gre verbal

Once American men returned from the WWII battlefields, they quickly displaced the women who had temporarily filled jobs otherwise reserved for men. With many women reverting to their domestic role, the dramatic increase in birth rate is perhaps not too surprising. Yet, such factors alone cannot explain the increase in the number of births from 1946-1951. Murray suggests that both women and men's perspectives changed, mostly because of America's success in the war, leading to rapid population growth. However, this position ignores the many middle- and lower-middle class women who continued working in factories and who contributed to the dramatic surge in population. Regarding this subset, the more plausible view is that couples were more likely to conceive based on the fact that they considered themselves part of a dual-income household—if necessary, the woman of the home could work.

According to the author, middle and lower-middle class women were more likely to conceive based on which of the following? Positive attitude Sense of patriotism Ability to return to former jobs Financial outlook* Overall level of health

Originally, scientists predicted small asteroids to be hard and rocky, as any loose surface material (called regolith) generated by impacts was expected to escape their weak gravity. Aggregate small bodies were not thought to exist, because the slightest sustained relative motion would cause them to separate. But observations and computer modeling are proving otherwise. Most asteroids larger than a kilometer are now believed to be composites of smaller pieces. Those imaged at high-resolution show evidence for copious regolith despite the weak gravity. Most of them have one or more extraordinarily large craters, some of which are wider than the mean radius of the whole body. Such colossal impacts would not just gouge out a crater—they would break any monolithic body into pieces. In short, asteroids larger than a kilometer across may look like nuggets of hard rock but are more likely to be aggregate assemblages—or even piles of loose rubble so pervasively fragmented that no solid bedrock is left. The rubble hypothesis, proposed decades ago by scientists, lacked evidence, until the planetologist Shoemaker realized that the huge craters on the asteroid Mathilde and its very low density could only make sense together: a porous body such as a rubble pile can withstand a battering much better than an integral object. It will absorb and dissipate a large fraction of the energy of an impact; the far side might hardly feel a thing. At first, the rubble hypothesis may appear conceptually troublesome. The material strength of an asteroid is nearly zero, and the gravity is so low one is tempted to neglect that too. The truth is neither strength nor gravity can be ignored. Paltry though it may be, gravity binds a rubble pile together. And anybody who builds sandcastles knows that even loose debris can cohere. Oft-ignored details of motion begin to matter: sliding friction, chemical bonding, damping of kinetic energy, etc. We are just beginning to fathom the subtle interplay of these minuscule forces. The size of an asteroid should determine which force dominates. One indication is the observed pattern of asteroidal rotation rates. Some collisions cause an asteroid to spin faster; others slow it down. If asteroids are monolithic rocks undergoing random collisions, a graph of their rotation rates should show a bell-shaped distribution with a statistical "tail" of very fast rotators. If nearly all asteroids are rubble piles, however, this tail would be missing, because any rubble pile spinning faster than once every two or three hours would fly apart. Recently, several astronomers discovered that all but five observed asteroids obey a strict rotation limit. The exceptions are all smaller than about 150 meters in diameter, with an abrupt cutoff for asteroids larger than 200 meters. The evident conclusion—that asteroids larger than 200 meters across are rubble piles—agrees with recent computer modeling of collisions. A collision can blast a large asteroid to bits, but those bits will usually be moving slower than their mutual escape velocity (the lowest velocity that a body must have in order to escape the orbit of a planet). Over several hours, gravity will reassemble all but the fastest pieces into a rubble pile.

According to the rubble-pile hypothesis, an advantage conferred on a low-density asteroid is that it is unlikely to fall apart over a long period of time more amenable to computer modeling *less susceptible to powerful impacts not likely to collide with another object more readily observed by astronomers

The DNA molecule is composed of subunits called base pairs, which are two smaller subunits bonded together, forming part of a genetic message. In our bodies every individual cell has one billion base pairs. It is unlikely that all of these base pairs, making up what scientists call an entire genome, could be extracted from fossil remains. Even if they could, they would still need to be assembled into an ordered, structured genome. At present, isolating and organizing the DNA into an entire genome for a fossil animal is impossible. We cannot create carbon copies of organisms that are alive today, even if we have the entire genome in its correct order. Before cloning becomes possible, much must be learned about translating the information in the genome into a living, breathing organism.

Based on information in the passage, if a scientist were able to derive a dinosaur's entire genome from a fossil then that scientist would *not have sufficient information to create an actual dinosaur have the essential information necessary to clone a dinosaur know little regarding the dinosaur's DNA not have access to the dinosaur's base pairs be able to translate the information in the genome into an organism

The gossip columnist's ____________ was ____________ the number of her published columns - the more articles she wrote, the more untruths she spread.

Blank (i) *calumny-slander ardor flattery Blank (ii) *commensurate with inverse to unconnected to

Fenton's motives were clearly ____________ , yet Fenton tried, in the most ingratiating way, to ____________ his innocence.

Blank (i) aboveboard *base* overt Blank (ii) *maintain* dismiss hide

At times ____________ , she could just as suddenly become ____________, a change in mood that was favorable yet so unpredictable as to be jarring.

Blank (i) affable morose* magnanimous Blank (ii) aloof selfish jubilant*

Presidents who filled their cabinets with (i) ______________ viewpoints tend to have a more storied legacy than those whose cabinets were made up of men with a more (ii) ______________ outlook, men who dissented little with their respective presidents.

Blank (i) belligerent dissimilar* educated Blank (ii) provincial uniform* robust

The professor's ____________ demeanor not only made others reluctant to approach her, but also ____________ the intellectual growth that comes from the ____________ of ideas.

Blank (i) cheerful meek *disdainful* Blank (ii) *limited* invited facilitated Blank (iii) repudiation *interchange* repression

To the ____________ eye the jungle canopy can seem little more than a dense latticework of branches and leaves. For the indigenous peoples of the Amazon, even a small area can serve as a veritable ____________ of pharmaceutical cures. The field of ethnobotany, which relates both to the natural pharmacy offered up by the jungle and the peoples who serve as a store of such knowledge, has become increasingly popular in the last decades as many anthropologists, hoping to take advantage of this vast bounty, learn the language and customs of the tribes in order to ____________ them thousands of years worth of knowledge.

Blank (i) untutored* sophisticated veteran Blank (ii) cornucopia* invasion dissemination Blank (iii) glean from* allot to purge from

____________ centuries of would-be conquerors, the Aztec fortress of Chapultepec seemed ____________, until U.S. forces under General Winfield Scott were able to take the fortress with surprisingly little effort.

Enticing Murdering *Thwarting* Blank (ii) obsolete comprehensive *impregnable*

____________ abound in geography: the city of Alexandria is named after Alexander the Great; Leopoldville, the former name of Kinshasa, is named after King Leopold II of Belgium.

Eponyms*-derived from a persons name Derivatives Metaphors Tropes Diminutives

Among the classes at City High School, Mrs. Baxter's class has the greatest percent of students who are taller than six feet. Mr. Pendelton's class, however, has the greatest percent of students who are 6'4 and taller.

If the statements above are true, then which of the following must also be true? Mr. Pendelton's class has more students who are between 6'0 and 6'4 than any class, except for Mrs. Baxter's. *Mrs. Baxter's class has some students who are between 6'0 and 6'4. At City High School, Mrs. Baxter's class has the second greatest number of students who are taller than 6'4. Mr. Pendelton's class has the greater percent of students who are between 6'0 and 6'4. The range of heights in Mr. Pendelton's class is greater than that of Mrs. Baxter's class.

Even minutes before the guests were set to arrive, she fussed over the smallest detail, ______________ rearranging the silverware lest a fork should be set askew.civilly

civilly hastily brusquely punctiliously* -fussing over details indecorously fastidiously*-overly concerned with details

Stranded north of the Arctic Circle and with few remaining supplies, the expedition was in a _____ position.

ennobled stultifying precarious* spurious unexposed dicey*

Winston ____ researched prospective universities, listing both the positive and negative attributes of each school, before choosing the one that suited him best.

ethically haphazardly sedulously* -great diligence sporadically scrupulously*-does something carefully and thoroughly inadvertently

The rise of amateur writers online has brought with it an interesting corollary: since much of what used to be read passed under the scrupulous (careful) eye of a publishing house, the more _________ lapses in syntax were once far less in circulation.

forgivable flagrant* uncommon atypical egregious* apparent

Requiring split-second decisions, the career of an investment banker is clearly not a viable one for those prone to _____ .

forwardness hesitation* dithering*-delay in making a decision prevarication wastefulness obstinacy

As soon as his slightest whim was not met, the actor became _____, snapping even at those not involved in the filming of the scene.

grim fastidious querulous* - complaining in whinning manner sullen chivalrous petulant*-to irritable or peevish

As the job fair neared to an end, the recent college graduate became ever more ______, desperately trying to befriend prospective employers he had earlier not even deigned to give so much as a cursory glance.

ingratiating*-desperately trying to win affection of others fawning* withdrawn volatile vociferous direct

For readers of novels, in which the denouement is drawn out, every loose plot thread neatly wrapped up, the short story often has a(n) ________ feel to it.

meandering interminable understated unfinished* retrospective

Cryptozoology is predicated on a notion that is every bit as ___________ as the very quarry it aims to study: one cannot disprove the existence of that which does not exist.

mysterious irrefutable cautious *elusive* - hard to find,understand,or remember fundamental

Though many are apt to believe that the bones from a recent discovery are those of a direct ancestor of modern humans, some scientists are skeptical, and contend that the remains, while suggesting a common ancestor, are but a vestige of one of evolution's many ______ experiments.

noble unviable* intuitive unsuccessful* archaic ingenious

After a bout of the flu, Sue was unable to _____ between certain foods, with many flavors taking on a bland note.

opt settle discriminate* adjudicate delineate differentiate*

Much of the consumer protection movement is predicated on the notion that routine exposure to seemingly _______________ products can actually have long-term deleterious consequences.

outdated banal litigious virulent *benign*

Movie marketing works in a highly predictable, and obnoxious, fashion: the more we are assaulted with images of intergalactic battles, or a pouty heroine hoping to regain her lost love, the greater likelihood that the movie is one best

patronized avoided* coveted steered clear of* mulled over celebrated

Able to coax a palpable sense of menace from the bucolic backwaters of her native Missouri, Micheaux adroitly shows us, in her latest book, that a surface of idyllic charm can ______ a roiling underbelly of intrigue, corruption, and murder.

subsume belie* counteract preface complement

Compared to regulations in other countries, those of the United States tend to be narrower in scope, with an emphasis on manufacturing processes and specific categories of pollution, and little or no attention to the many other factors that affect environmental quality. An example is the focus on controlling pollution rather than influencing decisions about processes, raw materials, or products that determine environmental impacts. Regulation in the United States tends to isolate specific aspects of production processes and attempts to control them stringently, which means that some aspects of business are regulated tightly, although sometimes not cost-effectively, while others are ignored. Other countries and several American states have recently made more progress in preventing pollution at its source and considering such issues as product life cycles, packaging waste, and industrial energy efficiency. Environmental regulation in the United States is also more prescriptive than elsewhere, in the sense of requiring specific actions, with little discretion left to the regulated firm. There also is a great reliance on action-forcing laws and technology standards. These contrasts are illustrated nicely in a 1974 book that used a hare and tortoise analogy to compare air quality regulation in the United States and Sweden. While the United States (the hare) codified ambitious goals in statutes that drove industry to adopt new technologies under the threat of sanctions, Sweden (the tortoise) used a more collaborative process that stressed results but worked with industry in deciding how to achieve them. In the end air quality results were about the same. Similar results have been found in other comparative analyses of environmental regulation. For example, one study of a multinational firm with operations in the United States and Japan found that pollution levels in both countries were similar, despite generally higher pollution abatement expenditures in the United States. The higher costs observed in the United States thus were due in large part, not to more stringent standards, but to the higher regulatory transaction costs. Because agencies in different countries share information about technologies, best practices, and other issues, the pollution levels found acceptable in different countries tends to be quite similar.

It can be inferred that, compared to the United States, Japan spent less on ensuring strict standards minimizing pollution regulating firms* research and development environmental cleanup

Compared to regulations in other countries, those of the United States tend to be narrower in scope, with an emphasis on manufacturing processes and specific categories of pollution, and little or no attention to the many other factors that affect environmental quality. An example is the focus on controlling pollution rather than influencing decisions about processes, raw materials, or products that determine environmental impacts. Regulation in the United States tends to isolate specific aspects of production processes and attempts to control them stringently, which means that some aspects of business are regulated tightly, although sometimes not cost-effectively, while others are ignored. Other countries and several American states have recently made more progress in preventing pollution at its source and considering such issues as product life cycles, packaging waste, and industrial energy efficiency. Environmental regulation in the United States is also more prescriptive than elsewhere, in the sense of requiring specific actions, with little discretion left to the regulated firm. There also is a great reliance on action-forcing laws and technology standards. These contrasts are illustrated nicely in a 1974 book that used a hare and tortoise analogy to compare air quality regulation in the United States and Sweden. While the United States (the hare) codified ambitious goals in statutes that drove industry to adopt new technologies under the threat of sanctions, Sweden (the tortoise) used a more collaborative process that stressed results but worked with industry in deciding how to achieve them. In the end air quality results were about the same. Similar results have been found in other comparative analyses of environmental regulation. For example, one study of a multinational firm with operations in the United States and Japan found that pollution levels in both countries were similar, despite generally higher pollution abatement expenditures in the United States. The higher costs observed in the United States thus were due in large part, not to more stringent standards, but to the higher regulatory transaction costs. Because agencies in different countries share information about technologies, best practices, and other issues, the pollution levels found acceptable in different countries tends to be quite similar.

The author of the passage would disagree with which of the following? Some nations are likely to put more focus on regulating industry than allowing industry a measure of autonomy. Varying levels of regulation often lead to similar levels of pollution. There is a complete lack of transparency in the different standards used by countries.* The United States tends to regulate only a few aspects of the overall production process. Analogies can aptly summarize the primary differences between the environmental practices of two countries.

Attempting to quell the unrest, the mayor, addressing the gathering mob, highlighted the very grievances that had initially inflamed people's temper, thereby ________ provoking the collective wrath.

unwittingly* directly decisively inadvertently* subtly noticeably tried to ease the unrest but unintentionally made it worst

What is currently (i) ______________ civil engineers is not so much a predicted increase in annual precipitation as the likelihood that many storms will come in (ii) ______________, thereby making flooding in lower lying riparian regions (iii) ______________.

Blank (i) worrying* comforting unimportant to Blank (ii) more predictable patterns tighter succession* greater isolation Blank (iii) far more likely* somewhat infrequent all but impossible

Compared to regulations in other countries, those of the United States tend to be narrower in scope, with an emphasis on manufacturing processes and specific categories of pollution, and little or no attention to the many other factors that affect environmental quality. An example is the focus on controlling pollution rather than influencing decisions about processes, raw materials, or products that determine environmental impacts. Regulation in the United States tends to isolate specific aspects of production processes and attempts to control them stringently, which means that some aspects of business are regulated tightly, although sometimes not cost-effectively, while others are ignored. Other countries and several American states have recently made more progress in preventing pollution at its source and considering such issues as product life cycles, packaging waste, and industrial energy efficiency. Environmental regulation in the United States is also more prescriptive than elsewhere, in the sense of requiring specific actions, with little discretion left to the regulated firm. There also is a great reliance on action-forcing laws and technology standards. These contrasts are illustrated nicely in a 1974 book that used a hare and tortoise analogy to compare air quality regulation in the United States and Sweden. While the United States (the hare) codified ambitious goals in statutes that drove industry to adopt new technologies under the threat of sanctions, Sweden (the tortoise) used a more collaborative process that stressed results but worked with industry in deciding how to achieve them. In the end air quality results were about the same. Similar results have been found in other comparative analyses of environmental regulation. For example, one study of a multinational firm with operations in the United States and Japan found that pollution levels in both countries were similar, despite generally higher pollution abatement expenditures in the United States. The higher costs observed in the United States thus were due in large part, not to more stringent standards, but to the higher regulatory transaction costs. Because agencies in different countries share information about technologies, best practices, and other issues, the pollution levels found acceptable in different countries tends to be quite similar.

According to the passage, as a result of stringent regulation of specific aspects of the production process other aspects of the production process are regulated slightly less adversely affected given undue consideration provided greater autonomy virtually overlooked*

Language acquisition has long been thought of as a process of imitation and reinforcement. Children learn to speak, in the popular view, by copying the utterances heard around them, and by having their response strengthened by the repetitions, corrections, and other reactions that adults provide. In recent years, it has become clear that this principle will not explain all the facts of language development. Children do imitate a great deal, especially in learning sounds and vocabulary; but little of their grammatical ability can be explained in this way. Two kinds of evidence are commonly used in support of this — one based on the kind of language children produce, the other on what they do not produce. The first piece of evidence derives from the way children handle irregular grammatical patterns. When they encounter such irregular past-tense forms as went and took or such plural forms as mice and sheep, there is a stage when they replace these by forms based on the regular patterns of the language. They say such things as wented, taked, mices, mouses, and sheeps. Evidently, children assume that grammatical usage is regular, and try to work out for themselves what the forms 'ought' to be — a reasoning process known as analogy. They could not have learned these forms by a process of imitation. The other kind of evidence is based on the way children seem unable to imitate adult grammatical constructions exactly, even when invited to do so.

According to the passage, children cannot learn from a process of imitation alone for which of the following reasons? Children copy adults even when adults intentionally use incorrect verb endings. *When children are prompted to repeat a verb that follows an irregular ending they are unable to do so. *Children tend to generate verb endings, that while incorrect, follow an established pattern.

Cartwright has gone further than what is already (i) _______ —that the expression of genes is dependent on social context. By introducing a relatively docile species of bee into the colony of a far more aggressive species, he effected a change not even thought to be (ii) _______ for the species, given its genotype: the docile bee, after six months in the hive, had become (iii) _______ .

Blank (i) well known* under investigation far afield Blank (ii) possible* healthy necessary Blank (iii) virtually extinct unnecessarily specialized highly combative*

Montaigne's pursuit of the character he called Myself—"bashful, insolent; chaste, lustful; prating, silent; laborious, delicate; knowing, ignorant"—lasted for twenty years and produced more than a thousand pages of observation and revision. When he died, he was still revising and, apparently, not at all surprised, since Myself was a protean creature, impossible to anticipate but also, being always at hand, impossible to ignore. I like to think of the essays as a kind of thriller; with Myself, the elusive prey, and Montaigne, the sleuth, locked in a battle of equals who were too close for DISSIMILATION and too smart for satisfaction. And it may be that Montaigne did, too, because he often warned his readers that nothing he wrote about Myself was likely to apply for much longer than it took the ink he used, writing it, to dry.

As used in the passage, the word "dissimulation" connotes a sense of deliberate malice outright audacity hidden deception* unfeigned delight implied criticism

That we can, from a piece of art, (i) ____________ the unconscious urges of the artist—urges that remain hidden even from the artist himself—will remain a(n) (ii)______________ issue, as it is one (iii) ___________ empirical analysis: we can never definitively know what is submerged deep inside the artist's psyche, let alone reconcile any such revelations with the artist's work.

Blank (i) derive* appreciate subvert Blank (ii) practical intractable* unambiguous Blank (iii) easily subjected to *not readily amenable to* likely to be resolved by

Refusing to ____________ his vituperative words, the ambassador only further ____________ members of the multinational committee.

Blank (i) exacerbate moderate* intensify Blank (ii) intrigued encouraged incensed*-very upset/enraged works

The burgeoning environmental movements of the middle part of last century are seen as signal achievements, ushering in an age of both greater environmental consciousness and reforms to stem the damage already done, and such a view (i) ______. But what is lost in all these paeans is that the seeds for why many today continue to doubt climate change were planted in the prognostications of the 1960s, which were so dire and overblown that the fact there was not a catastrophic rising of sea levels by the 1980s had many (ii) _____ . Now that glaciologists have documented vast ice shelves in Antarctica calving off into the sea, it is not surprising that (iii) _____ are prone to thinking, "We've heard this before."

Blank (i) has been largely destructive *is not necessarily incorrect is highly misleading Blank (ii) *questioning the very movement itself trumpeting the breakthroughs criticizing opponents of environmentalism Blank (iii) impassioned advocates *hardened skeptics climate scientists

Compared to regulations in other countries, those of the United States tend to be narrower in scope, with an emphasis on manufacturing processes and specific categories of pollution, and little or no attention to the many other factors that affect environmental quality. An example is the focus on controlling pollution rather than influencing decisions about processes, raw materials, or products that determine environmental impacts. Regulation in the United States tends to isolate specific aspects of production processes and attempts to control them stringently, which means that some aspects of business are regulated tightly, although sometimes not cost-effectively, while others are ignored. Other countries and several American states have recently made more progress in preventing pollution at its source and considering such issues as product life cycles, packaging waste, and industrial energy efficiency. Environmental regulation in the United States is also more prescriptive than elsewhere, in the sense of requiring specific actions, with little discretion left to the regulated firm. There also is a great reliance on action-forcing laws and technology standards. These contrasts are illustrated nicely in a 1974 book that used a hare and tortoise analogy to compare air quality regulation in the United States and Sweden. While the United States (the hare) codified ambitious goals in statutes that drove industry to adopt new technologies under the threat of sanctions, Sweden (the tortoise) used a more collaborative process that stressed results but worked with industry in deciding how to achieve them. In the end air quality results were about the same. Similar results have been found in other comparative analyses of environmental regulation. For example, one study of a multinational firm with operations in the United States and Japan found that pollution levels in both countries were similar, despite generally higher pollution abatement expenditures in the United States. The higher costs observed in the United States thus were due in large part, not to more stringent standards, but to the higher regulatory transaction costs. Because agencies in different countries share information about technologies, best practices, and other issues, the pollution levels found acceptable in different countries tends to be quite similar.

In saying that the regulation of American firms tend to be "prescriptive", the author of the passage implies that environmental policy is, to some extent, controlled by firms regulated firms tend to show little interest in environmental regulation most firms are incapable of conforming to stringent regulations firms are given little to no say in environmental policy* the government allows many firms to go unregulated

The prevalence of a simian virus has been directly correlated with population density in gorillas. Recent fieldwork in the Republic of Dunaga, based on capturing gorillas and testing the gorillas for the virus, has shown that Morgania Plain gorillas are more than twice as likely to be infected than are the Koluga Mountain gorillas. Nevertheless, the population density of Koluga gorillas is significantly greater than that of Morgania gorillas.

Infected Koluga gorillas behave very aggressively and are more difficult to subdue for testing.

What little scholarship has existed on Ernest Hemingway—considering his stature—has focused on trying to unmask the man behind the bravura. Ultimately, most of these works have done little more than to show that Hemingway the myth and Hemingway the man were not too dissimilar (Hemingway lived to hunt big game so should we be surprised at his virility, not to mention that of many of the author's—chiefly male—protagonists?). In the last few years, several biographies have reversed this trend, focusing on Hemingway near the end of his life: isolated and paranoid, the author imagined the government was chasing him (he was not completely wrong on this account). Ironically, the hunter had become the hunted, and in that sense, these latest biographers have provided--perhaps unwittingly--the most human portrait of the writer yet.

It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers the latest Hemingway biographies a departure from traditional biographies in that these latest biographies focus on a much overlooked aspect of the writer's body of work *depict Hemingway in a manner that is at odds with the myth of Hemingway claim that Hemingway was similar to several of his chief protagonists in his books suggest that Hemingway lacked the virility many associated with him do not attempt to explore the link between Hemingway the man and Hemingway the myth

Even though physiological and behavioral processes are maximized within relatively narrow ranges of temperatures in amphibians and reptiles, individuals may not maintain activity at the optimum temperatures for performance because of the costs associated with doing so. Alternatively, activity can occur at suboptimal temperatures even when the costs are great. Theoretically, costs of activity at suboptimal temperatures must be balanced by gains of being active. For instance, the leatherback sea turtle will hunt during the time of day in which krill are abundant, even though the water is cooler and thus the turtle's body temperature requires greater metabolic activity. In general, however, the cost of keeping a suboptimal body temperature, for reptiles and amphibians, is varied and not well understood; they include risk of predation, reduced performance, and reduced foraging success. One reptile that scientists understand better is the desert lizard, which is active during the morning at relatively low body temperatures (usually 33.0 C), inactive during midday when external temperatures are extreme, and active in the evening at body temperatures of 37.0 C. Although the lizards engage in similar behavior (e.g., in morning and afternoon, social displays, movements, and feeding), metabolic rates and water loss are great and sprint speed is lower in the evening when body temperatures are high. Thus, the highest metabolic and performance costs of activity occur in the evening when lizards have high body temperatures. However, males that are active late in the day apparently have a higher mating success resulting from their prolonged social encounters. The costs of activity at temperatures beyond those optimal for performance are offset by the advantages gained by maximizing social interactions that ultimately impact individual fitness.

It can be inferred from the passage that the metabolic costs of an activity during the middle of the day are similar to the metabolic costs of activity during the evening the same as the cost of metabolic activity at night *higher than metabolic costs of activity in the morning low and constant, regardless of behavior typically lower, depending on the activity

Dark matter and dark energy have little effect on conventional matter over familiar distances. Instead, they make their presence known through their prodigious gravitational effects. In tracking them down, therefore, astronomers have had to study gigantic assemblages of matter, extending across spans of millions and billions of light-years. Perhaps the first to take that sweeping viewpoint was the Swiss-American astronomer Fritz Zwicky. In the 1930's, Zwicky traced the motions of individual galaxies within great clusters of galaxies and made a remarkable discovery: the individual galaxies are moving too fast to be held together in a cluster by the force of gravity exerted by the starry matter visible within them. From his measurements, Zwicky concluded that the great clusters of galaxies must be held together by the gravitational effect of some unseen mass, which he dubbed "dark matter."

Scientists studied "gigantic assemblages of matter, extending across spans of millions and billions of light-years" in order to support a theory regarding the structure of galaxies discredit the view that effects of dark matter are only manifest over small distances bolster a hypothesis first proposed by Zwicky expand the scope of their findings *observe a gravitational effect that is not apparent on a smaller scale

Montaigne's pursuit of the character he called Myself—"bashful, insolent; chaste, lustful; prating, silent; laborious, delicate; knowing, ignorant"—lasted for twenty years and produced more than a thousand pages of observation and revision. When he died, he was still revising and, apparently, not at all surprised, since Myself was a protean creature, impossible to anticipate but also, being always at hand, impossible to ignore. I like to think of the essays as a kind of thriller; with Myself, the elusive prey, and Montaigne, the sleuth, locked in a battle of equals who were too close for dissimulation and too smart for satisfaction. And it may be that Montaigne did, too, because he often warned his readers that nothing he wrote about Myself was likely to apply for much longer than it took the ink he used, writing it, to dry.

Montaigne's relationship to "Myself" is most similar to that of a detective who is finally able to apprehend a criminal a person who inspires a writer to create well-known works *an athlete plagued by a nemesis who can always anticipate the next move a serial killer who deliberately leaves clues so that the police will find him an artist attempting a self-portrait that ends up looking different from the artist

The average size of marine life that washes up on the shore of the Japanese island Ryukyu is smaller than the average size that washes up on the Western coast of Australia. Giant squid have recently been found washed up on the shores of Ryukyu as well as the Western coast of Australia. It can be concluded that the average size of the giant squids on the shore Ryukyu must be less than that of giant squids washed up on the shores of Western Australia.

The argument above can be attacked on the grounds that it does which of the following? It fails to distinguish between giant squids and more diminutive variants. *It assumes that a general pattern is likely to hold true in a specific case. It discounts the possibility that the largest giant squid was found on the shores of Ryukyu. It mistakenly asserts that one instance holds true for all cases. It does not discuss the size of the giant squid compared to other squids.

For anyone claiming to write a history of a science of which reasoning forms the very essence, the question of the logic is of paramount importance. For example, a modern western account of any historical period in mathematics would, as a matter of course, show a detailed proof justifying each and every mathematical result discussed. Despite this obvious fact, general histories of Chinese mathematics rarely show concern for this issue. They insist above all on presenting only the mathematical results, the logical underpinnings of which are unclear, and rarely do they provide the reader with any semblance of a proof. While this approach to the history of mathematics is naturally a result of various causes, one which probably plays an essential role is the fact that most Chinese mathematical works themselves contain no logical justifications: according to this worldview, apparently it was enough to state authoritatively that something was true — it was completely superfluous to demonstrate why it was true. There is one major exception to this general pattern, namely a set of Chinese argumentative discourses which has been handed down to us from the first millennium A.D. We are referring to the commentaries and sub-commentaries on the Jiuzhang Suanshu ["The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"], the key work which inaugurated Chinese mathematics and served as a reference for it over a long period of its history. This fact, which was long unrecognized, means that we are now in a position to know a lot more about the logical construction of mathematics in China than, for example, in Egypt, Mesopotamia, or India.

The author implies all of the following except: The ancient mathematical texts of Mesopotamia do not provide explicit proofs for all their results. The first Western scholars studying the history of Chinese mathematics were unaware of the proofs available in the commentaries and sub-commentaries on the Jiuzhang Suanshu Proofs are a method of demonstrating the logical arguments underlying a mathematical result. The majority of important Chinese mathematicians between 1000 and 1500 A.D. would have known of the Jiuzhang Suanshu *The authors of the Jiuzhang Suanshu do not make any claim justifying their own authority.

Even though physiological and behavioral processes are maximized within relatively narrow ranges of temperatures in amphibians and reptiles, individuals may not maintain activity at the optimum temperatures for performance because of the costs associated with doing so. Alternatively, activity can occur at suboptimal temperatures even when the costs are great. Theoretically, costs of activity at suboptimal temperatures must be balanced by gains of being active. For instance, the leatherback sea turtle will hunt during the time of day in which krill are abundant, even though the water is cooler and thus the turtle's body temperature requires greater metabolic activity. In general, however, the cost of keeping a suboptimal body temperature, for reptiles and amphibians, is varied and not well understood; they include risk of predation, reduced performance, and reduced foraging success. One reptile that scientists understand better is the desert lizard, which is active during the morning at relatively low body temperatures (usually 33.0 C), inactive during midday when external temperatures are extreme, and active in the evening at body temperatures of 37.0 C. Although the lizards engage in similar behavior (e.g., in morning and afternoon, social displays, movements, and feeding), metabolic rates and water loss are great and sprint speed is lower in the evening when body temperatures are high. Thus, the highest metabolic and performance costs of activity occur in the evening when lizards have high body temperatures. However, males that are active late in the day apparently have a higher mating success resulting from their prolonged social encounters. The costs of activity at temperatures beyond those optimal for performance are offset by the advantages gained by maximizing social interactions that ultimately impact individual fitness.

The author implies that, in the desert lizard, the advantages in some forms of social interaction occur during a period in which metabolic costs are low are in direct proportion to the desert lizard's body temperature *typically outweigh the costs of engaging in activity lower the chance that the lizard will expend energy are short-lived and carry with them numerous dangers

Originally, scientists predicted small asteroids to be hard and rocky, as any loose surface material (called regolith) generated by impacts was expected to escape their weak gravity. Aggregate small bodies were not thought to exist, because the slightest sustained relative motion would cause them to separate. But observations and computer modeling are proving otherwise. Most asteroids larger than a kilometer are now believed to be composites of smaller pieces. Those imaged at high-resolution show evidence for copious regolith despite the weak gravity. Most of them have one or more extraordinarily large craters, some of which are wider than the mean radius of the whole body. Such colossal impacts would not just gouge out a crater—they would break any monolithic body into pieces. In short, asteroids larger than a kilometer across may look like nuggets of hard rock but are more likely to be aggregate assemblages—or even piles of loose rubble so pervasively fragmented that no solid bedrock is left. The rubble hypothesis, proposed decades ago by scientists, lacked evidence, until the planetologist Shoemaker realized that the huge craters on the asteroid Mathilde and its very low density could only make sense together: a porous body such as a rubble pile can withstand a battering much better than an integral object. It will absorb and dissipate a large fraction of the energy of an impact; the far side might hardly feel a thing. At first, the rubble hypothesis may appear conceptually troublesome. The material strength of an asteroid is nearly zero, and the gravity is so low one is tempted to neglect that too. The truth is neither strength nor gravity can be ignored. Paltry though it may be, gravity binds a rubble pile together. And anybody who builds sandcastles knows that even loose debris can cohere. Oft-ignored details of motion begin to matter: sliding friction, chemical bonding, damping of kinetic energy, etc. We are just beginning to fathom the subtle interplay of these minuscule forces.

The example of the sandcastle (in the second paragraph) serves to invalidate Shoemaker's initial observation offer an alternative hypothesis for an observed phenomenon describe a condition in which the typical laws of the universe do not obtain *provide support for the rubble-pile hypothesis present an instance in which gravity has little effect

Even though physiological and behavioral processes are maximized within relatively narrow ranges of temperatures in amphibians and reptiles, individuals may not maintain activity at the optimum temperatures for performance because of the costs associated with doing so. Alternatively, activity can occur at suboptimal temperatures even when the costs are great. Theoretically, costs of activity at suboptimal temperatures must be balanced by gains of being active. For instance, the leatherback sea turtle will hunt during the time of day in which krill are abundant, even though the water is cooler and thus the turtle's body temperature requires greater metabolic activity. In general, however, the cost of keeping a suboptimal body temperature, for reptiles and amphibians, is varied and not well understood; they include risk of predation, reduced performance, and reduced foraging success. One reptile that scientists understand better is the desert lizard, which is active during the morning at relatively low body temperatures (usually 33.0 C), inactive during midday when external temperatures are extreme, and active in the evening at body temperatures of 37.0 C. Although the lizards engage in similar behavior (e.g., in morning and afternoon, social displays, movements, and feeding), metabolic rates and water loss are great and sprint speed is lower in the evening when body temperatures are high. Thus, the highest metabolic and performance costs of activity occur in the evening when lizards have high body temperatures. However, males that are active late in the day apparently have a higher mating success resulting from their prolonged social encounters. The costs of activity at temperatures beyond those optimal for performance are offset by the advantages gained by maximizing social interactions that ultimately impact individual fitness.

The passage suggests that reptiles and amphibians are able to *perform an activity at suboptimal temperatures avoid excessive costs when performing an activity limit the costs of an activity by resting frequently maintain a body temperature irrespective of the environment avoid predation by resting during the night

The DNA molecule is composed of subunits called base pairs, which are two smaller subunits bonded together, forming part of a genetic message. In our bodies every individual cell has one billion base pairs. It is unlikely that all of these base pairs, making up what scientists call an entire genome, could be extracted from fossil remains. Even if they could, they would still need to be assembled into an ordered, structured genome. At present, isolating and organizing the DNA into an entire genome for a fossil animal is impossible. We cannot create carbon copies of organisms that are alive today, even if we have the entire genome in its correct order. Before cloning becomes possible, much must be learned about translating the information in the genome into a living, breathing organism.

The primary purpose of the passage is to *discuss an ongoing difficulty highlight a common misconception disprove a common theory recommend a course of action argue against a controversial practice

Originally, scientists predicted small asteroids to be hard and rocky, as any loose surface material (called regolith) generated by impacts was expected to escape their weak gravity. Aggregate small bodies were not thought to exist, because the slightest sustained relative motion would cause them to separate. But observations and computer modeling are proving otherwise. Most asteroids larger than a kilometer are now believed to be composites of smaller pieces. Those imaged at high-resolution show evidence for copious regolith despite the weak gravity. Most of them have one or more extraordinarily large craters, some of which are wider than the mean radius of the whole body. Such colossal impacts would not just gouge out a crater—they would break any monolithic body into pieces. In short, asteroids larger than a kilometer across may look like nuggets of hard rock but are more likely to be aggregate assemblages—or even piles of loose rubble so pervasively fragmented that no solid bedrock is left. The rubble hypothesis, proposed decades ago by scientists, lacked evidence, until the planetologist Shoemaker realized that the huge craters on the asteroid Mathilde and its very low density could only make sense together: a porous body such as a rubble pile can withstand a battering much better than an integral object. It will absorb and dissipate a large fraction of the energy of an impact; the far side might hardly feel a thing. At first, the rubble hypothesis may appear conceptually troublesome. The material strength of an asteroid is nearly zero, and the gravity is so low one is tempted to neglect that too. The truth is neither strength nor gravity can be ignored. Paltry though it may be, gravity binds a rubble pile together. And anybody who builds sandcastles knows that even loose debris can cohere. Oft-ignored details of motion begin to matter: sliding friction, chemical bonding, damping of kinetic energy, etc. We are just beginning to fathom the subtle interplay of these minuscule forces. The size of an asteroid should determine which force dominates. One indication is the observed pattern of asteroidal rotation rates. Some collisions cause an asteroid to spin faster; others slow it down. If asteroids are monolithic rocks undergoing random collisions, a graph of their rotation rates should show a bell-shaped distribution with a statistical "tail" of very fast rotators. If nearly all asteroids are rubble piles, however, this tail would be missing, because any rubble pile spinning faster than once every two or three hours would fly apart. Recently, several astronomers discovered that all but five observed asteroids obey a strict rotation limit. The exceptions are all smaller than about 150 meters in diameter, with an abrupt cutoff for asteroids larger than 200 meters. The evident conclusion—that asteroids larger than 200 meters across are rubble piles—agrees with recent computer modeling of collisions. A collision can blast a large asteroid to bits, but those bits will usually be moving slower than their mutual escape velocity (the lowest velocity that a body must have in order to escape the orbit of a planet). Over several hours, gravity will reassemble all but the fastest pieces into a rubble pile.

The primary purpose of the passage is to refute an unconventional theory regarding asteroid collisions express doubt regarding the validity of evidence offered up by several notable astronomers explain how earlier evidence used to describe an aspect of asteroids was misleading explore common features of an asteroid in order to provide support for a theory *discuss how one explanation of an astronomical phenomenon is most likely correct

Originally, scientists predicted small asteroids to be hard and rocky, as any loose surface material (called regolith) generated by impacts was expected to escape their weak gravity. Aggregate small bodies were not thought to exist, because the slightest sustained relative motion would cause them to separate. But observations and computer modeling are proving otherwise. Most asteroids larger than a kilometer are now believed to be composites of smaller pieces. Those imaged at high-resolution show evidence for copious regolith despite the weak gravity. Most of them have one or more extraordinarily large craters, some of which are wider than the mean radius of the whole body. Such colossal impacts would not just gouge out a crater—they would break any monolithic body into pieces. In short, asteroids larger than a kilometer across may look like nuggets of hard rock but are more likely to be aggregate assemblages—or even piles of loose rubble so pervasively fragmented that no solid bedrock is left. The rubble hypothesis, proposed decades ago by scientists, lacked evidence, until the planetologist Shoemaker realized that the huge craters on the asteroid Mathilde and its very low density could only make sense together: a porous body such as a rubble pile can withstand a battering much better than an integral object. It will absorb and dissipate a large fraction of the energy of an impact; the far side might hardly feel a thing. At first, the rubble hypothesis may appear conceptually troublesome. The material strength of an asteroid is nearly zero, and the gravity is so low one is tempted to neglect that too. The truth is neither strength nor gravity can be ignored. Paltry though it may be, gravity binds a rubble pile together. And anybody who builds sandcastles knows that even loose debris can cohere. Oft-ignored details of motion begin to matter: sliding friction, chemical bonding, damping of kinetic energy, etc. We are just beginning to fathom the subtle interplay of these minuscule forces. The size of an asteroid should determine which force dominates. One indication is the observed pattern of asteroidal rotation rates. Some collisions cause an asteroid to spin faster; others slow it down. If asteroids are monolithic rocks undergoing random collisions, a graph of their rotation rates should show a bell-shaped distribution with a statistical "tail" of very fast rotators. If nearly all asteroids are rubble piles, however, this tail would be missing, because any rubble pile spinning faster than once every two or three hours would fly apart. Recently, several astronomers discovered that all but five observed asteroids obey a strict rotation limit. The exceptions are all smaller than about 150 meters in diameter, with an abrupt cutoff for asteroids larger than 200 meters. The evident conclusion—that asteroids larger than 200 meters across are rubble piles—agrees with recent computer modeling of collisions. A collision can blast a large asteroid to bits, but those bits will usually be moving slower than their mutual escape velocity (the lowest velocity that a body must have in order to escape the orbit of a planet). Over several hours, gravity will reassemble all but the fastest pieces into a rubble pile.

The reason that graphs of asteroid rotation rates lack the expected statistical tail associated with high rotational rates is that the greater the speed in which an asteroid spins the more likely it is to cohere *the weak forces in asteroids displaying such a high rotational rate would not be able to prevent the asteroid from falling apart asteroids are not being subjected to a uniform distribution of random collisions most monolithic asteroids, upon colliding with other asteroids, are able to sustain such a high rate of rotation for the most part, the asteroids surveyed were less than 150 meters in diameter and thus far less likely to be rubble-piles, which are better able to sustain the impact from collisions

For anyone claiming to write a history of a science of which reasoning forms the very essence, the question of the logic is of paramount importance. For example, a modern western account of any historical period in mathematics would, as a matter of course, show a detailed proof justifying each and every mathematical result discussed. Despite this obvious fact, general histories of Chinese mathematics rarely show concern for this issue. They insist above all on presenting only the mathematical results, the logical underpinnings of which are unclear, and rarely do they provide the reader with any semblance of a proof. While this approach to the history of mathematics is naturally a result of various causes, one which probably plays an essential role is the fact that most Chinese mathematical works themselves contain no logical justifications: according to this worldview, apparently it was enough to state authoritatively that something was true — it was completely superfluous to demonstrate why it was true. There is one major exception to this general pattern, namely a set of Chinese argumentative discourses which has been handed down to us from the first millennium A.D. We are referring to the commentaries and sub-commentaries on the Jiuzhang Suanshu ["The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"], the key work which inaugurated Chinese mathematics and served as a reference for it over a long period of its history. This fact, which was long unrecognized, means that we are now in a position to know a lot more about the logical construction of mathematics in China than, for example, in Egypt, Mesopotamia, or India.

What distinguishes the commentaries on the Jiuzhang Suanshu from almost all other works of Chinese mathematical history is that the authors of the former made clear exactly what theorems are true spent time justifying their qualifications as authorities did not fully disclose all the results in the fields discussed *provided explicit proofs for the mathematical results presented had influence over a large portion of Chinese history

Language acquisition has long been thought of as a process of imitation and reinforcement. Children learn to speak, in the popular view, by copying the utterances heard around them, and by having their response strengthened by the repetitions, corrections, and other reactions that adults provide. In recent years, it has become clear that this principle will not explain all the facts of language development. Children do imitate a great deal, especially in learning sounds and vocabulary; but little of their grammatical ability can be explained in this way. Two kinds of evidence are commonly used in support of this — one based on the kind of language children produce, the other on what they do not produce. The first piece of evidence derives from the way children handle irregular grammatical patterns. When they encounter such irregular past-tense forms as went and took or such plural forms as mice and sheep, there is a stage when they replace these by forms based on the regular patterns of the language. They say such things as wented, taked, mices, mouses, and sheeps. Evidently, children assume that grammatical usage is regular, and try to work out for themselves what the forms 'ought' to be — a reasoning process known as analogy. They could not have learned these forms by a process of imitation. The other kind of evidence is based on the way children seem unable to imitate adult grammatical constructions exactly, even when invited to do so.

Which of the following casts doubt on the "popular view"? *Upon hearing the word 'goose', a small child utters 'gooses' when a group of the birds flies by. *A child continues to say 'nobody don't like me', despite his mother repeatedly correcting him by saying, 'nobody likes me.' A 5-year-old girl, upon seeing a film, tells her friend, "I watched a film."

Language acquisition has long been thought of as a process of imitation and reinforcement. Children learn to speak, in the popular view, by copying the utterances heard around them, and by having their response strengthened by the repetitions, corrections, and other reactions that adults provide. In recent years, it has become clear that this principle will not explain all the facts of language development. Children do imitate a great deal, especially in learning sounds and vocabulary; but little of their grammatical ability can be explained in this way. Two kinds of evidence are commonly used in support of this — one based on the kind of language children produce, the other on what they do not produce. The first piece of evidence derives from the way children handle irregular grammatical patterns. When they encounter such irregular past-tense forms as went and took or such plural forms as mice and sheep, there is a stage when they replace these by forms based on the regular patterns of the language. They say such things as wented, taked, mices, mouses, and sheeps. Evidently, children assume that grammatical usage is regular, and try to work out for themselves what the forms 'ought' to be — a reasoning process known as analogy. They could not have learned these forms by a process of imitation. The other kind of evidence is based on the way children seem unable to imitate adult grammatical constructions exactly, even when invited to do so.

Which of the following grammatical constructions would be consistent with the "'ought'" in the second paragraph? 'Bringed'* 'Found' 'Geeses'*

The price of the SuperPixel high definition television, by Lux Electronics, has typically been out of the range of most consumers, a few of whom nonetheless save up for the television. This past July, the SuperPixel reduced its price by 40%, and sales during that month nearly tripled. TechWare, a popular electronics magazine, claims that the SuperPixel television should continue to see sales grow at this rate till the end of August.

Which of the following suggests that TechWare's forecast is misguided? *Most of the customers who had been saving up for the SuperPixel bought the television in July. Sales of the MegaPixel high definition television, an even more expensive model than the SuperPixel, saw declining sales in the month of July. Electronics sales tend to peak in August and December. The SuperPixel tends to be an unreliable television and Lux Electronics makes a considerable profit from repairs. The SuperPixel is the only model for which Lux Electronics plans a price reduction.

The element ytterbium increases its electrical resistance when subject to high mechanical stresses. This property has made it an indispensable component in a medical tool designed to measure the stress on bones, which can guide physicians in setting broken bones. Unfortunately, ytterbium is rare, found in only a few meager sources around the world. A steep market demand will cause the price to skyrocket, and this technology so helpful to physicians will become unaffordable.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? Just one mining company controls all the ytterbium that is imported into the United States, where these medical tools are manufactured. The process of extracting pure ytterbium from its ores, euxenite and xenotime, is very expensive and involves strong acids. Ytterbium is also used as an additive, in small quantities, in the manufacture of stainless steel and solid-state lasers. *Some common alloys of tin also increase their electrical resistance under mechanical loads. The largest source of ytterbium is in a relatively remote region of China.

Residents of Milatia are known for their longevity. Nutritionists maintain that the Milatians can attribute their increased lifespans to their diets. In addition to consuming a diet full of leafy greens, they also have a low intake of saturated fats, which have been implicated in heart disease and atherosclerosis. Therefore, if one wants to have increased longevity, he or she should follow a Milatia based diet.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? *Other aspects of the Milatians' lifestyle do not affect the observed trend of longevity in Milatia. Adopting another people's eating habits will, in of itself, not confer the same advantages, unless a person incorporates exercise into his or her life. The Milatian lifespan has a relatively uniform distribution, with very few dying young from natural causes. Milatians are the only people in whom there is a perceived link between diet and longevity. All Milatians are known to have lifespans that are above average.

What little scholarship has existed on Ernest Hemingway—considering his stature—has focused on trying to unmask the man behind the bravura. Ultimately, most of these works have done little more than to show that Hemingway the myth and Hemingway the man were not too dissimilar (Hemingway lived to hunt big game so should we be surprised at his virility, not to mention that of many of the author's—chiefly male—protagonists?). In the last few years, several biographies have reversed this trend, focusing on Hemingway near the end of his life: isolated and paranoid, the author imagined the government was chasing him (he was not completely wrong on this account). Ironically, the hunter had become the hunted, and in that sense, these latest biographers have provided--perhaps unwittingly--the most human portrait of the writer yet.

With which of the following would the author of the passage agree? The prevalence of scholarship on Hemingway is commensurate with his renown as a writer. The latest Hemingway biographies consciously intended to show Hemingway's vulnerabilities. *Until recently, Hemingway biographies had shown a similar trend.

There seems to be an inverse relationship between how the author is treated in the press and how he is seen in his own literary circle: the more the critics savage his work, the more _________ his acolytes.

hostile cautious outlandish *obsequious-excessively fawning, seeking praise even when undeserving anticlimactic

Montreaux, initially ________ as the forerunner to the evolving 20th century cinematic idiom, experienced a decline that was as precipitous as his rise was meteoric.

identified snubbed hailed* unseated lauded* rejected