- used to denote a situation whose outcome is not decided until the very last minute
What is the meaning of "no dice?"
- used to refuse a request or indicate no chance of success - A firm no
Practice with dashes (insert one or more dashes in each of the following sentences) - On the mosquito's sides had been two flattened sacs and from the, she now pulled out wings!
-On the mosquito's sides had been two flattened sacs-and from them she now pulled out wings!
The river was gradually changing its course; (what transition word?) the cliff continued to erode
-therefore - in addition - however
What is the definition of problem and solution?
A difficulty is described and an answer is offered
What is the definition of cause and effect?
An action and its results are discussed
What is the definition of spatial/descriptive?
Describes how something looks or the arrangement of a space
What is the definition compare and contrast?
Differences and similarities of two or more thing are discussed
What is the definition sequence and process?
Explains how something happens or is done, step-by-step
What is the definition of chronological?
Information is organized in order of time
Where is the apostrophe and/or added -s in this sentence? (her name is Marlys) "Marlys mother is visiting."
Marlys's mother is visiting. - Marlys ends with -s but is singular: add -s
Where is the apostrophe and/or added -s in this sentence? "Mikes mother is visiting"
Mike's mother is visiting. - Mike is singular: add -s
Why do you not use an apostrophe?
Never use an apostrophe with an ordinary plural - Two cats in the yard. - Those exams were easy! Never use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun such as his, hers, its, theirs, or ours - The book is hers. - The dog scratched its back.
Where is the apostrophe and/or added -s in this sentence? "The students tests were hard."
The students' tests were hard. - Students is plural and ends with -s: add an apostrophe only.
Where is the apostrophe and/or added -s in this sentence? "The women room is upstairs."
The women's room is upstairs. - Women is plural but doesn't end in -s: add -s
What are some misuses of a colon?
They can only follow an independent clause, so they can't be used for the following: - After such as, including or for example (*incorrect* ex. We have many toppings, for example:) - Between a verb and its object or complement (*incorrect* ex. In a rage, Casey threw: the book) - Between a proposition and its object (*incorrect* ex. I'm going to the party with: Bob, Paul, and Mike) - If a colon introduces a list, the sentence can't be continued after the list is finished (*incorrect* ex. Casey packed everything: the meat, eggs, and the fruit, and put the picnic basket in the car.)
Second Basic Rule of Using Commas
Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase - A comma tells readers the introductory clause or phrase has come to a close and that the main part f the sentence is about to begin. 1.) When Evan was ready to iron, his cat tripped on the cord. 2.) Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon, park rangers discovered a gold mine.
Third Basic Rule of Using Commas
Use a comma between all items in a series - A series is a group of three or more items having the same function and form in a sentence. 1.) We bough apples, peaches, and bananas today. (series of words) 2.) Mary promised that she would be a good girl, that she would not bite her brother, and that she would not climb onto the television. (series of clauses) 3.) The instructor looked through his briefcase, through his desk, and around the office for the lost grade book. (series of phrases)
Sixth Basic Rule of Using Commas
Use a comma to indicate direct address - When a speaker in a sentence names the person to whom he is speaking, this addressing of his audience is called direct address. Direct address is indicated by the use of a comma or commas, depending upon it placement, within the sentence. 1.) I think, John, you're wrong. 2.) John, I think you're wrong. 3.) I think you're wrong, John.
First Basic Rule of Using Commas
Use a comma to separate independent clauses - Use a comma before coordinating conjunction (and, but, yet, so, or, nor, for) when it joins two complete ideas 1.) He walked down the street, and then he turned the corner. 2.) You can go shopping with me, or you can got to a movie alone.
Fifth Basic Rule of Using Commas
Use a comma to set off appositives - An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a nearby noun. Appositive offer nonessential information. Nonrestrictive appositives are set off with commas; restrictive appositives are not. 1.) Alexander Pope, the Restoration poet, is famous for his monologues. (appositive) 2.) The poet Pope is famous for his monologues. (no appositive) 3.) The New York Jets, the underdogs, surprised everyone by winning the Super Bowl. (appositive)
Seventh Basic Rule of Using Commas
Use comas to set off direct quotations - A dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. If the speaker (not the listener) in the conversation is identified, his name, for the noun or pronoun used to refer to the speaker), and the verb that refers to his speaking are enclosed within commas. 1.) Mary said, "I dislike concerts because the music is too loud." 2.) "I dislike concerts because the music is too loud," she said. 3.) "I dislike concerts, " proclaimed Mary, "because the music is too loud."
Fourth Basic Rule of Using Commas
Use comma to set off nonrestrictive clauses - Use commas to enclose clauses not essential to the meaning of a sentence. These nonessential clauses are called nonrestrictive. Clauses which are essential are called restrictive. Both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses may begin with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that, which) 1.) Steven Strom, whose show you like, will host a party next week. (nonrestrictive) 2.) John, who spent the last three days fishing, is back on the job again. (nonrestrictive) 3.) The gentleman who is standing by the fireplace is a well-known composer. (restrictive)
Eighth Basic Rule of Using Commas
Use commas with dates, addresses, title, and numbers - Rules for dates: In dates, the year is set off from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas (ex. On December 12, 1890, orders...) - Rules for addresses: The elements of an address or place name are separated by commas. A zip code, however, is not preceded by a comma (ex. John Lennon was born in Liverpool, England, in 1940 / Please send the letter to Greg Carvin at 708 Spring Street, Washington, IL 61571.) Rules for titles: If a title follows a name, separate the title from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas (ex. Sandra Belinsky, MD, has been appointed to the board)
How do you use an apostrophe for contractions?
Use the apostrophe in a contraction to show that letters have been left out - She doesn't type. - I'll buy that coat.
When Brian felt pretty good about getting the a pair of roller-skates for his birthday, until he saw his twin brother Ryan open up his GameBox X-9000, and then Brian felt like he got the short end of the stick. (Which best express the meaning of "short end of the stick" as used in the sentence?) a. Brian felt like Ryan received a better gift than he. b. Brian was quite pleased with his roller skates. c. Brian wanted a long stick that he could use to support himself on hikes. d. Brian feels bad for Ryan because Ryan wanted roller-skates.
a. Brian felt like Ryan received a better gift than he. Explanation: The expression "short end of the stick" is used when someone feels like they got the worse part of a deal or situation.
Even though Candace already had a new job, she submitted her two week notice and conducted herself in a professional way at her old job because she didn't want to burn bridges. (Which best express the meaning of "burn bridges" as used in the sentence?) a. Candace didn't want to ruin her positive relationship with her old employer. b. Candace wasn't ready to start her new job. c. Candace was really going to miss her old job. d. Candace was waiting until her last day to rub it in everyone's face that she was leaving.
a. Candace didn't want to ruin her positive relationship with her old employer. Explanation: To "burn bridges" is to ruin a relationship. If Candace did not want to burn bridges with her old employer, she wanted to maintain a good relationship with them.
Lyle chose Marco for his partner, thinking that it would be fun to work with his best friend, but now that the project was due tomorrow and the boys had nothing done, Lyle realized that he should have hitched his horse to a different wagon. (Which best express the meaning of "hitched his horse to a different wagon" as used in the sentence?) a. Lyle wishes he had chosen a different partner. b. Lyle accepts responsibility for his part in their failure. c. Lyle understands this project will require hard work. d. Lyle believes that the best course of action is to tell the truth.
a. Lyle wishes he had chosen a different partner. Explanation: Lyle realizes that he should have chosen a different partner since he and Marco have done nothing but play.
Mrs. March was afraid of leaving the student teacher with her third period class because she feared that the student teacher was a bit too green to be left alone with such a wild bunch. (Which best express the meaning of "green" as used in the sentence?) a. Mrs. March felt that the student teacher was too inexperienced. b. Mrs. March felt that the student teacher was too jealous of some of the students. c. Mrs. March felt that the student teacher was too mean to be left alone with the children. d. Mrs. March felt that the student teacher was too sick to handle the children.
a. Mrs. March felt that the student teacher was too inexperienced. Explanation: Based on how it is used in the sentence, the expression "green" means inexperienced, though in different contexts it could also refer to envy and illness.
Ever since country western super group The Mountain Boys started wearing stovepipe hats, those hats have been selling like hotcakes. (Which best express the meaning of "selling like hotcakes" as used in the sentence?) a. This means that stovepipe hats have been selling quickly. b. This means that stovepipe hats have been selling slowly. c. This means that stovepipe hats have been selling at an average pace. d. This means that stovepipe hats have not been selling at all.
a. This means that stovepipe hats have been selling quickly. Explanation: To "sell like hotcakes" means that something is selling very quickly. This expression comes to us from a time when hotcakes actually sold rapidly.
When Angelo called Devon "stinky pants" on the playground, Devon wanted to call Angelo a mean name too, but Devon's mother had always taught him to turn the other cheek. (Which best express the meaning of "turn the other cheek" as used in the sentence?) a. To forgive an act of aggression b. To return an act of aggression with greater force c. To return an act of aggression with equal force d. To hide from aggression in order to protect oneself
a. To forgive an act of aggression Explanation: To turn the other cheek is to forgive an act of aggression. It comes from a religious parable.
Although I hate green peppers, I ordered them on the pizza because everybody else wanted them and I didn't want to go against the grain. (Which best express the meaning of "go against the grain" as used in the sentence?) a. To oppose or resist a strong force b. To just go along with whatever is the easiest c. To raise one's voice to an inappropriate level d. To ignore something unpleasant
a. To oppose or resist a strong force Explanation: To go against the grain is to oppose or resist a strong force. It may have it's origins in woodworking, as it is much easier to sand a piece of when one sands in the direction of the wood grain.
Science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke correctly predicted that satellites would be used for communication. [Moreover], in 1947 he correctly predicted that 1959 would be the year the first rocket to the moon was launched. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. addition b. time c. contrast d. cause and effect
a. addition
Telephone interviewing allows for a large number of responses in a short time and at relatively low cost. [Moreover], the method permits interviewers to reach respondents at specific times of the day; this is an important consideration in the study of radio and TV listening habits. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. addition b. time c. contrast d. comparison
a. addition
Freezer burn may have wasted more ice-cream than sidewalks. If you don't know, freezer burn is when ice crystals form on the surface of ice-cream. These ice crystals can ruin the texture and flavor of the ice cream. But you can prevent freezer burn. Since freezer burn is caused when melted ice-cream is refrozen, rather than eating your ice-cream from the container as it melts, scoop your ice-cream into a bowl and put the container back in the fridge immediately. Doing this ought to help you solve your issues with freezer burn. (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. chronological d. spatial/descriptive e. sequence/process
a. problem and solution
The lazy checkout clerk forced the six-pack of cola into the bottom of the bag, tearing it. [Then] she shrugged her shoulders and said, "I guess you'll have to carry the bag from the bottom." (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. time b. contrast c. comparison d. illustration/example
a. time
(Pick appropriate transition word and indicate what type of transition it is) If you're having company for dinner, try to get as much done in advance as possible. __________, set the table the day before. a.) For instance b.) In contrast c.) Similarly 1.) Illustration/example 2.) Comparison 3.) Contrast
a.) For instance 1.) Illustration/example
Transitional words to intensify
above all, first and foremost, importantly, again, to be sure, indeed, in fact, as a matter of fact, as I have said, as has been noted
Transitional words to signify space and place
above, behind, below, beyond, here, there, to the right (left), nearby, opposite, on the other side, in the background, directly ahead, along the wall, as you turn right, at the tip, across the hall, at this point, adjacent to
More transition words to compare or link similar ideas
also, besides, similarly, moreover, furthermore, both, in addition, in the same way, and, too, each of, likewise
Transitional words to signal alternatives, exceptions, and objections
although, though, while, despite, to be sure, it is true, true, I grant, granted, I admit, admittedly, doubtless, I concede, regardless
Transitional words to signal addition of ideas
and, also, besides, further, furthermore, too, moreover, in addition, then, of equal importance, equally important, another
Transitional words to show results
as a result, hence, so, accordingly, as a consequence, consequently, thus, since, therefore, for this reason, because of this
Jose had a hard time comparing the iPhone to the Samsung phone because to him they were apples and oranges. (Which best express the meaning of "apples and oranges" as used in the sentence?) a. Jose can hardly tell the difference between the two phones because they are so similar. b. Jose believes that the phones are so different from one another that they cannot be compared. c. Jose doesn't know anything about phones so he may as well be thinking about fruits. d. Jose is too hungry to think about phones at this time.
b. Jose believes that the phones are so different from one another that they cannot be compared. Explanation: Jose believes that the phones are so different that they cannot be compared. The expression "apples and oranges" is applied when two things are so uniquely different from one another that comparisons either don't apply or are unfair.
After Ms. Smith caught Darnisha chewing gum for the third time, Ms. Smith scheduled a parent teacher conference with Darnisha's mother. When Darnisha's mother came into Ms. Smith's classroom to discuss her daughter's behavior, Darnisha's mother was chewing gum. Ms. Smith thought to herself, "the apple doesn't fall far from the tree." (Which best express the meaning of "the apple doesn't fall far from the tree" as used in the sentence?) a. Ms. Smith thinks that Darnisha dresses like her mother. b. Ms. Smith thinks that Darnisha acts a lot like her mother. c. Ms. Smith is surprised to see that Darnisha's mother came. d. Ms. Smith thinks that Darnisha's mother lives very close to the school.
b. Ms. Smith thinks that Darnisha acts a lot like her mother. Explanation: The expression "the apple doesn't fall far from the tree" is used when a person believes that a child acts in a way that is similar to their parent.
The prosecutor knew that the councilman had stolen public funds, but she wanted to get all of her ducks in a row before she charged him with a crime. (Which best express the meaning of "get all of her ducks in a row" as used in the sentence?) a. She wanted to catch the councilman in the act b. She wanted to take the time to properly prepare her case c. She had other business to take care of before going after the councilman d. She had to finish eating lunch before she went back to work
b. She wanted to take the time to properly prepare her case Explanation: To get one's ducks in a row is to prepare oneself for an important undertaking.
World renowned country western super group The Mountain Boys can sell out an arena at the drop of a hat. (Which best express the meaning of "at the drop of a hat" as used in the sentence?) a. The Mountain Boys may be able to sell out an arena, but it will take a long time. b. The Mountain Boys can sell out an arena very quickly. c. The Mountain Boys are always willing to perform at charity events. d. The Mountain Boys enforce a dress code at all of their shows.
b. The Mountain Boys can sell out an arena very quickly. Explanation: "At the drop of a hat" means that something is likely to occur very quickly. This expression may have come from street performers, who were likely to perform amazing feats at the drop of a hat.
Even though Lucas had been bullying the new kid since the beginning of the year, Lucas shed his crocodile tears after the principal caught him and threatened him with suspension. (Which best express the meaning of "crocodile tears" as used in the sentence?) a. This means that Lucas genuinely feels sorry for his actions. b. This means that Lucas's display of sorrow was insincere. c. This means that Lucas was afraid of lizards. d. This means that Lucas was afraid of the new kid.
b. This means that Lucas's display of sorrow was insincere. Explanation: To shed "crocodile tears" is to cry tears or display sadness that is not sincere. It comes from the observation that crocodiles secrete liquid from their eyes when they eat prey.
After promising to go to Beth's parent's cabin for the weekend, Molly got invited to the coolest party of the year and now Molly is really in a pickle. (Which best express the meaning of "in a pickle" as used in the sentence?) a. This means that no matter what happens things are going to work out for Molly. b. This means that Molly is stuck in a difficult situation. c. This means that Molly has become really popular. d. This means that Molly smells like vinegar.
b. This means that Molly is stuck in a difficult situation. Explanation: To get "in a pickle" means to get stuck in a difficult situation. It comes from a position in baseball in which a runner gets trapped between two basemen who are throwing the ball back and forth attempting to trap the runner.
The researchers at the renowned UC Berkeley have a long history of pushing the envelope in regards to computer science. (Which best express the meaning of "pushing the envelope" as used in the sentence?) a. This means that these researchers have long followed behind others in the field. b. This means that these researchers have long led efforts in the field. c. This means that these researchers have kept up with trends in the field. d. This means that these researchers have long attempted to do away with paper record keeping.
b. This means that these researchers have long led efforts in the field. Explanation: To "push the envelope" is to go beyond what is normal or expected.
Vince knew that if he wanted to get into college, he'd have to keep his nose to the grindstone all senior year. (Which best express the meaning of "keep his nose to the grindstone" as used in the sentence?) a. Vince would have to apply for college. b. Vince would have to work hard for a whole year. c. Vince would have to wait patiently for an opportunity. d. Vince would have to stay out of trouble for a whole year.
b. Vince would have to work hard for a whole year. Explanation: To keep one's nose to the grindstone is to work hard for a long period of time.
Ice-cream is a delicious frozen treat that comes in a many different colors and flavors. Two of my favorite flavors are strawberry and chocolate. Though both of these flavors are delicious, strawberry may contain pieces of fruit while chocolate usually will not. Even though more chocolate ice-cream is sold across the country annually than strawberry, each flavor tastes great inside of a milk shake. (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. cause and effect b. compare and contrast c. chronological d. spatial/descriptive e. sequence/ process
b. compare and contrast
When it comes to making ice-cream, you can do it the traditional way, by stirring it in a frozen container, or you can use liquid nitrogen to freeze your mixture. There are some advantages to using liquid nitrogen. Since liquid nitrogen freezes the mixture faster, the crystal grains are smaller, giving the ice-cream a creamier texture. The downside is that ice-crystals grow faster in ice-cream prepared using liquid nitrogen, so it must be stored at much colder temperatures. Both methods produce a distinct texture, and both are delicious. (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. sequence/process d. spatial/descriptive e. cause and effect
b. compare and contrast
Residents complain bitterly about potholes in the streets and sloppy trash pick-up, [yet] these same people resist paying higher taxes for the improvement of these services. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. time b. contrast c. comparison d. illustration/example
b. contrast
(Pick appropriate transition word and indicate what type of transition it is) My grandfather loves to say, "You're as nervous __________ a long-tailed cat in a roomful of rocking chairs." a.) After b.) As c.) As a result 1.) Cause and effect 2.) Time 3.) Comparison
b.) As 3.) Comparison
Transitional words to indicate contrast
but, in contrast, conversely, however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, and yet, on the other hand, of course, on the contrary, or, in spite of this, actually, a year ago, now, notwithstanding, for all that, strangely enough, ironically
Over the summer Brian was really excited about being placed in the advanced math class, but after getting his syllabus on the first day and seeing the workload, he was ready to jump ship. (Which best express the meaning of "jump ship" as used in the sentence?) a. Brian was even more excited about the math class than he was over the summer. b. Brian wanted to start working on his math assignments right away. c. Brian did not want to be in the advance math class anymore. d. Brian wanted to cause some trouble in the advanced math class.
c. Brian did not want to be in the advance math class anymore. Explanation: To "jump ship" is to escape a commitment in which you are already engaged.
Mrs. Robinson expects Cassie and my presentation to be good, but we have been working on it every night for the last week, so we are really going to knock her socks off. (Which best express the meaning of "knocking one's socks off" as used in the sentence?) a. Cassie and the speaker are not prepared to give a good presentation. b. Cassie and the speaker intend on hitting Mrs. Robinson rather than presenting. c. Cassie and the speaker's presentation will far exceed Mrs. Robinson's expectations. d. Cassie and the speaker's presentation will meet Mrs. Robison's expectations.
c. Cassie and the speaker's presentation will far exceed Mrs. Robinson's expectations. Explanation: To "knock someone's socks off" is to impress them greatly with your efforts.
After going to the zoo, the mall, and the movies, Cassie was sick of bending over backwards to entertain her nieces. (Which best express the meaning of "bending over backwards" as used in the sentence?) a. Cassie was doing very little to entertain her nieces. b. Cassie was making small efforts to entertain her nieces. c. Cassie was trying very hard to entertain her nieces. d. Cassie was not trying at all to entertain her nieces.
c. Cassie was trying very hard to entertain her nieces. Explanation: When someone is "bending over backwards," they are trying very hard to please another person.
After Michael missed three shots in a row and passed the ball to a player on the other team, the boys were only up by two and they suspected that Michael would be the Achilles' heel of the team. (Which best express the meaning of "Achilles' heel" as used in the sentence?) a. Michael performs well under pressure. b. Michael is a valuable contributor to the team. c. Michael is a weakness in an otherwise strong entity. d. Michael inspires others to succeed.
c. Michael is a weakness in an otherwise strong entity. Explanation: Since Michael has performed poorly and the boys are still in the lead, a good reader might be able to infer that an Achilles' heel is a weakness in an otherwise strong entity.
Mr. Johnson was very particular about the arrangement of his classroom, so the thing he hated most was when his students caused a ruckus with their wild horseplay. (Which best express the meaning of "horseplay" as used in the sentence?) a. Mr. Johnson hated when his students pretended to be animals. b. Mr. Johnson hated when his students played sports. c. Mr. Johnson hated when his students wrestled around with each other. d. Mr. Johnson hated when his students made animal noises.
c. Mr. Johnson hated when his students wrestled around with each other. Explanation: "Horseplay" is when children wrestle around with one another. Generally it is referred to as such in areas where such activities might upset the environment.
Keisha got up a started yelling at Ronnie and threatening him but Ronnie didn't even flinch because he knew that her bark was worse than her bite. (Which best express the meaning of "bark is worse than her bite" as used in the sentence?) a. Ronnie thinks that Keisha will get in trouble for yelling. b. Ronnie thinks that Keisha has bad breath. c. Ronnie thinks that Keisha is loud but not dangerous. d. Ronnie thinks that Keisha has a crush on him.
c. Ronnie thinks that Keisha is loud but not dangerous. Explanation: Ronnie thinks that Keisha is loud but not dangerous. When somebody says that "one's bark is worse than one's bite" they mean that the person makes a lot of noise but it is not a physical threat.
After I told the client that we could give him a discount on the window repairs, the boss said that we couldn't and now I've got egg all over my face. (Which best express the meaning of "egg all over my face" as used in the sentence?) a. Someone who has egg all over his or her face is a person who is known to not tell the truth. b. Someone who has egg all over his or her face is a person who profits from other's misfortunes. c. Someone who has egg all over his or her face is a person who looks foolish or embarrassed. d. Someone who has egg all over his or her face is a person who looks very hungry.
c. Someone who has egg all over his or her face is a person who looks foolish or embarrassed. Explanation: Someone with egg all over his or her face is a person in a situation who, usually through fault of their own, looks foolish or embarrassed.
While Kristie's cake pops are both delicious and artistic, nobody can hold a candle to her pecan pie. a. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is not visually pleasing. b. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is very hot when it comes out of the oven. c. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is better than all others. d. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is in serious need of improvements.
c. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is better than all others. Explanation: This means that Kristie's pecan pie is better than all others. It is so good that other pecan pies would not be allowed to hold candles for Kristie's pecan pie.
While Kristie's cake pops are both delicious and artistic, nobody can hold a candle to her pecan pie. (Which best express the meaning of "hold a candle to" as used in the sentence?) a. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is not visually pleasing. b. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is very hot when it comes out of the oven. c. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is better than all others. d. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is in serious need of improvements.
c. This means that Kristie's pecan pie is better than all others. Explanation: This means that Kristie's pecan pie is better than all others. It is so good that other pecan pies would not be allowed to hold candles for Kristie's pecan pie.
No one knows the true origin of ice-cream, but the first published ice-cream recipe appears in "Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts," a cook book that was printed in London in 1718. Sometime around 1832, an African American confectioner named Augustus Jackson created multiple ice cream recipes and invented a superior technique to manufacture ice cream. Ice cream soda was invented around 1874, but the real breakthrough may have been at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, when the American ice-cream cone was unveiled! (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. problem and solution b. cause and effect c. chronological d. spatial/descriptive e. sequence/process
c. chronological
One time my mom and I made ice-cream. We added sugar and cream into a big glass bowl. We kept it frozen in the middle of a bigger glass bowl. While it froze, I stirred the mixture with a hand mixer. It was the first time that had I used one and it splattered ice-cream mixture all over the kitchen. The rest of the mixture finally froze, so we ate some ice cream, and then put the remaining portions in the freezer so that it wouldn't get freezer burned. That was a good day. (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. chronological d. spatial/descriptive e. cause and effect
c. chronological
Larry will probably be a late bloomer socially, [just like] his older brothers. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. time b. contrast c. comparison d. cause and effect
c. comparison
"Even though" most Americans are primarily concerned about AIDS as it exists in the U.S., it should be remembered that it is not nearly a worldwide disease. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. addition b. time c. contrast d. comparison
c. contrast
Running can make people more aware of their physical surroundings, [such as] the scent of honeysuckle or the changing moods of the trees. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. addition b. contrast c. illustration/example d. cause and effect
c. illustration/example
Some people in New Jersey built their houses very close to the shoreline. [Consequently], they have had to spend a lot of money trying to protect their property from the sea. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. addition b. contrast c. illustration/example d. cause and effect
c. illustration/example
There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. [For instance], bring a portable radio and listen to music on the earphones while you work. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. contrast b. comparison c. illustration/example d. cause and effect
c. illustration/example
(Pick appropriate transition word and indicate what type of transition it is) _________ the invention of television, people probably spent more of their leisure time reading. a.) Nevertheless b.) Because c.) Before 1.) Addition 2.) Cause and effect 3.) Time
c.) Before 3.) Time
(Pick appropriate transition word and indicate what type of transition it is) __________ I'm very allergic to flowers, my boyfriend bought a bouquet of roses. a.) Until b.) Because c.) Even though 1.) Time 2.) Contrast 3.) Addition
c.) Even though 2.) Contrast
(Pick appropriate transition word and indicate what type of transition it is) __________ Manny's car stereo was on full blast, I could see his lips moving, but I had no idea what he was saying. a.) Moreover b.) Because c.) Just as 1.) Comparison 2.) Addition 3.) Cause and effect
c.) Just as 3.) Cause and effect
I know that Catherine has been really unpleasant toward you, Alvin, but take it with a grain of salt: she's mean to everyone. (Which best express the meaning of "take it with a grain of salt" as used in the sentence?) a. Alvin should try hard to get on Catherine's good side. b. Alvin should be worried that Catherine is not treating him kindly. c. Alvin should go and get lunch and reflect on Catherine's attitude. d. Alvin should not be concerned about how Catherine is treating him.
d. Alvin should not be concerned about how Catherine is treating him. Explanation: To "take it with a grain of salt" means to treat something as insignificant
You might think that Billy Parker is the kid who has everything, but if you saw the list of chores his parents give him, I guarantee that you wouldn't want to be in his shoes. (Which best express the meaning of "be in his shoes" as used in the sentence?) a. You wouldn't want your shoes to get as dirty as Billy's when he's doing his chores. b. If you have to do as many chores as Billy, you'll want a pair of comfortable shoes. c. Billy shoes are so uncomfortable that doing his chores is really unpleasant. d. Billy has so many chores to do that it is unpleasant to imagine doing them all.
d. Billy has so many chores to do that it is unpleasant to imagine doing them all. Explanation: Billy has so many chores to do that it would be unpleasant to be him. The expression "to be in one's shoes" means to imagine what another person is going through.
Bobby would have been playing ball until the cows came home if it hadn't been for Suzie dragging him home for dinner. (Which best express the meaning of "until the cows come home" as used in the sentence?) a. Bobby was just about to stop playing ball. b. Bobby didn't even want to play ball to begin with. c. Bobby prefers nature to athletics. d. Bobby would have continued playing ball for a long time.
d. Bobby would have continued playing ball for a long time. Explanation: The expression "until the cows come home" means that something is likely to continue for a long time.
Brad was accusing us of stealing his phone until he found it in his backpack, and now he's trying to sweep it under the rug. (Which best express the meaning of "sweep it under the rug" as used in the sentence?) a. Brad thinks that his phone will be safer if he hides it under the rug. b. Brad wants to do something to make up for his mistake. c. Brad is trying to locate a signal for his phone so that he can use it. d. Brad wants to pretend that the incident never happened.
d. Brad wants to pretend that the incident never happened. Explanation: Brad wants to pretend that the incident never happened. The expression "sweep it under the rug" is used when a person is trying to quickly move past a mistake without taking the time to correct it properly.
Vivian expected Craig to sob uncontrollably when she broke up with him; however, Craig kept a stiff upper lip. (Which best express the meaning of "keeping a stiff upper lip" as used in the sentence?) a. Craig cried even more than Vivian had expected. b. Craig cried about as much as Vivian had expected. c. Craig cried a little less than Vivian had expected. d. Craig did not cry.
d. Craig did not cry. Explanation: "Keeping a stiff upper lip" means that a person does not cry despite facing emotional turmoil. This expression probably refers to how when one cries, his or her upper lip tends to curl.
Eric wanted to fix his cousin's computer, but he was already having problems setting up his Aunt's Wi-Fi network and he didn't want to open a whole new can of worms. (Which best expresses the meaning of "open a can of worms" as used in the sentence?) a. Eric was sick of spending his time helping his family. b. Eric wanted to go fishing instead of working on computers. c. Eric was having difficulties untangling the computer wires. d. Eric was not ready to begin working on a complicated new problem.
d. Eric was not ready to begin working on a complicated new problem. Explanation: To "open a can of worms" is to begin working on a complicated problem. This expression may refer to a fisherman opening a can of worms and having difficulties unraveling a single worm from the bunch.
Janet gushed over the sculpture in the antique shop, but Kevin thought that the craftsmanship was merely run of the mill. (Which best express the meaning of "run of the mill" as used in the sentence?) a. He thinks that it is of exceptionally high quality. b. He thinks that it is marked by creativity or originality. c. He thinks that it is too expensive for the average person too afford. d. He thinks that it is low quality, common or ordinary.
d. He thinks that it is low quality, common or ordinary. Explanation: The expression "run of the mill" means that something is not distinguished by quality or originality. It refers to a factory or mill in which identical items are mass produced.
A water main downtown broke this morning, "so" several businesses had no water for hours. (Which option correctly identifies the nature of the transition?) a. addition b. time c. comparison d. cause and effect
d. cause and effect
It was the most beautiful banana split that I had ever seen. In the middle of the bowl, there were three scoops of ice-cream: chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. On top of the ice-cream were a banana and a thick web of chocolate and caramel sauces. A huge puff of whipped cream covered the sauces and a handful of crushed nuts dappled the whipped cream. On top of it all was a cherry, but I've never liked the soggy squish of cherries (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. chronological d. spatial/descriptive e. cause and effect
d. spatial/desccriptive
The ice-cream shop around the corner from my house has the best ice-cream in the city. When you first walk inside, there is a long chrome counter with matching stools extending to alongside the far wall. Right where the counter stops, the booth seating begins. There are lots of old-timey knickknacks on the walls and chrome napkin holders on all the tables. My favorite part of the shop is behind the counter glass, where they keep all of the ice-cream flavors. A rainbow of delicious sugary flavors is kept cool and delicious behind the counter glass. (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. chronological d. spatial/descriptive e. sequence/process
d. spatial/descriptive
Have you ever had an ice-cream headache? That's when a painful sensation resonates in your head after eating something cold (usually ice-cream) on a hot day. This pain is produced by the dilation of a nerve center in the roof of your mouth. The nerve center is overreacting to the cold by trying to heat your brain. Ice-cream headaches have turned many smiles to frowns. (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. chronological d. spatial/descriptive e. cause and effect
e. cause and effect
Making ice-cream is not easy. Cream and sugar have to first be mixed in a frozen container. Ingredients may be added at this point, if desired. The mixture must be stirred and whipped until the cream and sugar mixture is frozen. Depending on the equipment, this may take as long as an hour. After the ice-cream is prepared, it must be kept frozen until it is ready to be enjoyed. Making ice-cream is difficult, but most people would agree that it is worth the trouble. (read the passage and identify how the information is being organized) a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. chronological d. cause and effect e. sequence/process
e. sequence
Transitional words to signal order or sequence
first, second, (etc.), finally, hence, next, then, from here on, to begin with, last of all, after, before, as soon as, in the end, gradually
Transitional words to signal an example
for example, to illustrate, for instance, to be specific, such as, moreover, furthermore, just as important, similarly, in the same way
More transition words to offer a summary, an example or a conclusion
for instance, in fact, on the whole, as a result, for example, in conclusion, in short, therefore, after all, in other word, on the other hand, thus
More transition words to contrast or limit ideas
however, even so, conversely, instead, nevertheless, although, in spite of, on the other hand, and yet, neither... nor, still, but, on the contrary
Transitional words to summarize or repeat
in summary, to sum up, to repeat, briefly, in short, finally, on the whole, therefore, as I have said, in conclusion, as you can see
Transitional words to dispute
it isn't true that, people are wrong who say that, deny that, be that as it may, by the same token, no doubt, we often hear it said, many people claim, many people suppose, it used to be thought, in any case
Transitional words to signal comparisons
like, in the same (like) manner or way, similarly
More transition words to indicate time or position
meanwhile, afterward, eventually, nearby, first (second, ect.), later, before, soon
Transitional words to signal time
next, afterward, finally, later, last, lastly, at last, now, subsequently, then, when, soon, thereafter, after a short time, the next week (month, day, etc.), a minute later, in the meantime, meanwhile, on the following day, at length, ultimately, presently
More transition words to show cause and effect
therefore, consequently, as a result, thus, accordingly, because
Transitional words to signal purpose
to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, for this reason, for these reasons
