Grammar test 3

noun clause examples

as predicate noun: Her idea is [that she will join the Army after graduation]. as object of preposition: Give the tickets to [whoever wants them]. as subject: [How he ever passes without studying] amazes the teacher.

subordinating conjunctions

connect independent clauses and dependent clauses. (adverb clauses at beginning of sentence usually comma and at end usually do not) EX: before, since, because, while, after, so, that, as, if, though, than, where, when

verbal phrase

created from the verb paradigm but are not used in the main predicate in the sentence. Instead the verb functions as a noun, an adj., or an adverb

dependent clause

depend on the independent clause for meaning. 1. adj. 2. adverb 3. noun

elliptical clauses

grammatically incomplete in the sense that they are missing either the relative pronoun (dependent word) that normally introduces such a clause or something from the predicate in the second part of a comparison. The missing parts of the elliptical clause can be guessed from the context and most readers are not aware that anything is missing. In fact, elliptical clauses are regarded as both useful and correct, even in formal prose, because they are often elegant, efficient means of expression. Coach Espinoza knew [that] this team would be the best [that] she had coached in recent years. Though [they were] sometimes nervous on the court, her recruits proved to be hard workers. Sometimes the veterans knew the recruits could play better than they [could play].

gerund phrase

group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifiers and/or noun phrases that function as the direct objects, indirect objects, or complements of the action or state expressed in the gerund.

phrase

group of words that DOES NOT include subject AND predicate, cannot function as a stand alone sentence

clause

group of words that DOES contains subject AND verb (predicate). 2 major categories: independent and dependent

punctuating infinitives

if inf. is used as an adverb and is the beginning phrase in a sentence, it should be set off with a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is needed for an infinitive phrase To buy a basket of flowers, John had to spend his last dollar (why did John have to spend his last dollar?) To win every game was a definite challenge (no comma)

restrictive clauses

not placed in commas, meaning of sentence depends on both clauses for meaning. EX: The girl [who once lived next door to me] also became a college professor.

infinitive functions

noun (subject, direct object, subject complement), adjective, adverb

split infinitives

occur when additional words are included between to and the verb in an infinitive. AVOID THESE. EX: I needed to quickly gather my personal possessions (avoid in formal writing) say I need to gather my personal possessions quickly.

3 types of verbals

participles infinitives gerunds

2 types subject complements

predicate noun/nominative and predicate adj. must rename.

participles

present or past participle verb forms are used as adjectives or adverbs, can be one word or a phrase

fragment

punctuating a dependent clause as an independent clause

infinitives

verbal that uses the word "to" plus a verb and are used as a noun, adjective, or adverb; can stand alone or be used in a phrase

verbal

when a verb is used as another part of speech (they are phrases)

relative adverbs

where, when (and why?) EX: The day [when my son was born] was a Sunday. (adj. dependent clause. which day?)

relative pronouns

who, whoever (ppl in subjective case) whom, whomever (ppl in objective case) which, that (place, thing, idea) whose whichever, whatever (more than 1 place, thing, idea) use who or whom when referring to people, not that *commas that cut out the fat go with which and not with that* connect independent and dependent clauses and function as a subject, object, predicate nominative in the dependent clause.

infinitive examples

-To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required. (subject) -Everyone wanted to go (direct object) -His ambition is to fly (subject complement- predicate noun) -He lacked the strength to resist (adj. what strength?) -We must study to learn (adverb. why must we study?)

infinitive phrase examples

-We intended [to leave early] (direct object) -I have a paper [to write before class] (adjective- what kind of paper) -Everyone wanted [Carol to be the captain of the team] (inf. phrase as direct object of wanted, Carol is subject of inf. phrase, captain as the predicate nominative in the phrase)

adverb (dependent) clauses

-begins with a subordinating conjunction -(contains a subject and a verb b/c clause) -(modifies another adverb, adj., or verb b/c adverb) -(answers who, when, where, why, to what extent b/c adverb) -restrictive or nonrestrictive

noun (dependent) clause

-functions any way a noun can -introduced with subordinating conjunction, relative pronoun, what, or how (she asked.....(s/p)) -answers what or whom *vital part of sentence, can't be taken out with commas*

4 types of sentences

-simple: one independent clause -compound: two independent clauses -complex: independent clause and one or more dependent clauses -compound: compound (2 independent) and one or more dependent clauses *clause has subject and verb. Each type can contain any number of phrases*

infinitives as direct objects with vs. without subject of infinitive

I asked [to see the records] I asked [him to show me the records] (him is subject of infinitive)

participle examples

She had a broken heart (adj.) her arm, broken in a fall from her horse, healed slowly (phrase as adj.) After finishing the test, Mike consumed two pots of coffee. (phrase as adverb) *introductory participle phrases require a comma!*

list of conjunctive adverbs

accordingly, also, anyhow, besides, consequently, conversely, finally, furthermore, hence, however, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, otherwise, similarly, still, subsequently, then, therefore, thus connects 2 independent clauses

nonrestrictive clauses

add additional information that is not necessary for the meaning of the independent clause. EX: Thomas Jefferson, who lived in Virginia, was the third President.

appositive phrases

type of noun phrase that renames the noun directly in front of it

subject of infinitve

"to" can be understood sometimes. Let me (to) be. subject of infinitive (if pronoun) requires the objective case

adjective (dependent) clause

(contains a subject and a predicate b/c clause) -introduced by relative pronouns and relative adverbs. (always modifies noun or pronoun b/c adj.) -restrictive or nonrestrictive -dependent clauses that function as adjectives.

participles as objective complements

(remember: objective complement completes the thought expressed in the direct object), "as" or "being as" is understood They feel themselves being drawn through a tunnel (themselves is direct object) (being drawn through a tunnel is objective complement)

punctuating adverb clauses

-All types of introductory adverbs always require a comma (adverbial noun, prepositional phrases as adverbs, participle or infinitive phrases as adverbs, dependent adverb clause) -adverb clauses at the end of a sentence do not require a comma. EX: She screamed [when she saw the mouse]

adverbs

-where -when -why -how (to what extent) *modify verbs, adjs, adverbs*

Adjectives

-which one? -what kind? (whose, how many) *modify nouns or pronouns*

gerunds

1. the present participle--ing 2. used only as a noun 3. refers to an activity

gerunds (points to remember)

1. verbal ending in -ing that is used as a noun. 2. phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s). 3. Gerunds and gerund phrases virtually never require punctuation 4. modified by possessives (they don't appreciate my singing)

punctuating compound sentences

1. with a coordinating conjunction and comma (FANBOYS) 2. A conjunctive adverb with a semicolon. (He studied every day; thus, he makes good grades.) 3. just a semicolon (Tom enjoys sports; his girlfriend does not) 4. correlative conjunctions in compound or simple sentences (Not only did Fitzgerald write novels but he also produced films.)

nominative absolute

a grammatically independent expression consisting of a noun or a pronoun modified by a participle, the phrase modifies absolutely the entire sentence; shows two things happening at once EX: The clock striking twelve, Cinderella fled the ball. Time running out on the clock, the quarterback threw a Hail Mary pass.

noun phrase

a word or group of words that functions in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.

Independent clause

sentence. does not depend on additional info for meaning

prepositional phrases

serve as modifiers and are used as adjs. or adverbs in the main sentence. The boy [in the blue jacket (adj. b/c which boy?)] ran [into the woods (adverb b/c where?)]

gerund functions

subject direct object indirect object subject complement (predicate nominative) object of preposition appositive *can function any way a noun does!*

predicate nominative

the noun following a linking verb that restates or stands for the subject

verb phrase

the part of a sentence containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.