Growth and Development
metacognition
"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
metacognition
"Thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
metacognition (p. 258)
"Thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
26. The term ________ refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.
"balanced bilingual"
. About how much money will a middle-class family spend on two children by the time they reach 18 years old, according to the United States government? Page 342
$235,000 for each child, $470,000 total
sensory memory
(sensory register): *Stores incoming stimuli for a split second. *Improves slightly until about age 10, and then remains adequate until late adulthood
working memory
(short-term) *brain selects perceptions that are meaningful and transfers them here for future analysis. *Improves steadily every year from age 4 to age 15
2. Which of the following would best explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals?
centration
As water is poured from a tall, thin container into a short, fat one, the preoperational child is likely to say that there is now less water. This tendency to focus only on one aspect of a situation is what Piaget referred to as:
centration
Which of the following would BEST why a preoperational child would have difficulty understanding that cats can be both pets and wild animals?
centration
At preschool, it is Steph's fourth birthday. Although Henry is only 3-years-old, he insists that he is older than Steph because he is taller than Steph. Henry's focus on height as the only measure of age is an example of:
centration.
centration
characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses on one idea
focus on appearance
characteristic of preoperational thought where young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age is called:
child maltreatment
Piaget stressed the ______________, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _________________.
child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others
piaget stressed the __ whereas vygotsky stressed the ___
child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others.
which is TRUE?
childhood obesity has doubled since 1980 in the US.
male
children in the UC who are diagnosed as having ADHD are most likely to be
According to theory-theory:
children need explanations of things they see and hear.
egocentrism
children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective • literally means self-centered
preoperational intelligence
cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6. "Pre-logical" • Symbolic thought/language • Magical imagination
Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children's understanding?
cognitive theory
The information-processing perspective compares human thinking processes to:
computers
According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is:
concrete operational
Piaget's principle explaining that the amount of substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance is called:
conservation.
According to the text, regardless of the curriculum, all young children need personal attention, _____, and continuity.
consistency
Piaget's principle explaining that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance is called:
conversation
which one of the types of intelligence identified by stenberg
creative
When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that:
deal with visible, tangible, real things
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention of child maltreatment?
decreasing family isolation
storage
depositing material into the brain
Sociodramatic play allows children to:
develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context. explore and rehearse social roles. practice regulating their emotions. All of these answers are correct.
Lily is in a school program that teaches half the day in Spanish and half English. She is in a program for _____ learners.
dual language
All of these are excellent methods for children learning about listening, talking, and reading EXCEPT:
educational television.
Emotional regulation is also known as:
effortful control
17. Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"?
egocentrism
Which Piagetian term literally means self-centeredness?
egocentrism
3. A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating:
egocentrism.
A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for her birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating:
egocentrism.
Which of the following is controlled by the right half of the brain?
emotional and creative impulses
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as:
emotional regulation
Peers provide practice in
emotional regulation. cultural understanding. empathy. All of these answers are correct.
One of the benefits of the maturation of the prefrontal cortex that occurs between ages 2 and 6 is:
emotions becoming more nuanced and responsive.
Which one of the following terms refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person?
empathy
_____ is the understanding of the feelings and concerns of others, while _____ describes the feelings of anger, distrust, and dislike toward another person.
empathy; antipathy
The ultimate goal of discipline is to:
enhance a child's moral development.
what is the thought to account for the Flynn effect?
environmwental factors
If a child with a food allergy invests some of that food, it could lead to a life-threatening reaction. What can be injected into the child to stop this reaction and potentially save her life?
epinephrine
People in the United States who are not proficient in English are at higher risk of diminished self-_____.
esteem
Baumrind's dimension in which parents vary in standards for responsibility and self-control in their children is called:
expectations for maturity
Baumrind's dimension in which parents vary in standards for responsibility and self-control in their children is called:
expectations for maturity.
The idea that children attempt to _____ everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called theory-theory.
explain
Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:
exploration and artistic expression.
The drive that makes people desire rewards from outsiders is called:
extrinsic motivation
10. The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:
fast-mapping.
As a hobby, Jessica and her husband work on car engines. Jessica doesn't always know what a particular part is, but she gets the general idea of what it does and usually places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of:
fast-mapping.
Describe the thinking of young adults that transcends logic (i.e. formal operational thought) and required in order to deal with the complexities of society, according to Labouvie-Vief (1990, 2006). Note: 3 answers, Page 318
finding one's way through that complexity require thought that transcends logic: practical experience moral judgments values.
A(n) _____ on appearance is a characteristic of preoperational thought involving a child ignoring all attributes that are not apparent.
focus
Samantha is a young girl and is concerned that if she gets a short haircut, she might become a boy. This is an example of _____.
focus on appearance
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child's assumption that the visible characteristics of an individual represents their true essence or nature?
focus on appearance
research on info processing suggests thats the __ code is better for teachers.
formal
social mediation
function of speech where person's cognitive skills are refined and extended • both formal instruction and casual conversation
statements about asthma in middlehood is TRUE?
genes increase the risk of asthma, but environment is crucial.
Bill helps his son to learn to tie his shoes; Bill lets his son try by himself while Bill encourages him. According to Lev Vygotsky, this is called _____.
guided participation
5. After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to recognize progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of:
guided participation.
Erikson called the negative consequence of his third developmental stage:
guilt
Lowering the potential negative consequences of behavior, such as replacing the cement surface of a playground with a springier, softer surface, is called:
harm reduction
The unrecognized rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called the:
hidden curriculum
the unrecognized rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called the
hidden curriculum
Which of the following is a central processor of memory, especially for locations?
hippocampus
Which of the following is part of the limbic system?
hippocampus
The brain structure that helps a child remember that the elevator ride was either scary or fun is the:
hippocampus.
Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention of child maltreatment?
home visits by a social worker
What is the most frequent cause of death for black males between the ages of 20-34 in the United States?
homicide
regarding intelligence, gardner would say
humans have many intelligences
The part of the limbic system that produces hormones is the:
hypothalamus.
conservation
idea that amount of a substance remains the same when appearance changes
theory-theory
idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
irreversibility
idea that nothing can be undone • inability to recognize that something can be restored
Considering the behaviors, appearance, and attitudes of someone else as a person develops their self-concept is called:
identification
reversibility
if 5X3=15 then 15/5=3 (reversibility)
Four-year-old Brooks is afraid of the sound of the train whistle and of going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are an expression of:
immature development of his prefrontal cortex.
strategy in which instruction occurs in the 2nd language that a child is learning is known as
immersion
A primary prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to:
improve the economic climate and decrease financial instability.
childhood overweight
in a child, having a BMI able the 85th percentile, according to the US Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a give age
childhood obesity
in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the US Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
local jurisdictions
in the US, the majority of funds and guidelines for public education are provided by:
According to Piaget children between 6-11 are
in the stage of concrete operational thought. School age children are now able to classify objects into categories according to some common property. EX. transportation: cars, buses, trucks, planes
Physical punishment _____ the possibility of aggression and temporarily _____ obedience and silence.
increases; increases
Montessori schools emphasize:
individual pride and accomplishment.
matter - Type of conservation
initial presentation - 2 equal balls of clay transformation - squeeze 1 ball into a long, think shape Question - which piece has more clay? Preoperational child's answer - the long one
Volume - Type of conservation
initial presentation - 2 equal glasses of liquid transformation - pour 1 into a taller narrower glass Question - which glass contains more? Preoperational child's answer - the taller one
Number - Type of conservation
initial presentation - 2 equal lines of checkers transformation - increase spacing of checkers in 1 line Question - which line has more checkers? Preoperational child's answer - the longer line
length - Type of conservation
initial presentation - 2 sticks of equal length transformation - move one stick Question - which stick is longer? Preoperational child's answer - the one that is farther to the right
Erik Erikson's third developmental stage—the stage during which emotional regulation is one skill that is acquired—is called:
initiative versus guilt.
private speech
internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves • silent or out loud
which is one type of intelligence identitified by howard gardner?
intrapersonal
The drive that comes from inside a person is called:
intrinsic motivation
A musician who plays for the delight of making music and NOT to earn money or fame has a(n):
intrinsic motivation.
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child thinking that nothing can be undone?
irreversibility
Four-year-old Kanaan's mother makes him a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch. However, Kanaan refuses to eat the sandwich, stating that he does not like cheese. When Kanaan's mother removes the cheese from the sandwich, he still refuses to eat, and again states that he does not like cheese. This is an example of:
irreversibility.
Vygotsky proposed that every aspect of a child's cognitive development:
is embedded in a social context.
Most important Aptitude for school age children
is intellectual aptitude or the ability to learn in school, which usually measured by an IQ test. IQ tests are important for placement in school programs.
A person's BMI, or body mass index:
is lowest at ages 5 and 6
A person's BMI, or body mass index:
is lowest at ages 5 and 6.
According to the text, when children become equally fluent in two languages:
it is beneficial to their development.
According to the text, the issue with comparing and evaluating home schooling, charter schools, and voucher situations is that:
it is difficult because there isn't agreement on what is the "best education" nor how to measure it
What view of women lends itself to domestic violence in certain cultures? Page 391
it's prevalent in some cultures to view women as inferior to men and treat them as property
An example of scaffolding in the United States is:
joint reading with a child-explaining, pointing, listening.
An example of scaffolding is:
joint reading with a child— explaining, pointing, listening.
A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes his or her foster parent is _____ care.
kinship
Brain maturation, scaffolding, myelination, and social interaction make early childhood ideal for _____ development.
language
Reintegrated stage. Page 320
late adulthood,during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning
A significant contribution of Piaget's cognition theory is that he realized that school-age children become:
less egocentric more flexible in their logic capable of categorizing into several groups at once
According to the text, the Chinese numbers from 11 to 19 are easier to understand than the same numbers in English, possibly because of:
linguistics.
The Dalmatian is a dog that is noted for its unique black spotted coat. One day, Rachel told her parents that she had seen "Dalmatian cows" on a field trip. She came to this conclusion because of the concept of _____.
logical extension
A young child who states that "butter is made by butterflies" and "birds grow birdseed" is trying to use:
logical extension.
Which of the following is controlled by the left half of the brain?
logical reasoning
Which aspect of memory has a very large capacity by middle childhood?
long-term memory
The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to:
make all children "ready to learn"
15. The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to:
make all children "ready to learn."
Sylvia did well in her Montessori preschool which emphasized self-discovery and self-pacing in learning. She is now doing equally well in her new teacher-directed preschool program which emphasizes academic skills and structure. Her ability to do well in both settings illustrates that:
many types of programs foster learning.
The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program were better at prereading and early _____ tasks.
math
text, PIRLS results show that boys are ahead of girls in __ skills
mathematical
An experimenter who begins with two equal balls of clay and then changes the shape of one is likely testing for conservation of:
matter
An experimenter who begins with two equal balls of clay and then changes the shape of one is likely testing for conservation of:
matter.
aptitude
measures person's potential to master particular skill or body of knowledge
The ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task, is called:
metacognition
rob is taking a test. by answeribf the easy wuestions first so that he can devote most of his time to the more difficult questions, he is displaying
metacognition
the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that particulat task, aka
metacognition
With regard to social skills, maltreated children are:
more isolated
With regard to social skills, maltreated children are:
more isolated.
21. A study of Mexican American children and the questions that they asked found that:
most questions were about human behavior, such as "Why do people kiss?"
middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span because
motor skills are mastered, children has learned to be cautious, most illness occurs before/ after middle childhood.
An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is MOST likely testing for conservation of _____.
number
An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is likely testing for conservation of:
number
4. An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is likely testing for conservation of:
number.
child has a BMI above the 95%, classified:
obese
most fatal childhood dieases
occur before age 7.
Jeremy is in preschool and has learned to count objects with one number per item. This is also called:
one-to-one correspondence.
A kind of play identified by Mildred Parten is _____ play.
onlooker
11. The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is:
overregularization
25. Instead of saying "feet," 4-year-old Jasper says "foots." This error is best described as an example of:
overregularization.
Instead of saying "feet", 4-year-old Jasper says "foots". This error is best described as an example of:
overregularization.
Vygotsky believed that children learn from their:
peers culture teachers
vygotsky believe that children learn from their
peers, culture, teachers.
Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as:
permissive.
theory of mind
person's theory of what other people might be thinking • must realize other people are not thinking the same thoughts that they are • Scientific American "A Change of Mind"
According to Jean Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that young children are significantly limited by their own _____.
perspective
The prefrontal cortex is involved in:
planning, reasoning, and anticipating.
A child's ability to speak formally or informally depending on the audience and the context is called:
pragmatics
The ________ is sometimes described as the executive functioning area of the brain.
prefrontal cortex
The maturation of the _______ allows toddlers to begin to think before acting.
prefrontal cortex
The part of the brain in which neurological advances significantly affect the ability to regulate emotion is the:
prefrontal cortex
According to Jean Piaget, centration is one of the characteristics that limit thinking in the _____ stage.
preoperational
1. What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?
preoperational intelligence
16. Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is:
preoperational intelligence.
Jean Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is:
preoperational intelligence.
Teacher-directed programs emphasize:
preparation for school.
Which are more likely to be injured in a car accident in the United States?
preschool children
an ie of tertiary prevention of asthma may be
prompt use of inhaler
Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind without a personal motive are:
prosocial
According to Vygotsky, the zone of ______ development refers to an area surrounding a learner that includes all of the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help.
proximal
A discipline technique that may damage a child's math achievement is
psychological control.
Gail says to her son, "All I do is cook and clean for you, and you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you don't pick up your toys." This discipline technique is:
psychological control.
Maria's father works long hours and her mother, who keeps Maria at home, typically just sends her to her bedroom to play by herself. This example illustrates the importance of _____ of the early learning context.
quality
A key finding from research on early-childhood education programs is that:
quality matters most.
Which type of aggression is characterized by insults or by social rejection aimed at harming the victim's friendships?
relational
"Substantiated maltreatment" refers to:
reported and verified cases.
Reggie can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Lev Vygotsky would say that:
riding a bike is within Reggie's zone of proximal development.
20. Which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development?
scaffolding
Which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development?
scaffolding
Which Vygotsky term refers to temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and is aimed at helping him or her master a new skill?
scaffolding.
. A gender _____ is a child's cognitive concept or general belief about male and female differences
schema
Flashing lights on stopped school buses are an example of _____ prevention.
secondary
13. Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:
self discovery
the knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series is
seriation
Biological differences between males and females are referred to as _____ differences.
sex
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
skills a person can exercise only with assistance • ideas or cognitive skills a person is close to mastering as well as to more apparent skills.
Decades of research throughout the world have found a strong correlation between academic achievement and:
socioeconomic status
Which type of play appears FIRST in Parten's progression of social play?
solitary
the 1st highl regarded IQ test was the
standford-binet
18. Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounters it?
static reasoning
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuring that the world is unchanging— that whatever is now has always been and will always be?
static reasoning
which theorist proposed 3 distinct types of intelligence?
sternberg
In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents is:
superego
According to your text, obesity and tooth decay are usually caused by:
sweetened beverages.
Inattention in adults
symptoms have been present for at least 6 months and they are inappropriate for developmental level.
An early-education program whose goal is to make all children "ready to learn" and to prepare them for entering elementary school is MOST likely a(n) _____-directed program.
teacher
Reinforcement is used to facilitate learning in _____-directed early childhood education programs.
teacher
Which early childhood approach emphasizes preparation for school through large-group instruction?
teacher-directed
Bob is in a school program that has a curriculum that includes learning the names of letters, numbers, shapes and colors according to a set timetable. He is MOST likely in a:
teacher-directed program.
phonics approach
teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations
scaffolding
temporary support tailored to a learner's needs and abilities • aimed at helping master next task
A call to poison control is an example of _____ prevention.
tertiary
The level of prevention aimed to reduce harm when a child has already been abused is:
tertiary
acheivement
tests measure proficiency in reading, math, writing, science, or some other subject
The 2001 No Child Left Behind federal law was enacted because:
the American government wanted to promote high standards for student achievement
A 4-year-old boy states, "When I grow up, I'm going to marry Mommy." According to Freud, this is:
the Oedipus complex.
emotional regulation
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
Which of the following is generally controlled by the left half of the brain?
the basics of language
working memory
the component of the information-procesing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs (formerly called short-term memory)
sensory memory
the component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed (also called sensory register)
long-term memory
the component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely
seriation
the concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number series or the alphabet
Developmental Psychopathology
the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders, and vice versa
hygiene hypothesis
the immune system needs to tangle with microbes when we are young
A finding of international assessments is:
the issue of how best to teach children continues to be controversial in almost every nation
classification
the logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common
Emotional regulation is:
the most important psychosocial task for children ages 2 to 6 to achieve.
A 4-year-old boy states, "When I grow up, I'm going to marry Mommy." According to Freud, this is:
the oedipus complex
middle childhood
the period between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6 to 11.
pester power
the power to make adults do what they want
the term "Flynn-effect" refers to
the rise in average iq scores of entire nations.
an obvious manifestation of hidden cirriculum is
the school's physical condition
Preservation is a cognitive skill that involves:
the tendency to stick to one thought or action.
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing _____ is called theory-theory.
theories
22. The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes:
theory of mind.
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:
theory-theory
6. The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:
theory-theory.
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:
theory-theory.
List the 3 regrets (or lost opportunities) middle-aged fathers had after their children left home. Page 386 - 387
things had not done with their children they felt like they were too busy I had been sufficiently nurturing
static reasoning
thinking that nothing changes • whatever is now has always been and always will be
Parent-child conversations focusing on _____ seem to help children develop theory of mind.
thoughts and wishes
On average, young children of every ethnic and economic group spend _____ a day exposed to electronic media, or "on screen."
three to four hours
A discipline technique in which a child is removed from the play situation to sit quietly for a short time without distraction is:
time-out
7. Theory of mind:
typically appears rather slowly.
19. Piaget has been criticized for:
underestimating cognition during early childhood.
Most people:
use both sides of the brain for all cognitive functions.
ie of tertiary prevention of asthma could be:
using hypoallergenic mattress covers.
Theory of mind:
usually develops slowly in young children, typically emerging about age 4.
Theory of mind:
usually develops slowly in young children, typically emerging at about age 4.
text, PIRLS results show that girls are ahead of boys in __ skills in every nation
verbal
14. The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program:
were better at prereading and early math tasks.
The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program:
were better at prereading and early math tasks.
. An example of rough-and-tumble play is:
wrestling
An example of rough-and-tumble play is:
wrestling
Which is MOST likely to be taught in a teacher-directed school?
writing letters
In the United States, which of the following age groups has seen a marked decline in obesity rates since 2003 and 2004?
young children
Physical punishment, such as slapping and spanking, is used more on _____ than on any other age group.
young children
Vygotsky's term for the skills that a person can experience only with assistance and not yet independently is:
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky's term for the skills that a person can experience only with assistance and not yet independently is:
zone of proximal development.
Constant Change
• Basics of language learning apply to every language a young child learns. • Naming • vocabulary explosions • fast-mapping • overregularization • extensive practice • Established languages continually change as each new generation revises it to meet current needs.
Learning Two Languages
• Bilingualism is an asset. • Important to speak the majority language as well as the minority one.
Children's Theories
• Both Piaget and Vygotsky realized that children actively work to understand their world. • seek to explain what they experience • why and how people behave as they do
Early-Childhood Education
• Child Centered: • Montessori Schools • The Reggio Emilia Approach • Teacher-Directed • Head Start and Intervention Programs
Vygotsky: Social Learning
• First leading developmentalist to emphasize the other side of early cognition. • young children not always egocentric • can be very sensitive to the wishes and emotions of others • Emphasizes social aspect of young children's cognition in contrast to Piaget's emphasis on the individual.
Child-Centered Programs
• Programs that stress children's development and growth. • Child-centered programs that use a Piaget-inspired model allows children to discover ideas at their own pace. • physical space and materials • puzzles • blocks of many sizes • toys • Child-centered programs also encourage artistic expression. • Costs and benefits of the different approaches: • "How long has each staff member worked at the center?" • adequate space & equipment • low adult/child ratio • trained staff & educated parents • continuity helps • positive social interaction among children & adults • Safety
Grammar
• Scientific American "Born to Talk" • Grammar of language includes structures, techniques, and rules that are used to communicate meaning. • word order • word repetition • prefixes and suffixes • intonation • emphasis
Bilingualism, Cognition, and Culture
• These subjective factors get in the way of objective developmental research. • Bilingualism has both advantages and disadvantages for early cognition and literacy. Debate over bilingual education inseparable from issues of: • ethnic pride • identity • prejudice • fear Children who speak two languages by age 5 are: • less egocentric. • more advanced in their theory of mind.
Sensitive (not Critical) period for language learning due to
• brain maturation • myelination • social interaction
four characteristics of thinking in early childhood which make logic difficult:
• centration • focus on appearance • static reasoning • irreversibility
Early educational institutions
• preschool • nursery school • day care • pre-primary
Each early-childhood educational program emphasizes somewhat different
• skills • goals • methods
Early childhood is a sensitive period for rapidly and easily mastering
• vocabulary • grammar • pronunciation
selective attention
*Children able to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others: focus on most important elements in environment *Allows children to listen, take concise notes, and ignore distractions *Difficult at 6, but easier by age 10
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act
- A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
Achievement test
- A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject.
IQ test
- A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. Originally, intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100--hence the term intelligence quotient, or IQ.
Mental retardation
- Literally, slow, or late, thinking. In practice, people are considered mentally retarded if they score below 70 on an IQ test and if they are markedly behind their peers in the ability to meet the basic requirements of daily life.
Flynn effect
- The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations.
Types of ADHD
-ADHD Combined Type -Predomiantly Inactive Presentation -Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation
Multiple intelligence: Sternberg
-Academic: IQ and Achievement tests -Creative: Imaginative endeavors -Practical: Everyday problem solving
Active play contributions:
-Better overall health -Less obesity -Appreciation of cooperation and fair play -Improved problem-solving abilities -Respect for teammates and opponents of many ethnicities and nationalities.
Available Treatments
-Biomedical Treatments -Behavioral/Education Interventions -Psychiatric Medications -Other therapies
Are each of these normal with aging for people 80+ years old: -Can't find car keys? -Can't balance check book? -Need to catch balance frequently?
-Can't find car keys? Yes -Can't balance check book? No -Need to catch balance frequently? Yes
Greater strength
-Children depend less on their families -Muscles become stronger, can run faster -Are able to eat enough, or too much However children's muscles become stronger and the strength and capacity of their hearts and lungs increase. Body fat decreases.
ADHD: Core Symptoms HYPERACTIVE-IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR
-Fidgeting -Remaining seated -Moving around -Taking turns -Playing noisily, talking excessively -Interrupting others -Waiting for events -Stopping on-going behavior
ADHD: Core Symptoms INATTENTION
-Inability to sustain attention -Inability to follow through on rules/instructions -Disorganized, distracted and forgetful -Poor concentration-often "off task" -Slow to return to activities when interrupted -Less likely to persist in disinterested tasks
ADHD
-Neurodevelopmental Disorder -Misconceptions about ADHD -Core symptoms: Inattention and Hyperactive-impulsive behavior
Adjusting vocabulary to the context
-School age children can switch form one manner of speaking, or language code, to another. -Bach code differs in tone, pronunciation, gesture, sentence length, idiom, grammar, and vocabulary. -Sometimes people switch from the formal code (used in academic contexts) to the informal code (used with friends) -Many children use a third code in text messaging, with numbers (411), abbreviations (LOL), and emoticons.
Other Criteria
-Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present before age 12. -Several symptoms are present in two or more settings, (such as at home, school or work; with friends or relative; in other activities). -There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with or reduce the quality of social, school, or work functioning. -The symptoms are not better explained by another mental disorder (such as a mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder or a personality disorder) The symptoms do not happen only during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.
Characteristics of Autism:
-Some are known to have echolalia -Some may be oversensitive or under-sensitive to pain -Some individuals with ASD may rewind movies or scripts lines or excessively imitate actions from movies in the place of conversation -Many exhibit poor eye contact, lack of responding when their name is called, poor joint attention or social referencing. -Others may have abnormal fears and dislike large or noisy crowds.
Dyslexia
-Unusual difficulty with reading: thought to be the result of some neurological underdevleopment. -Often diagnosed by age 5 -Learning disorder -Caused by some sort of auditory deficit, speech and hearing -can run in families -No cure, but there are specialized programs and tutoring to help the learning process and reading for someone with dyslexia
According to longitudinal studies, children who become successful, happy, and generous adults generally have parents who were:
. authoritative.
A discipline technique that may damage a child's math achievement is:
. psychological control.
How do you classify underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity using BMI in children?
0-5th percentile = Underweight 5-85th percentile = Normal Weight 85th-95th percentile = Overweight 95th-100th percentile = Obese
At what age are babies responsive to social and facial expressions and stimuli?
0-6 months.
Between the ages of 24 months and 6 years, the average child will gain _____ in height.
1 foot
Facts about Autism
1 in 68 children & 1 in 42 boys and 1 in 189 for girls -Boys are 5 times more likely to develop autism than girls. -40% must wait more than 3 years for a clear diagnosis -People with autism often want to make friends but find it very difficult due to their disability -Annual costs for families is about 60,000 per year
What percent of people over 40 are afflicted with glaucoma, according to Wilson (1989)? Page 357
1 to 2%
Expected weight at 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years
1 year = 10 kg 5 years = 20 kg 10 years = 30 kg
Peanut allergy affects how many children?
1% of all American children
What are the quick 3 questions used to screen for substance abuse?
1. Drink any alcohol? 2. Smoke, any marijuana or hashish? 3. Use anything else to get high?
What are the four domains of development?
1. Gross Motor 2. Fine Motor 3. Personal/Social 4. Language
7 intelligences : Gardner
1. Linguistic 2. Logical mathematical 3. Musical 4. Spatial 5. Bodily-kinesthetic (Movement) 6. Interpersonal (social understanding) 7. Intrapersonal (self-understanding) Each associated with a region of the brain. He has since added two more: 8. Naturalistic (understanding nature, as in biology or farming) 9. Existential (thinking about life and death)
Six Domains for Expanded History
1. Mental Health 2. Behavioral Health 3. Biomedical + Medications 4. Social Supports 5. Environment and Resources 6. Function
Early Red Flags of Autism
1. No big smile or other warm, joyful expressions by six months or thereafter. 2. No back-and-forth gestures, such as pointing, showing, reaching, or waving by 12 months. 3. No babbling by 12 months 4. No words by 16 months 5. No two-word meaningful phrases (without imitating or repeating) by 24 months 6 Any loss of speech, babbling or social skills at any age.
Can assess nutritional status in adults in 3 questions. What are they?
1. Who does the grocery shopping? 2. Who prepares the food in your house? 3. What did you eat yesterday (24 hour recall). Assess total amount, types, and whether they have enough fluid intake
How can you calculate the adult height for a girl at 3 years old?
1.73 x Height at age 3
How can you calculate the adult height for a boy at 3 years old?
1.87 x Height at age 3
What percentage of children and adolescents are obese or overweight?
1/3 of American children or adolescents are considered overweight or obese.
How common is non-suicidal self injury?
1/6 teens, begins in adolescents, usually comorbid with psychopathology
When does a baby wave bye-bye?
10 months
Compared to adults who have a college education how likely will a high school dropout live below the poverty level, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (2003)? Page 324
10 times more likely to be living in poverty
What percent of Americans rate themselves as not too happy? Page 380 tail
10%
What percent of adults will spend their entire lives in singlehood, according to Gerber (2002); U.S. Bureau of the Census (2002); DePaulo & Morris (2006)? Page 345
10%
In terms of percent, about how much maximum strength is lost during the middle adulthood years (by age 60)? Page 357
10% loss
What is the mean age of onset for male puberty?
11.6 years
When can a baby do its fine pincer grasp?
12 months
When does a baby form its first words?
12 months
When does a baby play interactive games?
12 months
About what percent of people between the age of 45 and 65 suffer from presbycusis? Page 358
12%
What percent of men and women said that they had had sex outside their marriage in a given year? Page 385
12% of men and 7% of women
When can a baby walk independently?
12-14 months of age
At what age are babies beginning symbolic play (ie feeding a baby, pretending to talk on phone)
12-24 months
For every 100 men who receive bachelor's degrees __________ women received the same degree. Page 325
133
What is the world average weight for adults according to Walpole? Page 311
137 pounds
On average about how many hours a week will a middle-aged adult watch television? Page 394
15 hours per week
When can a baby stack blocks or sort shapes?
15 months
When does a baby say 5-10 words?
15 months
How long will a female climacteric last? Page 360
15 to 20 years
. About how many people under the age of 65 will die from heart and circulatory system diseases each year in United States, according to the American Heart Association (2010)? Page 366
151,000 people
Between the ages of 24 months and 6 years, the average child will gain ________ pounds.
16
Life Expectancy at age 65
16 male, 19 female
. For every 100 African-American men who receive bachelor's degrees ________ African-American women receive the same degree, according to Adebayo (2008); Conger & Long (2010); Flashman (2013)? Page 325
166
The link between empathy and prosocial behavior was traced longitudinally to children as young as _____ of age.
18 months
What is the average weight for adults in the United States? Page 311
180 pounds
When does a baby first coo/fix and follow?
2 months
When does a baby first develop its neck control?
2 months of age
When does a baby say 50 words?
2 years
At what age should 50% of child speech be intelligible to a stranger?
2 years old
At what age will the head circumference be 80% of adult size? 90%?
2 years old = 80% of adult size 7 years old = 90% of adult size
At what age do babies start to have cooperative/imaginative play?
2-3 years
Between what ages will career consolidation occur, according to George Vaillant. Page 346
20 and 40
In terms of percent to what extent does reaction time to sound increase between the age of 20 and 60 years old? Page 358
20%
What percent of adults, gay and straight, fall into the adult ambivalent attachment style, according to Simpson (1990): Li & Chan (2012)? Page 337
20%
What percent of gay men and lesbian women are parents? Page 345
20%
How much of your total energy expenditure is determined by physical activity?
20%. 70% is your BMR and 10-30 percent is the thermal effect of food
At what age does BMI become a valid indicator of overweightness?
24 months of age
. What percent of marriages in United States involve domestic violence? Page 389
25%
About what percent of boomerang children to return to live with her middle-aged parents report that this arrangement adversely affects their relationship with their parents? Page 387
25%
About what percent of men surveyed felt unhappy after their children leaving home (i.e. empty nest syndrome), according to Lewis, Freneau, & Roberts
25%
How many calories should be derived from fat in a healthy diet?
25-40% of daily calories
What percent of students taking college credit courses are between the age of 25 and 35? Page 325
26%
What is the median age of first marriage in United States for men and women, according to Furstenberg (1996); U.S. Bureau of the Census (2001)? Page 340
27 for men 25 for women.
At what age should 75% of child speech be intelligible to a stranger?
3 years old
At what age do kids start to play imaginative games that include taking turns and making rules?
3-5 years
Average birth weight with range
3.2 kg (7.1 lbs) with normal at 2.8-3.8
What was the fertility rate for American women in 1957; and what is the fertility rate for American women today? Page 342
3.7 children per woman 2.1 children per woman
How much exercise does a normal adult need for chronic disease protection?
30 minutes per day or 20 minutes of higher intensity interval training
According to the American College of sports medicine in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to yield significant health benefits from exercise in early adulthood one must have a moderate workout program that lasts at least ____ minutes for at least ____ days a week. Page 307
30 minutes, five days a week.
Susan is African-American and 18 years old. As far back as the 5th grade she felt that because she was black she was treated as if she wasn't very intelligent. All through her middle school and high school years she was expected to finish school and go to college. Due to the experience of discrimination since the 5th grade what percent chance will Susan enroll in college? Page 329
30%
What percent of Americans rate themselves as "very happy?" Page 382
30%
How does the MSK system change with aging?
30% loss of muscle mass from 30-80 years old. Called sarcopenia. Also, osteoarthritis and osteopenia/-porosis
About how many women worldwide will experience violence victimization during their lives, according to Walker (1999); Garcia-Moreno et al. (2005)? Page 389
33%
About what percent of adults who perpetrate domestic violence were abused or neglected as children? Page 390
33%
What percent of adults are considered obese? Page 311
33%
What percent of students taking courses at the local community college are over 30 years old, according to Dortch (1997); U.S. Department of Education? Page 325
33%
Average head circumference at birth
35 cm (13.8 inches) with normal at 33-37
When can a baby reach and grasp an object?
4 months
When does a baby first laugh?
4 months
At what age should 100% of child speech be intelligible to a stranger?
4 years old
What percent of households today are multi-generation according to Navarro? Page 388
4% of all households
By what percent will the suicide rate rise when the unemployment rate goes up 1%, according to Connor (1992); Inoue et al. (2006); Paul & Moser (2009)? Page 393
4% rise in suicide
Theory of mind is seldom possible before age:
4.
About what age will visual acuity begin to decline? Page 357
40
What percent of white college students finish with a four-year degree? Page 324
40%
. Between what age window will menopause begin, according to the author of your text? Page 361
47 or 48, and may begin as early as age 40 or as late as age 60
What percent of Hispanic high school graduates attend college? Page 324
47%
What is the approximate ratio of reported versus substantiated cases of child maltreatment?
5 to 1
Average birth height with range
50 cm (20 inches) with normal at 46-54
. What percent of women during menopause will have no significant symptoms, according to Grady (2006); Ishizuka, Kudo, & Tango (2008); Strauss (2013)? Page 361
50%
. What percent of women, since the mid-1980s, who are between the ages of 55 and 64, are now in the workforce? Page 394
50%
About what percent of men and women age 45 to 55 report having sexual intercourse once a week or more? Page 360
50%
In a recent 10-year period what percent of women were murdered by a partner? Page 389
50%
What percent of Caucasians who drop out of college eventually return and get their degree? Page 324
50%
What percent of marriages in United States end in divorce? Page 341
50%
What percent of newly-married couples experience a significant degree of conflict? Page 341
50%
What percent of women under the age of 30 will have children outside of marriage? Page 342
50%
What percent of young adults display the secure attachment style, according to Hazan & Shaver (1987); Sedikides, & Carnelley (2012)? Page 337
50%
24. The average child knows about ___________ words at age 2 and more than ___________ at age 6.
500; 10,000
The average child knows about ___________ words at age 2 and more than ___________ at age 6.
500; 10,000
When does a baby babble in consonants and vowels?
6 months
When does a baby look for a dropped object?
6 months
When do you start solid foods?
6 months with cereals, fruits and veggies
When does a baby first have a social smile?
6 weeks
At what age can children use all correct parts of speech?
6 years old
How much exercise does a normal adult need to prevent unhealthy weight gain?
60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity on most days of the week
How frequent is gynecomastia?
60% of pubertal boys
How much exercise does a normal adult need to sustain weight loss?
60-90 minutes of moderate intensity daily activity
What percent of African-American high school graduates attend college? Page 324
61%
About what percent of adults who perpetrate domestic violence were never abused or neglected as children? Page 390
66%
What percent of white high school graduates attend college? Page 324
69%
When can a baby sit without support?
7 months of age
How many people are cohabiting today in United States? Page 340
7.5 million
How many hours a week will most middle-age adults have for leisure time, according to Kacaoyr (1997)? Page 394
70 waking hours
What percent of African-American college students drop out of school, according to American College Testing Program (2001)? Page 324
70%
What percent of Americans in the 1930s and what percent of Americans in the 1990s believed that the ideal number of children in the family was about 3 or more? Page 342
70% in the 1930s by the 1990s the percentage has shrunk to less than 40%
Life Expectancy at Birth
74 male, 79 female
The 2-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
75
Of the many people divorce what percent and up marrying within 2 to 5 years? Page 385
75 to 80%
What percent of married women of school-age children are employed outside the home, according to Darnton(1990); Carnegie Task Force (1994); Barnett & Hyde (2001) ? Page 343
75%
About what percent of men and women aged 50 to 59 report masturbating? Page 360
75% of man more than 50% of women
In 1950, what percent of households were occupied by a married couple, according to Doyle (2004b); Roberts (2006); Jay (2012)? Page 340
78%
Life Expectancy at age 80
8 male, 10 female
In what percent of heterosexual couples involves the wife perpetrating domestic violence toward her husband, according to Harway (2000); Cameron (2003); Dixon & Browne (2003)? Page 389
8%
What percent of 50-year-olds are expected to die before age 60? Page 364
8%
When do you add finger foods? Why?
8-9 months, helps them develop the pincer grasp
In 1990, more than _____ percent of 5 and 6-year-olds in the United States were enrolled in an educational program.
90
About what percent of people will eventually marry? Page 341
90%
What percent of divorced women under 25 years old remarry, and what percent of divorced women over 40 remarry? Page 385
90% of women under 25 remarry, less than 33% of women over 40 remarry
No Child Left Behind Act
A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal education funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act
A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
No Child Left Behind Act (p. 266)
A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
Androgyny
A balance, within a person, of traditionally male and female psychological characteristics.
multifinality
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations.
multifinality (p. 272)
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations.
equifinality
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes.
equifinality (p. 272)
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes.
multifinality
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology which holds that one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations.
What is a person's immediate reaction to stress?
A biological reaction: hormone secreting by the adrenal glands cause a rise in heart rate blood pressure respiration rate and sweating.
knowledge base
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area
knowledge base
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.
knowledge base (p. 258)
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.
Hypothalamus
A brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
Hippocampus
A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations
Centration
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others
centration
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others
Focus on Appearance
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.
focus on appearance
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.
Irreversibility
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred
irreversibility
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
Static Reasoning
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be
static reasoning
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
English-language learner (ELL)
A child who is learning English as a second language.
Gender Schema
A child's cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences.
asthma
A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. Signs and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
asthma (p. 250)
A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. Signs and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
First year adjustment reaction. Page 325
A cluster of psychological symptoms including : loneliness, anxiety, withdrawal, depression, relating to the college experience suffered by first-year college students.
bipolar disorder
A condition characterized by extreme mood swings, from euphoria to deep depression, not caused by outside experiences.
bipolar disorder (p. 272)
A condition characterized by extreme mood swings, from euphoria to deep depression, not caused by outside experiences.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A condition in which a child has great difficulty concentrating and is overactive and impulsive is:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A condition in which a person is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive and thus has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A condition in which a person not only has difficulty concentrating but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (p. 272)
A condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
osteoporosis, Page 357
A condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and then, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet
How is the term disability defined? Page 311
A condition that substantially limits a major life activities such as walking or vision.
. About how long may perimenopause last before menopause actually occurred? Page 361
A decade before menopause actually occurs
Autism
A developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self-absorption, and an inability to acquire normal speech.
autism spectrum disorder (p. 275)
A developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction-including difficulty seeing things from another person's point of view-and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
Time-Out
A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specified time.
Psychological control
A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.
individual education plan (IEP)
A document that specified educational goals and plans for a child with special needs.
individual education plan (IEP)
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs.
individual education plan (IEP) (p. 276)
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs.
Extrinsic Motivation
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person's esteem.
Intrinsic Motivation
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent.
Reggio Emilia approach
A famous program of early- childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Emilia, Italy, and taht encourages each child's creativty in a carefully designed setting
Head Start
A federally funded early-childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age.
What is academic disidentification? Page 329
A lack of personal identification with an academic domain.
least restrictive environment (LRE)
A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn.
least restrictive environment (LRE) (p. 276)
A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn.
Corpus Callosum
A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.
symbolic thought
A major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence that allows a child to think symbolically, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen and that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else (in this case, for instance, a country).
specific learning disorder
A marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment.
learning disability
A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by another disorder, or by an unusually stressful home environment.
Learning disability
A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by mental retardation, or by an unusually stressful home environment.
Achievement test
A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject.
achievement test
A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject.
achievement test (p. 269)
A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject.
voucher
A monetary commitment by the government to pay for the education of a child. These vary a great deal from place to place, not only in amount and availability, but in restrictions as to who gets them and what schools accept them. Typically, this goes to whatever school the child attends.
voucher (p. 268)
A monetary commitment by the government to pay for the education of a child. Vouchers vary a great deal from place to place, not only in amount and availability, but in restrictions as to who gets them and what schools accept them. Typically, the voucher goes to whatever school the child attends.
vouchers
A monetary commitment by the government to pay for the education of a child. Vouchers vary a great deal from place to place, not only in amount and availability, but in who gets them and what schools accept them.
How can a person in middle age combat burnout, according to the author of your text and deJonge et al. (2012); Sonnetag (2012); Bahrer-Kohler (2013)? Note: 3 answers, Page 393
A more feasible goal can be equally important. Jobs can be structured so that the workers can pay attention to small victories. It is important to mentally disengage from work during leisure time
: presbyopia, Page 357
A nearly universal change in eyesight or in middle adulthood that results in some loss of near vision
How can many people divorced her in middle adulthood end up happy? Note to answers page 385
A new independent self-identity is a positive outcome
balance bilingual
A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one or the other.
balanced bilingual
A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.
This for reasons why remarrying is more appealing than staying single? Page 385
A person who remarries avoid the social consequence of divorce (divorce carries a certain stigma), divorced people miss the companionship that marriage provides marriage provides clear economic benefits for physical and mental health problems follow divorce
What is a person's coping style and a young adult effort to deal with stress? Page 315
A person's coping style: is there general tendency to deal with stress in a particular way. People with a hearty coping style are successful.
Self-Esteem
A person's evaluation of his or her own worth, either in specifics (e.g., intelligence, attractiveness) or in general
theory of mind
A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. IN order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization seldom occurs before age 4.
body mass index (BMI)
A person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
body mass index (BMI) (p. 247)
A person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
Theory of Mind
A person't theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization is seldom achieved before age 4.
Self-Concept
A person't understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size.
Term: hardiness
A personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress related illness.
information-processing theory
A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output
automatization
A process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so it no longer requires conscious thought.
automatizacion
A process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought
Reggio Emilia
A program of early-childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Emilia, Italy, and that encourages each child's creativity in a carefully designed setting.
charter school
A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located.
charter school (p. 267)
A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located.
Give an example of an involved grandparent page 388
A retired grandparent who takes care of the grandchild while the parents artwork is an example of an involved grandparent
private school
A school funded by parents and sponsoring insitutions. Such schools have control over admissions, hiring, and specifics of curriculum, although some regulations apply.
private school (p. 268)
A school funded by parents and sponsoring institutions. Such schools have control over admissions, hiring, and specifics of curriculum, although some regulations apply.
Burnout. Page 392
A situation that occurs when workers experienced dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and weariness from the jobs
dyscalculia
A specific learning disorder characterized by unusual difficulty with math.
dyslexia
A specific learning disorder characterized by unusual difficulty with reading.
: passionate (or romantic) love, Page 334
A state of powerful absorption in someone.
immersion
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning
immersion
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning.
immersion (p. 261)
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning.
bilingual education
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
bilingual schooling (p. 261)
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
bilingual schooling
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the lerner's original language and the second (majority) language.
IQ (intelligence quotient) test
A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. Originally, intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100.
IQ (intelligence quotient) test (p. 269)
A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. Originally, intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100—hence the term intelligence quotient, or IQ.
IQ test
A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude. Originally intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100-hence the term intelligence quotient, or IQ. Mental age is the age a child is performing intellectually.
male climacteric, Page 362
A time of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs in the late middle age
Amygdala
A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
Biological differences between males and females are referred to as: a. sex differences. b. gender differences. c. sexuality differences. d. genitalia differences.
A.
Children who have mastered ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions. a. emotional regulation b. emotional development c. behavioral regulation d. behavioral control
A.
Drive that comes from inside a person is called: a. intrinsic motivation. b. extrinsic motivation. c. inner drive. d. personal motivation.
A.
Girls whose behavior problems got worse over the first years of primary school were more likely to engage in _____________ than boys were. a. reparative behavior b. aggressive actions c. storytelling d. make-believe
A.
Hurtful behavior, common among two-year-olds, that is intended to get something that another person has is called: a. instrumental aggression. b. reactive aggression. c. relational aggression. d. bullying aggression.
A.
Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called: a. protective optimism. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. initiative.
A.
The part of the brain in which neurological advances significantly affect the ability to regulate emotion is the: a. prefrontal cortex. b. ventral temporal cortex. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus.
A.
When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she is: a. externalizing problems. b. internalizing problems. c. extrinsically motivated. d. emotionally regulated.
A.
a condition is which a child has grea difficulty concentrating and is overactive and implusive is:
ADHD; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Other than car accidents list four leading causes of death for people between 25 and 34 years old. Page 307 - 308
AIDS, cancer heart disease and suicide.
What is joint attention? When is it present?
Ability to use eye contact and pointing to share experiences with others. Present at 12 months
How long does it take to progress from SMRII-V?
About 2-4 years
Today what percent of U.S. households will women earn about as much as their husbands, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2003)? Page 348
About 50%
5
About _____ percent of U.S. children are enrolled in charter schools.
Adults in their 20s and 30s are more likely to die from being in a(n) ____________ than from AIDS, cancer, heart disease, and suicide
Accidents, primarily car accidents.
intimacy-versus-isolation stage, page 332
According to Erikson, the period of post adolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close, intimate relationships with others.
Generativity versus stagnation. Page 377
According to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society.
What is the generativity within the context of Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development? Page 377
According to Erikson, this is the making a contribution to family, community, work, and society.
Acquisitive stage. Page 319
According to Shea the first stage of cognitive development encompassing all of childhood and adolescence
intimacy component (according to Sternberg's triangular theory of love), Page 334
According to Steinberg component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness affection and connectedness.
passion component (according to Sternberg's triangular theory of love), Page 334
According to Steinberg the component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance. Tab
decision/commitment component (according to Sternberg's triangular theory of love), Page 334
According to Steinberg the third component of love that embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person in the longer-term determination to maintain that love.
Gardner
According to _____, every normal person has at least some of all nine intelligences; each individual excels in some intelligences more than others
What percentage of children are diagnosed with ADHD?
According to the CDC 11% of children of ages 4-17 are diagnosed with ADHD in the U.S. Average age of diagnosis is 7 years old Diagnosis is more likely in boys than girls This is seen once their peers starts to grow and mature and show greater levels of self regulation (usually between ages 3-6)
Growing rate of Autism
According to the U.S. Department of Education and other government agencies autism is growing at a rate of 10-17% per year. At this rate the autism society estimates that the prevalence of autism could reach four million Americans in the next decade.
African and Latin American
According to the text, in many _____ nations, children are not designated as having special needs.
many causes and treatments are hotly disputed
According to the text, of all the children with special needs, those with autism are probably the most troubling, not only because their problems are severe, but also because:
career consolidation, Page 346
According to the valiant a stage that is entered between the ages of 20 and 40 when young adults become centered on their careers
Elmer is 24 years old. Last week he graduated from college with a degree in accounting. He has had several job offers but is not sure to which firm he will commit. Once he has decided where he will work he will ask his longtime girlfriend to marry him and in a few years he wants to start a family. Also Elmer has an interest in volunteer work either with Habitat for Humanity or the Humane Society. According to Schaie's theory what stage of cognitive development is Elmer in? Page 319
Achieving stage.
According to Schaie what is the main cognitive developmental task before adulthood? Page 319
Acquisition of information.
Antisocial Behavior
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.
Prosocial Behavior
Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them.
What lifestyle choice counteracts effects of aging during middle adulthood, resulting in improved health, muscle strength, and endurance? Page 358
Active exercise program
. What did longitudinal studies reveal about the stability of intelligence over time? Page 370
Adults tended to show stable and even increasing intelligent test scores until their mid-30s and in some cases up to their 50s
What rate is twice the death rate of Caucasians during early adulthood?
African-American
. What ethnic group in the United States are particular susceptible to developing glaucoma, according to Wilson (1989)? Page 357
African-Americans are particularly susceptible
Does menarche happen before or after the major growth spurt for females?
After the major growth spurt
How many calories are needed at age 2? 8? 22?
Age 2 = 1000 calories Age 8 = 1600 calories Age 22 = 2800 calories
Describe the number of words used and the mean length of utterance in children at ages 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Age 2: Words = 100-200, MLU = 2 word phrases Age 3: Words = 500, MLU = 3 word phrases Age 4: Words = 1500, MLU = 4+ Word phrases Age 5: Words = 2700, MLU = Paragraphs
At what age are babies starting to be socially interactive (ie patty cake, motoric play)
Age 6-12 months
What is considered Formal Operational?
Ages 12+. They are flexible/abstract, can take another's perspective, have morality that understands that laws are valid if they are just (questions authority), can understand abstract concepts like algebra and geometry, and do understand that characteristics of an object are conserved despite looking different.
What age is considered pre-operational? What does that mean?
Ages 2-7.They cannot take the perspective of another. Their morality is only in rules (right vs. wrong only), and they cannot understand that characteristics of an object are conserved despite looking different.
Middle Childhood
Ages 7-11 -Is a time of relatively smooth and uneventful biosocial development. It is the healthiest period of the entire life span. Parents must be diligent in providing regular preventative care, and children must develop the habit of taking care of their health.
What age is considered Concrete Operational? What does that mean?
Ages 7-11. They are logical, can take another's perspective, have subjective morality, can manipulate symbols and numbers, and do understand that characteristics of an object are conserved despite looking different.
Alex is 45 years old. He is an easy-going person. Alex is liked by his friends, relatives, and coworkers. Alex is a volunteer at a local animal shelter and donates substantial amounts of money to worthy causes. Which of the big five personality traits is evident is described in Alex? Page 380
Agreeableness
What are the primitive reflexes a child has at birth? Are they gross or fine motor? When should they disappear?
All Gross Motor, Will disappear at 4-6 months of age 1. Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)--Move head to one side and the arm and leg will extend on that side and flex on the other side. Also called the fencing reflex 2. Grasp Reflex 3. Moro Reflex--Drop baby from small height and it will extend its arms out quickly and then draw them in
What are the benefits of rough-and-tumble play?
All of these answers are correct. It enhances emotional regulation. It helps to strengthen bodies. It teaches children how to practice social skills.
Which of the following statements about left-handedness is TRUE?
Although a genetic preference, left-handedness can be modified by experience.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
An IQ test designed for school-age children. The test assesses potential in many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension.
Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting
An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives
Authoritative Parenting
An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible
Authoritarian Parenting
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication
Permissive Parenting
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control
ESL (English as a second language)
An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers.
ESL (English as a second language) (p. 261)
An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers.
ESL (English as a second language)
An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic English.
Identification
An attempt to defend one's self-concept by takinh on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.
Asperger syndrome
An autistic spectrum disorder characterized by extreme attention to details and deficient social understanding.
response to intervention (RTI)
An educational strategy that uses early intervention to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement. Only children who are not helped are designated for more intense measures.
response to intervention (RTI) (p. 276)
An educational strategy that uses early intervention to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement. Only children who are not helped are designated for more intense measures.
Psychopathology
An illness or disorder of the mind
Reactive Aggression
An impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical.
What is dialectical thinking (apparent in early adulthood), according to Basseches (1984)? Page 319
An interest in and appreciation for argument counterargument in debate.
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS) (p. 264)
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders.
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
children's refusal to accept extra assistance from teachers
An obvious manifestation of the hidden curriculum is:
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
An ongoing and national representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card".
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card."
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) (p. 266)
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card."
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the nation's report card."
What drugs cause more side effects in the elderly?
Antimuscarinics (antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants), mydriatics, antihypertensives and diuretics, CNS depressants, modifiers of gut motility or gastric acidity
What is the most common mental health problem in teenagers?
Anxiety disorders
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Any of several conditions characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communication, and unusual play.
Autistic spectrum disorder
Any of several disorders characterized by impaired communication, inadequate social skills, and unusual patterns of play.
autism spectrum disorder
Any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills,impaired communication, and unusual play.
AGA Definition
Appropriate for Gestational Age
When do you truly introduce water into the diet?
Approximately 4-6 months of age
Achievement tests
Are designed to measure what a child has learned. EX. SAT, ACT, GRE, STAAR, etc.
When do most pharmacokinetic variables mature to adult levels?
Around 1 year old
List 2 medical interventions that are designed to increase sexual pleasure in women during the middle adulthood years, according to Laumann, Paik, & Rosen (1999); Freedman & Ellison (2004); Nappi & Polatti (2009). Page 360
Array of drugs such as topical creams and testosterone patches
What chronic disease typically begins after the age of 40? Page 364
Arthritis
Nick is 26 years old. Ever since he was a child he had an intrinsic interest in the arts. Today Nick is a graphic artist and a freelance artist; often presenting his work at prestigious venues. What personality type is evident in Nick, according to Holland's Personality Type Theory? Page 348
Artistic
How can long-term continuous stress detrimentally affect the person's body?
As stress-related hormones are constantly secreted the heart blood vessels and other body tissues may deteriorate. As a consequence people are more susceptible to diseases as their ability to fight off germs declines.
How do people who are in the middle adulthood years compensate for hearing loss? Note: 3 answers, Page 358
Asking people to speak up, turning up the volume of the television, or paying closer attention to others are saying
What is the ultimate and most important health benefit of regular exercise during early adulthood and beyond, according to Stevens et al. (2002);Rethorst, Wipfli, & (2009); Jung & Brawley (2010)? Page 307
Associated with increased longevity.
Overweight children are likely to have:
Asthma, High Blood Pressure and elevated levels of Cholesterol. If they continue overweight they risk diabetes, strokes, liver and heart disease.
What are the recommended amounts of physical activity for children?
At least 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity
Who does Autism affect?
Autism can affect any family and any child. Autism knows no racial, ethnic, social boundary, family income level, lifestyle choice, or educational level and can affect any family and any child.
Autism in Adults
Autism doesn't only affect children. Children with autism grow up to be adults with autism; but compared to children, we know relatively little about the number of adults and their needs in adulthood.
. List 6 reasons why there has been a decline in fertility rate in United States? Page 342 - 343
Availability of birth control, women have joined the workforce, the stress of holding a job and raising a child make women want fewer children, women who are developing the careers choose to have children later, health benefits for mothers who space their children apart may lead to families who have fewer children, when women have their first child in their 30s they do not have as many children as women who began earlier
Lisa is 28 years old. When asked how she felt about her ability to make friends and to secure long-term relationships she stated, "I am somewhat uncomfortable getting close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely and to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close." Lisa displays a (an) ____________ adult attachment style. Page 337
Avoidant attachment style
A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to: a. foster antipathy. b. encourage empathy. c. encourage independence. d. model reactive aggression.
B.
Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind without a personal motive are: a. antisocial. b. prosocial. c. selfish. d. instrumentally motivated.
B.
Imaginary friends are increasingly common between: a. ages one and three. b. ages three and seven. c. ages eight to ten. d. None of the above are correct.
B.
Initiative versus guilt is Erikson's _____ developmental stage. a. second. b. third. c. fourth. d. fifth.
B.
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as: a. behavioral regulation. b. emotional regulation. c. emotional control. d. empathy.
B.
The impulse that propels someone to act is called: a. shame. b. motivation. c. pessimism. d. guilt.
B.
The researcher Diana Baumrind found that parents differ in four important dimensions of child rearing. Which of the following is one of those dimensions? a. access to resources b. expressions of warmth c. sense of humor d. expectations for intelligence
B.
The ultimate goal of discipline is to: a. prevent the child from misbehaving. b. teach the child the standards of behavior within his or her culture. c. make the child obedient. d. prevent the child from becoming a delinquent.
B.
What is the parenting style in which parents are more likely to use physical punishment? a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. permissive d. expressive
B.
Which type of play appears first in Parten's progression of social play? a. onlooker b. solitary c. parallel d. associative
B.
How do you calculate BMI?
BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m^2)
Within the context of "familiarity breeds rigidity" view (Sarnoff Mednick, 1963), why does creativity peak in early adulthood? Page 322
Because many problems encountered professionally are novel, new.
Why has the overall proportion of the minority population that enters college decreased over the past decade, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1998, 2000)? Page 324
Because of the diminished availability of financial aid.
Why are women more prone to height loss during the middle adulthood years? Page 357
Because they are at greater risk of osteoporosis
Describe how homosexual parents divide labor in their households, according to Patterson (1994); Parks (1998); Kurdec (1993, 2003). Page 345
Before children the partners tend to divide labor more evenly.
Professor John Anderson teaches physical science courses (that includes labs) at a major university in Virginia. He is especially friendly with an attractive coed named Anna. While taking his course Anna was assigned the least challenging laboratory experiment. Anna was not pleased with the easy assignment and felt she was not taken seriously by the professor. Although Anna has very high self-esteem in this instance she felt her competence had been undermined. Anna is experiencing ________________. Page 328
Benevolent sexism.
Why is there a gender gap in number of men and women who enter college, according to the author of your text and Dortch (1997); Buchmann & DiPrete (2006); England & Li (2006)? Note: 2 answers, Page 325
Better high school academic records, and they may be admitted to college at greater rates.
Especially those who are overweight, between what ages will diabetes most likely occur? Page 364
Between ages of 50 and 60
Sex Differences
Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape.
If undetected what can glaucoma cause? Page 358
Blindness
Childhood Obesity
Body Mass Index (BMI)- A person's body weight in kilograms divided by the square height in meters. Overweight- In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile. Obesity- In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile
What plays a major role in the increased incidence of obesity in middle adulthood? Page 357
Body fat tends to increase. Because high is not increasing and may be declining, these gains increase the incidence of obesity. Lifestyle choices play a major role
How is obesity defined? Page 311
Body weight that is 20% or more above the average wait for a person of a given height.
What is the most common cause of cancer death in women? Page 367
Breast cancer
Give 4 examples (i.e. famous people) making the case that people do not peak in creativity until much later in life. Page 322
Buckminster Fuller Frank Lloyd Wright Charles Darwin and John Piaget Picasso
Steve is 49 years old. For 20 years he has been working for a food distribution company delivering candy to various department stores, drugstores, and fast-food stores. He complains to his wife that the company has given him too much work and has cut back his pay. Also his boss tells him that the company is for family first, religion second, and job third. He does not believe this for a minute. And finally Steve is sick of the monotony of his responsibilities. Every morning before he goes to work his stomach aches, has headaches, and has an overall feeling of dread. Steve is experiencing what is known as _______________.
Burnout
According to the text, neurological and hormonal effects may make boys more vulnerable to __________ problems and girls more vulnerable to __________ problems. a. reparative; aggressive b. aggressive; reparative c. externalizing; internalizing d. internalizing; externalizing
C.
An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as: a. emotional deregulation. b. psychosomatic. c. psychopathology. d. None of these answers is correct.
C.
Erik Erikson's third developmental stage, in which self-esteem emerges, is called: a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame. c. initiative versus guilt. d. industry versus inferiority.
C.
Erikson explained that with maturity and adult guidance, children develop _____ and _____. a. confusion; identity crises. b. pessimism; depression. c. guilt; self-control. d. None of the above.
C.
Longitudinal research has found that children who are physically punished: a. become adults who reject the idea of physically punishing children. b. are likely to become well-behaved children. c. are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and then abusive adults. d. will always become violent adults.
C.
On average, young children of every ethnic and economic group spend ________ a day exposed to electronic media. a. one to two hours b. two to three hours c. three to five hours d. six hours
C.
People of about the same age and social status are known as: a. classmates. b. cohort members. c. peers. d. playmates.
C.
Six-year-old Johnny suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying: a. rough-and-tumble play. b. prosocial behavior. c. antisocial behavior. d. internalizing problems.
C.
Which of the following is an example of parallel play? a. Child plays alone. b. Child watches another child play. c. Children play with similar toys, but not together. d. Children play together and take turns.
C.
Which one of the following terms refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person? a. antipathy b. sympathy c. empathy d. antisocial
C.
Which type of aggression is characterized by insults or social rejection aimed at harming the victim's friendships? a. instrumental aggression b. reactive aggression c. relational aggression d. bullying aggression
C.
What are the two types of precocious puberty? What can cause each?
Central vs. Peripheral. Central = Idiopathic (more common in females) or CNS disorder (more common in males) Peripheral = Hormone secreting tumors, exogenous hormones, or altered hormone state due to CAH, hypothyroidism
Describe the process by which cancer spreads. Page 367
Certain cells multiply rapidly and uncontrollably forming tumors then they draw nutrients from healthy cells and eventually destroy the body's ability to function
. In what periods of human development will the acquisitive stage take place, according Schaie's theory of cognitive development? Note: 2 answers, Page 319
Childhood and adolescence.
How do children differ in BMI between wasting and stunting?
Children have BMI <5th percentile in wasting, but BMI is normal in stunting
ELLs (English Language Learners)
Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low—usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. Many children who speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLs.
At age 6
Children know most of the basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language and many speak a second or even a third language.
Children with special needs
Children who, because of a physical or mental disability, require extra help in order to learn.
. Contrast what Chinese men prefer in a prospective long-term partner to men from a Zulu background in South Africa, according to Buss et al. (1990); Buss (2003). Page 335
Chinese man ranked good health most important, in South Africa men from a Zulu background rated emotional stability first.
Asthma
Chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing.
Candace is 28 years old she is married has two children and works full-time as a registered nurse at a local hospital. Needless to say Candace is quite busy. She wakes up at 415 every morning. After cup of coffee and a 45 minute workout Candace wakes up her children. While her young children are getting ready for school Candace takes a shower and dresses for work. At 7:15 AM Candace drops the kids up at school and she heads to the hospital. At 3:30 PM Candace Clark that gets back to your neighborhood in time to meet her children when they get off the school bus. When she gets home she starts to prepare dinner. What is Candace experiencing
Chronic stress.
List 3 lifestyle choices that increase the risk of heart disease during middle adulthood. Page 366
Cigarette smoking, a diet high in fat and cholesterol, a lack of physical exercise
One way to exemplify gender differences in college would be to look back at the different courses in which men and women enroll. List some of those courses taken by men and women (in college). Page 326
Classes in education and social sciences have larger proportion of women to men classes in engineering physical science and mathematics tend to have more men than women.
What percent of young adults between ages of 25 and 34 live with her middle-aged parents? Page 387
Close to 33%
How are love and liking different, according to the author of your text and Lamm & Wiesmann (1997(; Hendrick & Hendrick (2003); Ramsay (2010)? Page 334
Compared to liking love includes closeness passion and exclusivity.
How does Connor (1992) demonstrate that there are misguided assumptions about the quality of work of those in middle adulthood resulting in them less likely to be hired? Note: 4 answers, Page 393
Connor in his research that older workers missed fewer workdays hold their jobs longer are more reliable and are more willing to learn new skills
Describe how critics of evolutionary theory related to prospect of mate choice make the case that evolution may have nothing to do with it and these preferences have everything to do with culture, according to Eagly & Wood (2003); Wood & Eagly (2010). Page 336
Consistencies that are found across cultures may be due to the realities of economic life,that are similar throughout different cultures. Women prefer partners with good earning potential, this has to do with the fact that the men hold more power status and other resources.
Jim and Athena just celebrated their 10 year wedding anniversary. They have 2 children; a girl 7 years old and a boy 5 years old. Each enjoys the other's company and both work together as a team so the household runs smoothly. Although privacy is limited they continue to enjoy a warm, intimate sex life. What type of love is Jim and Athena experiencing, according to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory Of Love? Table 7 - 5, Page 335
Consummate love
What personality type is best suited for clerks, secretaries, and bank tellers, according to Holland's Personality Type Theory? Page 347
Conventional
Term: defensive coping. Page 315
Coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of the situation.
How does vision change with aging?
Cornea thickens, lens opacifies (cataracts), less ciliary contractility, worse dark adaptation (hard to drive at night), loss of visual acuity, loss of peripheral vision
cohabitation, Page 340
Couples living together without being married
List 3 factors that lend itself to couples finding satisfaction with their parenting roles, according to the author of your text and Schoppe-Sullivan et al. (2006); McHale & Rotman (2006). Page 344
Couples who harbor realistic expectations regarding the effort involved in child-rearing, parent to work together as a coparenting team who thoughtfully adopt common child-rearing goals and strategies, and couples who are well satisfied with their marriages as newlyweds are more likely to be satisfied as they raise children.
Sandwich generation page 387
Couples who in middle adulthood must until the needs of both their children and their aging parents
What type of studies clearly shows that older subjects were less likely to score well than younger subjects on traditional intelligence tests? Page 370
Cross-sectional studies
either private or parochial
Currently, Mercedes attends a(n) _____ school through the use of a voucher. However, the family is moving to a state in which vouchers are illegal. After the move, Mercedes will attend a public school.
A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time is called a: a. social exclusion. b. spanking. c. firm separation. d. time-out.
D.
A musician who plays for the delight of making music has an: a. extrinsic motivation. b. inner drive. c. need for attention. d. intrinsic motivation.
D.
An example of an externalizing problem is_________, while an example of an internalizing problem is ______________. a. excessive guilt; impulsive behavior b. excessive shame; verbal outbursts c. excessive worthlessness; attacking other people or things d. attacking other people; being withdrawn
D.
An illness or disorder of the mind is called: a. psychosis. b. schizophrenia. c. aggression. d. psychopathology.
D.
Four-year-old Brooks is afraid of certain things, such as the sound of a train whistle and going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are an expression of: a. a lack of maturation in his hearing and vision. b. adequate emotional regulation. c. poor caregiving by his mother and father. d. immature development of his prefrontal cortex.
D.
In an experiment by Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who knew they would receive an award for drawing: a. were found to have higher levels of self-esteem. b. became professional artists later in life. c. demonstrated better emotional regulation. d. were less likely to draw.
D.
Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is: a. Piaget. b. Erikson. c. Vygotsky. d. Baumrind.
D.
Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as: a. authoritarian. b. neglectful. c. authoritative. d. permissive.
D.
Peers provide practice in: a. emotional regulation. b. empathy. c. social understanding. d. All of these answers are correct.
D.
Physical punishment ________ the possibility of aggression and temporarily ______ obedience. a. increases; decreases b. stops; increases c. decreases; stops d. increases; increases
D.
What kind of aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks? a. instrumental b. reactive c. relational d. bullying
D.
What is the effect of calorie restriction vs. adding exercise on weight loss and health?
Decreasing calories and increasing exercise both help with weight loss, but just decreasing calories won't help with your medical factors such as insulin sensitivity, LDL, blood pressure. Also need exercise for that.
Although early marital conflict is not unusual, how do most married couples view their early years together, according to Bird & Melville (1994); Orbuch et al. (1996); McNulty & Karney (2004)? Page 342
Deeply satisfying
Alex is 28 years old.He was notified that his supervisor at work will not be on the job for the next 6 months. As a result Alex will not only do his work but his supervisor's as well. He will be working more than 70 hours a week until his boss returns. Alex states about his employment disposition, "no problem doing my job and his job will be a piece of cake." What coping strategy is Alex employing an effort to cope with his stress? Page 315
Defensive coping.
What may some people employ unconsciously in an effort to cope with stress? Even if they do not consciously cope with stress page 315
Defensive coping.
What is global developmental delay?
Delayed development in more than one of the major developmental domains
List 5 qualities (i.e. characteristics) that men and women in all cultures highly value (and prefer) when choosing a life partner, according to the author of your text. Page 335
Dependability emotional stability pleasing disposition and intelligence, as well as love and mutual attraction.
. Although unfounded by today's researchers what mental disorders and symptoms were once directly linked to menopause? Note: 5 answers, Page 362
Depression,anxiety, crying spells, lack of concentration and irritability.
What other aspects of vision begin to . change during the middle adulthood years, according to the author of your text? Note: 3 answers, Page 357
Depth perception distance perception and the ability to see three dimensions all decline.
What is body composition?
Determining how much of your body is and is not fat. Non-fat is considered lean tissue and it contributes to your basal metabolic rate.
Chris is 29 years old. He has congregated with others in his age group. They begin to discuss issues related to politics and the upcoming presidential election. Each argues their political positions and why a certain candidate would be the best president. Although at times contentious they enjoy the debate and are interested in others' points of view. What type of postformal thinking is evident among these young adults, according to Basseches (1984)? Page 319
Dialectial thinking.
Gender Differences
Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females.
Fetal Development Week 20-34
Differentiation and Viability
List 3 common sources of early marital conflict, according to Caughlin (2002); Crawford (2002); Crawford, Houts, & Huston (2002); Murray, Bellavia, & Rose (2003). Page 342
Difficulty making the transition from adolescence to adulthood. trouble developing a separate identity. the challenge of allocating time across spouse friends and family members.
Externalizing Problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things
Internalizing Problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless
Give examples of conditions that could alter a person's "set point" for happiness. Note: 4 answers, Page 382
Divorce death of a spouse unemployment disability
Although initially drugs and alcohol may give a person who is experiencing stress a pleasurable sense of escape why is this an unhealthy coping mechanism? Page 315 to answers
Do not help address the situation causing stress, and increase a person's difficulties.
At what age does a child double their birth length? Triple their birth length?
Double = 4 years Triple = 13 years
Why has the incidence of unwanted pregnancies declined in recent decades, according to the Centers for Disease Control (2003); Villarosa (2003)? Page 342
Dramatic rise in the use and effectiveness of contraceptives.
what periods of human development will the responsible stage take place, according to Schaie's theory of cognitive development? Note: 2 answers, Page 320
During late stages of early adulthood and in middle adulthood.
Diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
Each individual interacts with the surrounding setting—including family, school, community, and culture—which modify, worsen, or even create psychopathology.
During which period to teens begin puberty, feel insecure/conform to peer norms, and think concretely?
Early adolescence (12-14 years old)
In the context of coping with stress describe the resilient young adult. Page 317. Six answers
Easy-going good-natured good social and communication skills independent not dependent on others or lock they work hard with what they have.
Nutritional Recommendations for Adults (Simplified Version)
Eat fruit/veggie, protein, and a grain with every meal; ensure calcium and vitamin D intake is sufficient; check total calories; drink fluids 3x/day
How can men and women in middle adulthood reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis, according to Prentice et al. (2006): Swaim, Barner, & Brown (2008); Wang,L. et al. (2013)? Note: 2 answers, Page 357
Eating a calcium rich diet and exercising regularly
According to the US Department of Agriculture how can a person early adulthood (and beyond) achieve good nutrition? Page 310
Eating foods that are low in fat,including vegetables , fruits , whole-grain foods, fish, poultry, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products.
home schooling
Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents, instead of attending any school, public or private.
home schooling (p. 268)
Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents, instead of attending any school, public or private.
Fetal Development Week 1-8
Embryonic Period
Jennifer is 27 years old. She is recently separated from her husband is having difficulty running the household that includes two small children. Although she is stressed she looks at the bright side of things stating: at least I don't have to put up with my exes drunkenness and abusive behavior anymore. What type of coping strategy is Jennifer employing?
Emotion focused coping.
How can a person who is experiencing stress benefit from social support? Three answers. Page 315
Emotional support practical tangible support others can provide information: offering specific advice on how to deal with a stressful situation.
. Mary is 26 years old and Luigi is 28 years old. They have been married for 5 years and have two children; Jimmy is 2 years old and Lily is 3 years old. For the past 2 1/2 years Mary and Luigi have not been getting along. They argue intensely almost every time they come into close contact with each other. Both sleep in separate rooms and there is no sexual contact. Although each recognizes that their marriage is "all but finished" they continue to stay together for fear that if they divorce the children would be irreparably, psychologically harmed. What type of love is Mary and Luigi experiencing, according to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love. Table 7 - 5, Page 335
Empty love
What are the psychological benefits of exercise during the middle adulthood years, according to DiGiovanna (1994)? Figure 8 - 1, Note: 3 answers, Page 359
Enhanced mode new line feelings of well-being reduce stress
What physical change occurs frequently during the male climacteric? Page 362
Enlargement of the prostate gland
What 2 female sex hormones decrease in production during menopause, according to Schwenkhagen (2007)? Page 361
Estrogen and progesterone
she will receive a score for each of nine types of intelligence
Etta is taking an intelligence test based on Gardner's multiple intelligences theory. How is Etta's performance likely to be scored?
What eating behavior can a person in early adulthood avoid if they try to lose weight by eating in moderation and instead of dieting? Page 311
Even if obese people never reach their desired weight, they may ultimately control their weight more effectively. They will avoid the seesaw cycle of gain and loss.
List the characteristics of events that have a high likelihood of producing stress. Parentheses for answers) page 313
Events and circumstances that produce negative emotions (dealing with illness of a loved one ) situations that are uncontrollable or unpredictable (professors to give surprise quizzes) events and circumstances that are ambiguous and confusing, and finally having to simultaneously accomplish many tasks at strain a person's capacities.
What must those in early adulthood commit to in order to be physically fit and to reach their full physical potential? (Two answers) page 307
Exercise and maintain a proper diet.
98. Mike is a 49-year-old psychotherapist. He has been practicing his trade for over 20 years. During that time he has seen literally hundreds of patients. He has become so good as a therapist that in some cases he can predict what his patients will say before they say it. Mike demonstrates ______________ in his field. Page 372
Expertise
. How is expertise more focused than broad intelligence? Page 372
Expertise developed as people develop attention and practice to subject her skill and by doing so gain experience
Which of the following is TRUE about observed gender differences?
Experts disagree as to what proportion of difference is biological and what proportion is environmental.
What separates the experts from the novice? Note: 3 answers, Page 372
Experts rely on experience and intuition and they often bend the rules. Experts often have trouble articulating how they draw conclusions, brain imaging studies show that experts are different in using neural pathways the novices to solve problems and finally experts develop better problem-solving strategies the nonexperts there more flexible in their approach
There is no scientific evidence backing Levinson's position that people in middle adulthood experience a midlife crisis. In fact it is well-established that the majority of people in their 40s are quite satisfied with their lives. Under what circumstances will people in this age group experience some semblance of a crisis? Page 379
Facing the signs of aging, they may find the accomplishments that they were proud of are not a satisfying. They may find that they want to go back and correct past mistakes.
What are the Basic Activities of Daily Living? Where do they fall in the 6 component model?
Fall in the function category. The 6 of them are: 1. Bathing 2. Dressing 3. Toileting 4. Transfer (bed to chair) 5. Grooming 6. Feeding Rated by amount of assistance required (independent, needs some assistance, unable to perform)
True of False? Children in middle childhood can gain mastery in almost any motor skill as long as it requires adult size
False
What may stunt creativity after early adulthood, according to Sarnoff Mednick (1963)? Page 322
Familiarity breeds rigidity. The more people know a subject the less likely they are to be creative.
What becomes more important for those in middle adulthood who have not achieved career success they had hoped for, according to Howard (1992); Simoton (1997)? Page 392
Family and other off the job interest become more important than work
List the 3 stages in choosing a career, according to Eli Ginzberg (1972). Page 347
Fantasy, tentative, realistic.
Fetal Development Week 34-40
Fat Deposition
Antipathy
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.
What age is precocious puberty in females? Males?
Females, before age 8, Males, before age 9
How can marriage gradient make finding a spouse particularly difficult for well-educated African-American women who prefer to marry African-American men? Note: 2 answers, Page 337
Fewer African-American men attend college than African-American women making the potential pool for men who are suitable relatively small. The pool of men is further limited because of the high rate of incarceration of black males. So these women are more apt to marry men who are less educated than they are or not marry at all.
What percent of people with major handicaps that finished high school? Page 311
Fewer than 10% of people with major handicaps have finished high school.
What percent of disabled man and disabled women work full-time? Page 311
Fewer than 25% of disabled man, and 15% of disabled women work full-time.
. How does psychologist Timothy Salthouse (1990, 1994a, 2010) explain why people in midlife hold some of the most important and powerful positions in society despite gradual declines in certain cognitive abilities? Note: 4 answers, Page 371
First it is possible that typical measures of cognitive skills A different type of cognition than what is required to be successful in certain occupations a second factor suggests it is possible that most successful middle-age adults are not representative of midlife adults in general the degree of cognitive ability required for profession success may not simply be that high and finally it may be that older people are successful because they have developed specific kinds of expertise in particular competencies
List two converging trends that lend itself to the new phenomena called the sandwich generation. Page 387
First people are marrying later and having children at an older age and at the same time people are living longer. So midlife adults have parents are alive and require care and they also have children who have a significant need for nurturing
Morgan is 18 years old. She is a first-year student at the University of Miami. During her first semester in college Morgan became quite anxious and depressed, plus she did not know anybody and was very lonely. Morgan is experiencing what is known as ____________. Page 325
First-year adjustment reaction.
Inattention in adolescents 17 and older
Five or more symptoms of inattention
Under what circumstances can unemployment during middle adulthood be psychologically and physically devastating, according to Sharf (1992)? Note 3 answers, Page 393
For those who have been fired, laid out by corporate downsizing, were forced out of the job by technological advances
What country has the fourth highest murder rate for men compared to other developed countries figure 7 - two page 308
France
What are the recommendations for frequency, types of exercises, and sets/reps for strength training?
Frequency: 2 days/week Exercises: 8-10 of the major muscle groups Sets/Reps: More than one set of 8-12 reps
Phallic Stage
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.
Five ways to measure fetal growth
Fundal height, femur length, crown-rump length, bi-parietal diameter (predictor of head circumference), Abdominal circumference (predictor of asymmetric growth retardation)
What personality variable is associated with a perspective college student who overcomes negative racial and gender stereotypes and attends the university of his or her choice? Page 329
Future orientation.
Fred is 59 years old. He teaches at a local state college and enjoys giving advice to his students. He is well-liked (by his students and members of the college's staff) and it is not uncommon for them to say that Fred has made a positive, lasting impression on them. According to Erik Erikson, Fred is demonstrating ________ as he looks toward the continuation of his own life through others. Page 377
Generativity.
Causes of symmetric growth retardation
Genetics, congenital infections, environmental toxins
. List 3 risk factors associated with heart disease occurs during middle adulthood. Page 366
Genetics, sex and age
What is one of the most frequent eye problems that occur during the middle adulthood years? Page 357
Glaucoma
Biomedical
Gluten and casein free diet, dietary supplements, chelation therapy (Administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, or mercury) hyperbaric oxygen therapy
What grandparent (i.e. grandmother or grandfather) is generally more interested and experience greater satisfaction as he/she interacts with his/her grandchildren, according to Smith (1995); Smith & Drew (2002)? Page 388
Grandmothers are more interested in an experience greater satisfaction
Husbands' contribution to the household centers around things that are easily scheduled in advance; whereas wives contribution to the household centers around things that need immediate attention resulting in higher levels of ______ and________, according to Haddock & Rattenorg (2003); Lee, Vernon-Feagans, & Vazquez (2003)'; Coltrane & Shih 9(2010); Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012). Page 343
Greater levels of anxiety and stress
Fetal Development Week 8-20
Growth and Organogenesis
Slower growth
Growth is slow and steady; self care is easy. Growth averages 2 inches per year and Weight gain averages 5 lbs each year.
What is a good acronym to help remember the psychosocial ROS? What do they stand for?
HEEADSSS H: Home E: Education/Employment E: Eating A: Activities D: Drugs S: Sexuality S: Suicide/Depression S: Safety
What is the most commonly acquired STI?" What is the most commonly reported STI?
HPV is most commonly acquired. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported
Characterized early adults are considered hearty (heartiness within the context of effectively coping with stress). Three answers. Page 316
Hardy people react to stressors with optimism, convinced they can respond effectively. Party individuals are take charge people who revel in life's challenges. They are more resistant to stress related illness to those who are less Hardy.
What is the equation called that is used to calculate BMR? What components do you need?
Harris Benedict Equation and you need height in inches, weight in pounds, and age in years.
What is David Levinson's (1986, 1992) seasons of life theory? Page 378
He suggest that men pastor a series of stages beginning in early adulthood around age 20, continuing into midlife however at age 40 to 45 people move into midlife transition. Midlife transition: questioning and focus on the finite future. They have to confront the fact that they will not accomplish other aims before they die
In the United States, the MOST widespread early-childhood education program is:
Head Start
List six stress-related illnesses. Page 314
Headaches, backaches, skin rashes, indigestion, chronic fatigue, the common cold.
Other than the "hot flashes," what symptoms will some but not all women experience during menopause? Note: 4 answers, Page 361
Headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations and achy joints
More middle-aged men will die from _______ and_______ than any other cause of death. Page 366
Heart and circulatory system diseases
Bill is 60 years old and is morbidly obese. He smokes at least a pack of cigarettes a day. He eats pizza, red meat, and ice cream several times a week. Also Bill is sedentary and makes no effort to be physically active. What medical problem is associated with Bill's lifestyle choices? Page 366
Heart disease
Which OTC drugs can cause problems in the elderly?
Heartburn/GI maladies, antiinflammatories or analgesics (NSAIDS, acetopmenophen), respiratory drugs, nutritional supplements
Mrs. Olivia Smith is 55 years old. Her last child, Susan, is enrolled in a university near their home. During registration for courses Susan's mother urged her daughter to take courses related to science. Susan attempted to sign up for Anatomy and Physiology but the course was full. The mother called the registrar's office and complained that because of Susan's interest in human anatomy she needed to take this course so she can enroll in advance courses next semester. During the semester Susan's grades were not up to par with her mother's expectations. So Mrs. Smith called her professors complaining that her daughter did not understand the course material and the professor was not interested in her education. Mrs. Smith would be considered a _____________ parent. Page 387
Helicopter
Why Childhood Obesity?
Heredity-creates a tendency to gain weight, can be genetically predisposed. Parenting- infants not breastfed, too much tv, drink sodas, no exercise, poor family eating habits. Social influences- school lunches, snack machines, not enough fresh veggies, food advertising.
In what 2 cultures has the principle of homogamy still has considerable influence, according to Suro (1999); Quian & Lichter (2007); Fu & Heaton (2008)? Note: 2 answers, Page 236
Hispanic and Asian immigrants.
list for coping mechanisms that have proven to allow couples remain happily married. Page 384
Holding realistic expectations focusing on the positive compromising avoid suffering in silence
What is the third most frequent cause of death for white males between the ages of 20 and 34? Page 308
Homicide.
What is the most common symptom women experience when hormonal levels drop during menopause? Page 361
Hot flashes
Social Mediation
Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another
social mediation
Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another.
Instrumental Aggression
Hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep something that another person has and keep it.
66. What is the most common health problem (or chronic medical disorder) experienced by those in middle adulthood? Page 364
Hypertension
intellectual aptitude is measured with
IQ test
Misconceptions of ADHD:
IT IS NOT: -Inadequate parenting -laziness -lack of motivation -lack of intelligence -lack of will power -result of brain injury or damage -food allergies/ sensitivity
Combined Presentation
If enough symptoms of both criteria inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity were present for the past 6 months
Predominantly Hyperactivity Impulsive Presentation
If enough symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity but not inattention were present for the past 6 months.
Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
If enough symptoms of inattention, but not hyperactivity-impulsivity, were present for the past 6 months
Under what circumstances would Americans today have 3 or more children (although most families seek to have no more than two), according to Kate (1998); Gallup Poll (2004); Saad (2011)? Page
If money is no object
response-to-intervention
If repeated _____ techniques do not help a child, then the child is referred for testing and observation to diagnose the problem.
According to Holland's Personality Type Theory, what is the formula for happiness in a career? Page 347
If the personality and career correspond well people will enjoy the career more and are more likely to stay in them
Why may physical appearance play a significant role in how women see themselves in middle adulthood? Page 357
In Western cultures women face strong society pressures to retain a youthful look
childhood overweight
In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
childhood overweight (p. 247)
In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
childhood obesity
In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
childhood obesity (p. 247)
In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
Overweight
In an adult, having a BMI of 25 to 29. In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
Obesity
In an adult, having a BMI of 30 or more. In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
Superego
In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.
How do children differ in terms of height between wasting and stunting?
In wasting, children are normal height. In stunting, children are <5th percentile.
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) (p. 264)
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
progress in international reading literacy study (PIRLS)
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability.
Describe the family (in terms of socioeconomic level) where incest is more likely to occur, according to the APA (1996); Cox & Everson (2003)? Page 389
Incest is more likely to occur in affluent families
seriation
Includes knowledge that things can be arranged in logical series. (big to small; tall to short)
. List the 3 main consequences associated with stress during middle adulthood. Figure 8 - 4, Page 365
Increase blood pressure and hormonal activity to decreased immune response
. List 2 major medical problems are associated with untreated hypertension. Page 364
Increases the risk of stroke and heart disease
Expected growth in weight for babies (initially, when they double birth weight, triple their birth weight, quadruple their birth weight)
Initial weight gain is 15-30 g/day. -Double their birth weight at 6 months -Triple their birth weight at 12 months -Quadruple their birth weight at 2 years
. What other negative emotions (besides hostility and anger) found in Type A Behavior are associated with heart disease and heart attacks, according to Pederson et al. (2009); Mols & Denollet (2010); Kuppe et al. (2013)? Note: 3 answers, Page 367
Insecurity,anxiety and having a negative outlook
How do you use BMI for children?
Instead of comparing it against a scale that says normal/abnormal, you compare it for typical values that are seen in other children at the same age. Thus, the BMI <5th percentile is underweight, and 85-95, 95+ is overweight and obese, respectively
What is the 3rd filter in the Filtering Potential Marriage Partners, according to Janda & Kleneke-Hamel (1980)? Figure 7 - 11, Page 336
Interpersonal attractive filter.
IUGR
Intrauterine Growth Retardation. Known cause, can be asymmetric or symmetric.
. Esther is 58 years old. She has 3 grandchildren; a granddaughter 6 years old, and 2 grandsons, one is four and the other is 5 years old. Because both her son and daughter-in-law work full time she takes care of her grandchildren when they are not in school. She is authorized to discipline her grandchildren as needed, feeds them, and drives them to their extracurricular activities. What type of grand parenting style best describes Esther? Page 388
Involved
List three types of grandparenting styles. Page 388
Involved grandparents contaminate grandparents remote grandparents
To what extent has the female population in U.S. labor force increased from 1950 to 2003? Page 348
It has increased from 35% over 60%
Cockroach droppings is a
It is a trigger for Asthma
Why is first-year adjustment particularly prevalent among students who are successful (either academically or socially) in high school? Page 325
It is due to their sudden change in status
How can the marriage gradient adversely affect partner choice for men and women? Page 336 - 337
It limits the number of potential mates for women especially as they age, while allowing men a wider choice of partners throughout life. Low status men cannot marry if they cannot find women of a low enough status. Some high status women are unable to marry because they are higher in status than the available pool of men.
. Mark is 48 years old. He is experiencing a great deal of marital discord and he hates his job. Mark believes that if he won the lottery he would be happy and he could buy his way out of his misery. Is Mark's thinking accurate in that his subjective well-being would be enhanced, according to Diener (2000); Stone et al. (2010)? Page 381
It only increases well-being temporarily, when your leader people's happiness return to pre-lottery levels.
80. What are the 2 major components of Type A behaviors that are the central link to the development of coronary heart
It seems as if the hostility and anger components of type A behavior other central linked to coronary heart disease
How can cross-sectional studies underestimate intelligence in older adults? Page 370
It suffers from cohort effects
List 2 challenges associated with male sexuality during middle adulthood. Page 360
It takes longer to get an erection and takes longer after an orgasm to have another
How can divorce during the middle adulthood be particularly difficult for women? Two answers page 285
It's particularly hard for women who have played a traditional role and have never worked outside the home, they face discrimination and without training and support they may remain virtually unemployable
What is the disadvantage associated with the habitual use of defensive coping in a person's effort to manage stress? Page 315
Its reliance on avoidance can stand in the way of dealing with the reality of the situation.
Describe the type of jobs and type of person in which burnout is most likely to occur. Page 392 - 393
Jobs is about helping others and it strikes those who are month's idealistic and driven
How long typically will the empty nest syndrome last for stay-at-home mothers and mothers who work outside the home, according to the author of your text and Antonucci (2001); Crowley, Hayslip, & Hobdy (2003)? Page 386
Just temporary feelings of sadness and distress
dyscalculia
Kailey is 7 years old and needs help with numbers and concepts. Kailey has a learning disability in math called:
Joe is 55 years old. He finds his job as a small business owner quite meaningful and is determined to make sure his style of life continues. Although he knows his employees are not perfect he accepts their strengths and weaknesses. Overall Joe is content with his life. According to George Vaillant (1997), Joe is not a rigid individual instead he is "________________." Page 378
Keep the meaning
What are some of the general differences in administering medications to children vs. adults?
Kids have immature gastric acid secretion, low body fat, immature renal and hepatic function, and low binding capacity of albumin. This all increases the amount of drug in blood, increases halflives, and thus doses need to be reduced.
LGA
Large for Gestational Age; above 95th percentile
During which period do teens have more sophisticated cognitive skills, develop future orientation, have confident autonomy, begin committed partner relationships, and develop a sense of identity?
Late adolescence (17-19 years old)
List 4 medical problems people between 45 and 65 are less likely to experience. Page 363
Less likely to experience infections allergies respiratory disease and digestive problems
Carl and Danny have been good friends for 35 years. They often fish and play golf together; and meet each other for dinner at least every other week. Carl, his wife Susan and their kids spend major holidays together with Danny's wife and children. What type of love is Carl and Danny experiencing, according to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory Of Love. Table 7 - 5, Page 335
Liking
Lateralization
Literally, sidedness. The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa
Mental retardation
Literally, slow, or late, thinking. In practice, people are considered mentally retarded if they score below 70 on an IQ test and if they are markedly behind their peers in the ability to meet the basic requirements of daily life.
What is singlehood? Page 345
Living alone without an intimate partner
unusual play
Loretta is concerned because her 12-month-old son, Christian, does not seem to interact socially. She is concerned that he might have autism spectrum disorder. What other symptom might Christian display?
What is a major factor in choosing a partner in countries such as United States, Japan, and Brazil? Page 335
Love
Relative to formula, how is the protein content? Whey:Casein Ratio?
Lower protein content and higher whey:casein ratio
As a divorcee who tend to feel more lonely and expense my physical and mental health problems men or women? Page 385
Man
What is problem focused coping In an effort manage stress?
Managing a threatening situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful.
List 5 reasons why marriage remains the preferred alternative for most people during early adulthood, according to the author of your text and Furstenberg (1996)? Page 340
Marriage as the appropriate combination of a loving relationship. others feel it is the right thing to do after reaching a particular age. others seek marriage because spouses fill many roles. marriage is also a fully acceptable way to have children. marriage offers legal benefits and protections.
Causes of asymmetric growth retardation
Maternal factors and placental insufficiency
Courtney is 28 years old. She graduated from college two years early and finished her Ph.D. when she was 24 years old. Courtney's forte is her in-depth understanding of theoretical and abstract concepts. Because Courtney possesses an intellectual personality type what careers would be best suited for her, according to Holland's Personality Type Theory? Note: 2 answers, Page 347
Math and science careers
Four-year-old Matthew frustrates his parents on a daily basis. He will agree to eat three things and only three things for dinner— Nutella on bread, chicken nuggets, and yogurt. His parents have tried endlessly to get him to eat a wider variety of tasty, healthy items, but Matthew simply refuses. What would you advise his parents to do based on research presented in this chapter?
Matthew is not unusual, and his finicky eating habits should go away by the age of 6.
control processes
Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system. (Also called executive processes.)
control processes
Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information-processing system.(Also called executive processes)
Term: somatic symptom disorders Page 314
Medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties.
Treatments for ADHD
Medication and Behavioral Interventions When the two are combined it is most effective
Behavioral:
Medications: Prozac, Zoloft, Risperdal
What Sex is more likely to die in an automobile accident during early adulthood? Page 308
Men
Do men and women differ in their level of happiness? Page 382
Men and women rate themselves as equally happy.
What is erectile dysfunction? Page 362 What is erectile dysfunction? Page 362
Men are unable to achieve or maintain an erection
Today how do researchers view menopause and explain psychological difficulties that are often associated with the same, according to the author of your text and Freeman, Sammuel, & Liu (2004); Somerset et al. (2006); Wroolie & Holcomb (2010)? Page 362
Menopause is a normal part of life that does not produce psychological symptoms, some women will experience psychological difficulties but they do so at other times in life as well
What indicates the completion of menopause? Page 361
Menopause is complete when a woman passes a year without a menstrual period
During which period do teens shift from a family to peer focus, establish emotional separation from parents, increase autonomy, increase sexual experimentation, and have their greatest cognitive development?
Middle Adolescence (15-16 years old)
What is mild obesity? Moderate obesity? Morbid obesity?
Mild: 20-40% over ideal weight Moderate: 40-100% over ideal weight Morbid: 100+% over ideal weight
What are the exercise recommendations for all adults?
Moderate cardio for 30 mins/day 5 days/wk OR vigorous cardio 20 mins/day 3 days/wk AND 8-10 strength training exercises using 8-12 reps each, 2x/wk AND Balance Training 2 days/wk
What percent of those in middle adulthood are afraid of having cancer? Page 363
More than 50%
About what percent of married couples have at least one child? Page 342
More than 90% of married couples have at least one child
Are there more men or women who attend college? Page 325
More women than men.
Abnormality is normal
Most children sometimes act oddly. At the same time, children with serious disorders are, in many respects, like everyone else.
Disability changes year by year
Most disorders are comorbid, which means that more than one problem is evident in the same person. Which particular disorder is most disabling at a particular time changes, as does the degree of impairment.
intrinsic motivation, Page 349
Motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, for personal rewards
extrinsic motivation, Page 349
Motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards, such as money and prestige
What is the most common cause of death in adolescents unless you're an african american? What if you're an african american?
Motor vehicle accident, except for african americans, then it's homocide
What is polyphasic activities (often seen in those who display Type A behavior patterns. Page 367
Multiple activities carried out simultaneously
How does muscle influence BMR?
Muscle burns more energy than fat, so as you age and have sarcopenia, your BMR goes down and your fat content goes up
List 3 demands, both physical and psychological, that wives and husbands experience after having their first child, according to Meijer & van Wittenboer (2007). Page 344
Near constant fatigue new line new financial responsibilities an increase in household chores
List the "big five" personality traits. Page 380
Neuroticism extroversion openness agreeableness conscientiousness
. Although the big five personality traits tend to remain stable past the age of thirty, some actually vary with time. What personality traits tend to decline and what personality traits and increase? Page 31
Neuroticism extraversion and openness decline, agreeableness and conscientiousness increase.
What percent of 18 to 29-year-olds believe that a happy marriage is an ingredient of a good life, according to Roper Starch Worldwide (1997)? Page 341
Nine out of 10, 90%
What constitutes a delay in puberty for females?
No breast development by age 13, no menarche by age 16, no menarche within 4 years of thelarche
Why may first-generation college students be especially prone to having difficulties during their first year of college, according to the author of your text and Barry et al. (2009): Crede & Niehorster (2012)? Note: 3 answers, Page 326
No clear understanding of how did the demands of college differ from high school the social support they have from their families may be an adequate they may be less prepared for college work.
. In what socioeconomic level, race, gender, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, and ethnic group is domestic violence most prevalent? Page 389
No segment is immune from spousal abuse it occurs across social strata's races and ethnic groups and religions
What constitutes delay in puberty for boys?
No testicular enlargement by age 14
Is there reason to avoid allergenic foods for babies?
No, very little evidence to support this.
parochial school (p. 268)
Non-public schools organized by a religious group, often Roman Catholic but sometimes Jewish, Muslim, and so on. The curriculum, discipline, and many instructors in parochial schools reflect the beliefs of the religious body, which often provides substantial financial support.
parochial school
Non-publick schools organized by a religious group, often Roman Catholic but sometimes Jewish, Muslim, and so on. The curriculum, discipline, and many instructors in parochial schools reflect the beliefs of the religious body, which often provides substantial financial support.
Relational Aggression
Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people.
Stereotype threat. Page 329
Obstacles performance that come from awareness of the stereotypes held by society about academic abilities.
agentic professions, page 348
Occupations that are associated with getting getting things accomplished such as carpentry
: communal professions, Page 348
Occupations that are associated with relationships, such as nursing
Boomerang children page 387
Offspring who typically say economic issues as the main reason for coming back home
Describe the qualities (i.e. characteristics) that men and women in all cultures highly value (and prefer) when choosing a marriage partner. Note: 2 answers, Page 336
Oh human seek out certain characteristics in their mates that are likely to maximize the availability of beneficial genes.
Had his second marriage is a middle adulthood differ from the first marriage? Five answers page 386
Older couples are mature and realistic in their expectations they view marriage less romantic they are more cautious they are likely to be more flexible about roles and duties partners are less committed they may have personality and emotional characteristics that don't make them easy to live with
How many women lose their first marriage to divorce after the age of 40?
One in eight women who is in her first marriage will get divorced after the age of 40
fatal diseases and accidents are rare
One reason middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span is that:
What percent of college students are above the age of 24? Page 324
One third of college students, 33%
Characterize the mother who may find it especially difficult when their children leaves home (i.e. empty nest syndrome). Page 386
One who is unhappy worried lonely and depressed when their children leave home
When is the typical onset of eating disorders? What is a frequent predictor of it?
Onset in mid-adolescence, preceded by body image concerns, frequent with past history of abuse
What medical condition associated with brittle, fragile, and thin bones that are affected by lifestyle choices? Page 357
Osteoporosis
List 3 factors associated with friendship formation (particularly in early adulthood). Page 333
Others who live nearby in whom they have frequent contact, companionship, social approval and the occasional helping hand.
About how many marriages end in divorce every year in United States? Page 341
Over 1 million
According to the definition of disability how many people in the United States are physically or mentally challenged?
Over 50 million people.
__________ occurs when a child duplicates an action too slavishly and persistently, in an unnecessary fashion. It is common among kids between 2 and 6 years of age.
Overimitation
Instead of saying "feet," 4-year-old Jasper says "foots." This error is best described as an example of:
Overregulation
List 5 psychological reasons for choosing to have children. Page 342
Parent expects the drive pleasure from helping the children's grow fulfillment from the children's accomplishments new satisfaction from seeing them become successful enjoyment from forging a close bond with them a self-serving element Strong Society norm
But as a helicopter parent
Parent to intrusively intervene on their children's lives
Under what circumstances will helicopter parenting become first the parent? Page 387
Parents micromanage their children's college career is, complaint instructors and administrators. This may extend into the workplace
What is one of the main reasons why newly-married couples experience a significant degree of conflict, according to the author of your text? Page 341
Partners initially idealize one another, but as reality sets and they become more aware of flaws.
Ellen is 28 years old. She has known Bob for 6 months. Ellen thinks about Bob all the time and is very excited to see him. When they are together she is sexually aroused and she feels jealous when other women approach him. Ellen is experiencing _____________ love. Page 334
Passionate romantic love
List 3 factors that make a job satisfying during middle age (in contrast to early adult), according to the author of your text and Peterson & Wilson (2004); Cohrs, Abele, & dette (2006); Rantanen et al. (2012). Page 392
Pay, working conditions, and specific policies like vacation time
School aged children are influenced by
Peers and many adults, so if these people have good health habits so will the children -taking baths, brushing teeth, taking vitamins, eating healthy
Why is proximity important in the establishment of friendships? Page 333
People form Attachments to others who live nearby and with whom they have frequent contact.
Why is it so important to maintain friendships during early adulthood (and throughout life)? Page 333
People have a basic need for belongingness that leads them in early adulthood to establish and maintain at least a minimum number of relationships that foster a sense of belonging with others.
Listing barriers to optimal employment of those who have a disability. Page 311 to 312
People in wheelchairs cannot gain access to older buildings, prejudice is also a barrier. Disabled people are treated as children.
How can evolutionary theory explain why men and women across all cultures prefer specific characteristics when choosing a mate (i.e. marriage partner), according to David Buss and colleagues (Buss, 2004)? Page 336
People seek out certain characteristics in their mates that are likely to maximize the availability of beneficial genes.
What is the filter explanation as it is related to people seeking a mate? Page 336
People seeking a mate screen potential candidates through successively finer grained filters.
According to experts how can people in early adulthood realistically lose weight because most diets fail?
People should avoid dieting altogether , instead people need to eat the foods they want in moderation, and avoid binge eating that often occurs when diets fail.
List eight reasons reasons why marriages end in divorce in middle adulthood? Page 384
People spend less time together people are concerned with their personal happiness divorce is more socially acceptable the financial costs are not high women feel less dependent on their husbands both emotionally and economically romantic passionate feelings fade lack of excitement and boredom stress unravels the marriage marriages and because of infidelity
What is hostile sexism, as is related to gender and college performance? Page 328
People treat women in a way that is overtly harmful
What environmental factor can contribute to hearing loss during middle adulthood? Page 358
People who work their loud noises
Physical punishment _____ the possibility of aggression and temporarily _____ obedience and silence.
Physical punishment _____ the possibility of aggression and temporarily _____ obedience and silence.
Describe the quality (i.e. characteristic) in women that men in all cultures highly value (and prefer) when choosing a marriage partner. Page 336
Physically attractive
What 2 characteristics that males are genetically preprogrammed to seek out in women who are prospective mates (i.e. marriage partner), according to David Buss and colleagues (Buss, 2004)? Page 336
Physically attractive younger women
Give 2 examples of occupations that are near the top of the status hierarchy; and give 2 examples of occupations that occupied the bottom of the status hierarchy. Note: use example cited in your text. Page 349
Physicians and college teachers are near the top of the status hierarchy ushers and shoe shiners occupy the bottom
child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others
Piaget stressed the _____, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _____.
Egocentrism
Piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective
egocentrism
Piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.
preoperational intelligence
Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage.
Preoperational Intelligence
Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes languages and imagination but logical; operational thinking is not yet possible.
concrete operational thought
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
Concrete operational thought
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
concrete operational thought
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
concrete operational thought (p. 253)
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
Rough-and-Tumble play
Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm.
List 6 environmental and behavioral factors associated with the development of cancer. Page 367
Poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol use, exposure to sunlight, exposure to radiation, occupational hazards
Sociodramatic play
Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
Rex is 29 years old as he is driving to work in a back country road it begins to rain heavily to the point that Rex's visibility is practically zero. Subsequently as heart rate respirations and blood pressure rises. He is concerned he could lose control of his vehicle and is concentrating on how we can make it through the storm safely. And what stage of stress is Rex experiencing as he attempts to manage this negative stressful event? Page 313
Primary appraisal
As the two stages that people move through that determine whether they will experience stress. Page 313
Primary appraisal and secondary appraisal.
List two types of focused coping strategies adults use in an effort to manage stress. Page 314
Problem focused coping, emotion focused coping.
Steve is 25 years old. He has been on a job for a year and a half. Over the past several months and supervisor picked on him and purposely gives them tasks that he cannot manage. As a result Steve has difficulty sleeping, his blood pressure is gone up, and he is irritable all the time. Stevens decided to ask me transferred to another position, and if his request is denied he will seek employment elsewhere. What type of coping strategy is Steve employing? Page 314
Problem focused coping.
. What factors affects the development of expertise? Note: 5 answers, Page 373
Professional responsibilities, amount of leisure time, educational level, income, and marital status.
Life may get better or worse
Prognosis is difficult. Many children with severe disabilities (e.g., blindness) become productive, happy adults. Conversely, some conditions (e.g., conduct disorder) may become more disabling.
30. According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs?
Programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals.
What is the mean age of onset for female puberty? Mean age of onset for menarche?
Puberty: 11.2 Menarche: 12.5
charter schools
Public schools with their own set of standards funded and licensed by the state or local district in which they are located.
List 3 forms of treatment for cancer (as listed in your textbook). Page 367
Radiation therapy,chemotherapy , surgery
List the 6 personality types important in a career choice, according to Holland (1997). Page 347 - 348
Realistic intellectual new line social conventional enterprising artistic
What is the #1 pharmacokinetic cause of adverse drug effects in older adults?
Reduced renal function due to stresses on the kidneys
comorbid
Refers to the presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time in the same person.
comorbid (p. 272)
Refers to the presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time in the same person.
: fluid intelligence, Page 370
Reflects information processing capacities, reasonings, and memory
28. Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction?
Reggio Emilia
A preschool has a low teacher/child ratio and ample opportunity for creative expression. many of the students are engaged in long-term art projects of their choosing. This MOST likely resembles which child-centered approach?
Reggio Emilia
The _____ child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the MOST emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction.
Reggio Emilia
Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the MOST emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction?
Reggio Emilia
What can people do to feel stronger and more able to compensate for any physical losses during the middle adulthood years? Page 357
Regular exercise tends to make people feel stronger and may be able to compensate for more losses.
What is at the core of young adult's happiness? Page 331
Relationships
June is 60 years old. She has 2 grandchildren; a grandson 4 years old and a granddaughter who is 6 years old. Although she lives about 4 miles away from them she rarely sees them and infrequently attends their school or extracurricular activities. When in contact with her grandchildren she often complains that they make "too much noise" and "they should be disciplined better." What type of grand parenting style best describes June? Page 388
Remote
How does body composition change with aging?
Replacement of muscle with fat
What is resilience? In the context of heartiness and stress management page 317
Resilience: the ability to withstand over, and even thrive after profound adversity.
Michael is 39 years old. He is happily married with two teenage daughters. He manages the local airport and is studying to be a pilot. Michael participates regularly in family activities and contributes to the maintenance of their household. He helps clean the house, wash the dishes, mows the lawn among other responsibilities. According to Schaie's theory is the ____________ stage of cognitive development. Page 320
Responsible stage
pragmatics
Ricard, a sixth-grader, uses codes such as LOL, TTYL, and 411 in his text messages. The use of these codes in this context indicates that Ricard understands:
According to the author of your text, why should people label an emotional experience "love"? Page 334
Romantic love is seen as possible acceptable and desirable. Young adults are primed and ready to experience love in their lives.
Describe the employment positions that people with disabilities typically have. Page 311
Routine and low-paying positions.
Scrotum becomes pendulous with the skin becoming thinner
SMR II
Subareolar breast bud, sparse growth of pubic hair
SMR II
Breast elevation, enlargement of areolae, coarsening of pubic hair
SMR III
Scrotum coarsens and the penis lengthens
SMR III
Areolar mound development, pubic hair forms triangle over pubis
SMR IV
The penis grows in length and circumference
SMR IV
Areola is part of breast contour, projection of papilla, pubic hair extends to inner thighs
SMR V
Penis and testes are in volume equal to or greater than 20 cc
SMR V
Ashton is 26 years old. She has very good verbal skills and is able to relate comfortably to other people. Because Ashton possesses a social personality type what careers would be best suited for her, according to Holland's Personality Type Theory? Note: 3 answers, page 347
Salesperson, teacher, counselor
private schools
Schools funded by parents and sponsoring institutions. Such schools have control over admissions, hiring, and specifics of curriculum, although some regulations apply
Montessori schools
Schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori, which emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do.
What are the fine motor skill drawing developmental milestones (scribble, straight lines, circle, cross, square, triangle?
Scribble: 15 months Straight line: 2 year Circle: 3 year Cross: 4 year Square: 4.5 years Triangle: 5 years
List 4 reasons why second marriages end in divorce, according to the author of your text and Cherlin (1993); Warshak (2000); coleman, Ganong, & Weaver (2001). Page 386
Second marriages include stress not present in the first marriage partners are less committed they have personality and emotional characters mistakes that make them hard to live with divorce rate is higher with second marriages
Amanda is 26 years old under way to work she gets pulled over by a state trooper for speeding. She is given a citation that includes a $250 fine and a summons to appear in court. This worries a manic as she was cited for speeding a year ago and she is financially strapped. She drives after receiving the speeding ticket Amanda begins to wonder how my going to pay for this ticket and what it meant going to tell the judge. And what stress stage is a man experiencing as she attempts to manage this negatively stressful event? Page 313
Secondary appraisal
Describe how adults who have a secure attachment style care for the romantic partner; and describe how adults who have anxious attachment (i.e. avoidant or ambivalent) style care for their romantic partner, according to Feeney & Collins (2003); Gleason, Iida, & Bolger (2203); Mikulincer & Shaver (2009). Page 338
Secure adults provide sensitive and supportive care respond to their partner's psychological needs. Anxious adults are more likely to provide compulsive intrusive, less helpful assistance.
Sophie is 29 years old. When asked how she felt about her ability to make friends and to secure long-term relationships she stated, "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I'm comfortable depending on them and having them to me. I don't worry about being abandoned or feel anxious about someone getting too close to me." Sophie is fortunate to have a ________________ attachment style. Page 337
Secure style of attachment
List 4 broad goals that underlie an adult's participation in learning, according to Sherry Wilson (1985). Page 325
Seek to understand their own aging trying to figure what is happening to them what to expect in the future. Second: some adult seek to understand and more fully the rapid technological and cultural changes of modern life. Third: adult learners seek the practical edge in combating being obsolete on the job by acquiring new vocational skills. Finally education is seen as helpful in preparing for future retirement.
Describe the 3 aspects of intimacy as viewed by Erik Erikson. Page 332
Selflessness sexuality deep devotion.
List 2 factors associated with gradual changes in bodies of persons in middle adulthood. Page 356
Senescence lifestyle choices
Other Therapies
Sensory integration, music therapy, neurofeedback, animal assisted therapy
immersion
Seven-year-old Skyla is from Holland and speaks only Dutch. At her school, all subjects are taught entirely in English. This method of teaching a second language is called:
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:
Six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity for children up to age 16, or five or more for adolescents 17 and older and adults; symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have been present for at least 6 months to an extent that is disruptive and inappropriate for the persons developmental level.
Inattention in children up to 16 years old
Six or more symptoms of inattention for children up to age 16.
35. How will exercise (during middle adulthood) benefit the skeletal system, according to DiGiovanna (1994)? Figure 2 - 1, Note: 2 answers, Page
Slower decline in bone minerals decreased risk of fracture and osteoporosis
How will exercise (during middle adulthood) benefit the nervous system, according to DiGiovanna (1994)? Figure 8 - 1, Note: 2 answers, Page
Slower decline in processing impulses by the CNS slower increase in variations in speed of motor neuron impulses
What is the best bang for our buck in terms of saving life years for research?
Slowing aging. Because treating individual diseases will just mean the person will get a different chronic disease.
SGA Definition
Small for Gestational Age; Below 5th percentile; No known cause
List 3 drawbacks associated with singlehood, according to the author of your text and Byrne (2000); Schacher, Shaver, & Gillath (2008). Page 345
Societies stigmatize single people, lack of companionship and sexual outlet future is less secure financially.
Christopher is 28 years old. Three months ago he was promoted to regional manager of a Fortune 500 medical supply company. He is working over 70 hours a week and regularly travel to different parts of the country. Although this was Christopher's dream job he did not realize the mental stress he would experience. He tries to think positively and work hard at it acclimating himself to his new job. After several months on his new job Christopher begins to not feel well. It was determined by his physician that Christopher has ulcers, high blood pressure, and chronic fatigue. What medical condition is associated with Chris for stress and subsequent medical problems? Page 313
Somatic symptom disorder
What is milk protein intolerance?
Some children have an intolerance to cows milk that causes colitis/proctitis (bloody stools, mild anemia, poor weight gain; resolves by age 1); enterocolitis (bloody diarrhea, vomiting, septic appearing; Resolves by 3 years). Kids do cross react to soy
Why do so many couples today cohabitate during early adulthood, according to the author of your text and Martin, Martin, & Martin (2001); Miller, Sassler, &Kus-Appough (2011); Pope & Caswell (2013)? Note: three answers, Page 340
Some couples feel they are not ready for a lifelong commitment, others feel cohabitation provides practice for marriage. Some maintain that marriage is outdated and that it is unrealistic to spend their entire life time together.
29. Which of the following statements about Head Start is true?
Some programs involve parents; others do not.
How many new words do school-age children learn?
Some school-age children learn as many as 20 new words a day and apply grammar rules they did not use before.
What is the difference between speech and language?
Speech is the pronunciation and phonation, where language can be expressive or receptive
What factors increase the likelihood that domestic violence will occur in a household, according to the author of your text and Strauss, & Yodanis (1996); Ehrensaft, Cohen, & Brown (2003); Lackey (2003)? Note: 8 answers, Page 389
Spousal abuse occurs in large families where there's financial strain verbal aggression and where the husbands or wives group and families are violence was present
List some benefits (for those in middle adulthood) associated with children leaving home, according to the author of your text and Gorchoff, John, & Helson (2008). Note: 3 answers, Page 386
Spouses have more time for one another married or unmarried people can attend to their own work without having to worry about helping the kids with homework carpools etc. the house days later and the telephone rings less often
List two examples of happy events in a person's life that can produce stress. Page 313
Starting a long-sought job, or planning a wedding.
. Jeff is a 20-year-old African-American first-year college student. He is enrolled in core curriculum courses that include algebra, composition one, general psychology, humanities, and anatomy and physiology. Jeff is worried that he may not perform well because all of his life his grandmother told him "black people never make it through college; we are not as smart as white folk." Although this is inculcated view of himself (and African-Americans in general) he will try hard to do the best he can. Jeff is experiencing__________________. Page 329
Stereotype threat
Jennifer is a 19-year-old first-year college student and is the first member of her family to attend college. Since she was a little girl Jennifer wanted to be an architect. Her parents, however, have encouraged her to become a teacher, a nurse or a social worker. Plus they always told her that girls "don't do well in math subjects" and to "major in a more ladylike field." As Jennifer starts to take courses related to her major she begins to worry that she will not do well and maybe even fail. Jennifer is experiencing_______________. Page 329
Stereotype threat
Will personality substantially change during the middle adulthood years as suggested by Erikson and Levinson? Page 379 - 380
Substantial change occurs over time, the change is predictable and age-related but is substantial
What athletes function at their best in their late teens and younger? Page 307 two answers.
Swimmers and gymnasts.
What has been identified as the single cause of Autism?
THERE ARE NO KNOWN CAUSES Some debatable causes are: Heredity, Genetics, Medical Environmental toxins, Vaccines, diet
the international assessment of the math and science skills of 4-8th graders is called
TIMMS
whole-language approach
Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills-talking and listening, reading and writing.
Phonics approach
Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations
Scaffolding
Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
scaffolding
Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.
pragmatics
Ten-year-old Jamila has learned to speak formally with the adults in her life, and informally with her friends. She has learned the _____ of language
Bill has been married to Mary for four years. When he becomes upset with Mary he becomes verbally abusive, calling her ugly, fat,etc. Mary makes vain attempts to calm Bill or avoid him altogether. The situation then escalates and Bill starts to slap, punch, and kick her. When the episode of violence ends Bill apologizes to her and expresses remorse. List in order the 3 stages of marital aggression as exemplified in this vignette, according to Walker (1999). Page 389
Tension building stage Accu battering incident new and loving contrition stage
List the 3 stages in which marital aggression by a husband occurs, according to Walker (1999). Page 389
Tension building stage acute battering incident loving contrition stage
What is the first sign of puberty in males?
Testicular enlargement
Normal Course of Puberty for Boys
Testicular enlargement --> Growth of Penis/Scrotum --> Pubic hair appears --> Axillary hair appears --> First ejaculations --> Growth spurt --> Facial Hair
. What male sex hormones decline in production during the middle adulthood years, according to Hyde & Delameter (2003)? Page 360
Testosterone
In what position is Texas ranked?
Texas ranks 7th in the nation for having obese children.
List three sources of marital satisfaction cited by middle-aged couples according to the author of the text and Schmidt Cagle and Schapiro Landis at ow. Page 383
That their spouses their best friend and they like their spouses of people they view marriage is a long-term commitment and agree on their aims and goals most feel their spouses have grown more interesting over the course of the marriage
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
The American Psychiatric Association's official guide to the diagnosis (not treatment) of mental disorders. (IV-TR means "fourth edition, text revision).The fifth edition is scheduled to be published in 2011.
In the context of heartiness described those are less apt to experience high levels of stress? Page 316
The Hardy people turn threats into challenges, so they are less apt to experience high levels of stress.
. During what historical period was the concept of romantic love "invented?" Page 334
The Middle Ages
No Child Left Behind Act
The U.S. law that requires annual standardized achievement tests for public school students in order for states to qualify for federal education funding is called the:
No Child Left Behind
The _____ Act of 2001 resulted in public schools being held accountable for failing to meet federal achievement standards
selective attention
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
selective attention
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
selective attention (p. 256)
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
sensory memory (p. 257)
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
What is visual acuity? Page 357
The ability to discern find spatial detail in both close and distant objects
Transitive Inference
The ability to figure out (infer) the unspoken link (transfer) between one fact and another.
Why do people turn to the web in an effort to cope with stress? Page 315
The ability to learn from others' experiences is one of the reasons that people use the web to connect with people have had similar experiences.
Concrete Operational Thought
The ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
Metamemory
The ability to understand how memory works in order to use it well. Metamemory is an essential element of metacognition.
Empathy
The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own.
crystallized intelligence, Page 370
The accumulation of information skills and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations
In what periods of human development will the acquisition stage take place? Two answers page 319
The acquisitive stage the achieving stage
Overregularization
The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is.
overregularization
The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is.
Normative crisis models. Page 377
The approach to personality development that is based on fairly universal stages tied to a sequence of age-related crisis.
Life events model. Page 377 tab
The approach to personality development that is based on the timing of particular events and an adult life rather than on age per se.
Primary appraisal. Page 313
The assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive negative or neutral.
Secondary appraisal. Page 313
The assessment of whether once coping abilities, and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat or challenge posed by the potential stressor.
In what areas of the body will strength gradually decrease during the middle adulthood years? Note: 2 answers, Page 357
The back and leg muscles
Animism
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.
animism
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.
Give 2 examples of life events that may influence cognitive growth, according to the author of your text and Kandler et al. (2012); Andersson & Conley (2013)? Page 323
The birth of a child, the death of a loved one.
List two reasons why an adult would return home to live with her middle-aged parents page 387
The breakup of the marriage, loss of a job
menopause, Page 361
The cessation of menstruation
Will cohabitation increase the chances of a happy marriage, according to Hohmann-Marriot (2006); Rhoaes, Stanley & Markman (2006, 2009)? Page 340
The chances of divorce are higher for those who have previously cohabited.
How can middle adulthood facilitate sexual enjoyment and freedom that was missing earlier in their lives, according to the author of text and Lamont (1997); DaLamater et al. (2012)? Note: 2 answers, Page
The children are gone, so married couples have more time for uninterrupted sex, women have gone to menopause no longer fear pregnancy or need to use birth control
Why are so many older, non-traditional students taking college courses? Note: 2 answers, Page 325
The college degree is important for obtaining a job and employers encourage or require workers to undergo college based training to learn new skills or update old ones.
Creativity page 322
The combination of responses or ideas in novel ways.
working memory
The component of the information processing system in which current, conscious mental activity occurs. (Also called short-term memory.)
sensory memory
The component of the information processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. (Also called the sensory register.)
Long-term memory
The component of the information processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
working memory
The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental acitivity occurs. (Formerly called short-term memory).
working memory (p. 257)
The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. (Formerly called short-term memory.)
sensory memory
The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. (Also called the sensory register.)
long-term memory
The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
long-term memory (p. 258)
The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
What is emotion focused coping. In an effective manage stress?
The conscious regulation of emotion.
Coping. Page 314
The effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress.
status, Page 349
The evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group or society.
Empty nest syndrome page 386
The experience that relates to parents feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, depression resulting from their children's departure from home.
developmental psychopathology
The field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders.
Why do African-American grandparents are more involved with their grandchildren in contrast to white grandparents? Note: 2 answers, Page 389
The greater prevalence of multigenerational households among African-Americans. Also African-American families are more likely to be headed by single parents that they need the help of the grandparent
. Describe how status affects job satisfaction, according to Green (1995); Shieman, McBrier, & van Gundy (2003). Page 349
The higher the status of the job, the more satisfied people tend to be
List 3 self-serving reasons for choosing to have children. Page 342
The hope that children will provide for the parents in their old age, maintain a family business or farm, offer companionship
theory-theory
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories.
Theory-Theory
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear.
multiple intelligences
The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one.
multiple intelligences (p. 270)
The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all encompassing one.
multiple intelligences
The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one.
neurodiversity
The idea that people with special needs have diverse brain structures, with each person having neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed.
Seriation
The idea that things can be arranged in a series. This is crucial in understanding number sequence. Related to transitive inference
How can an over stimulated immune system adversely affect persons body? Page 314
The immune system can attack the body itself, and damage healthy tissue.
What body system can be damaged by stress resulting in the person's reduced ability to defend against disease? Page 314
The immune system.
Why should people during middle adulthood not worry about an increase in reaction time? Page 358
The increase is mild and hardly noticeable
Private Speech
The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud)
private speech
The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud).
What are the 3 components of love, according to Robert Sternberg? Page 334
The intimacy component the passion component the decision commitment component.
List 8 reasons why someone in middle adulthood change careers. Page 393 - 394
The job offers little challenge they have achieved mastery the job is change the way they don't like they may have lost their job they may be asked to accomplish more with fewer resources our technology may have just drastically change their daily activities and they no longer enjoy what they do dissatisfied with their job others are unhappy with their status and want a fresh start some are burned out some simply want something new
When were laws that permitted wife beating removed from the books in United States, according to Davidson (1997)? Page 391
The late 19th century
Sleep in connection to childhood obesity
The less sleep a child gets, the more likely it is for them to be overweight 5 years later. This is because there is an increased availability of time for eating and also the child will be too tired for physical activity with the lack of sleep.
Classification
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common.
classification
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common.
classification (p. 253)
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common.
. What biological events (occurring in middle adulthood) impair people's ability to adapt to darkness, according to Spear (1993)? Note: 2 answers, Page 357
The loss of rods and decrease in lens transparency impairs people's ability to adapt to darkness
presbycusis, Page 358
The loss of the ability to hear sounds of high-frequency.
During what later that will marital satisfaction reach its lowest point according to the phases of marital satisfaction U-shaped configuration? Page 383
The lowest point is following the birth of the couple's children
What is "familiarity breeds rigidity," according to Sarnoff Mednick (1963)? Page 322
The more a subject is known the less likely people will be creative about it.
Project Head Start
The most widespread early-childhood education program in the United States, begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government.
What are the musculoskeletal benefits of regular exercise during early adulthood and beyond? Page 307
The muscles are stronger the body more flexible range of movement is greater muscles tendons and ligaments are more elastic.
What is the Puritan work ethic and subscribe to by many people in Western societies? Page 349
The notion that work is important in and of itself, working as a meaningful act that brings psychological well-being and satisfaction.
What does the author mean when he reports that the fertility rate for women in United States is less than the replacement level? Page 342
The number of children that one generation must produce to be able to replenish its numbers.
Is the relationship between age and work positive or negative? Page 392
The older workers are the more overall job satisfaction the experience
control processes (p. 258)
The part of the information-processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information. Memory and retrieval strategies, selective attention, and rules or strategies for problem solving are all useful control processes.
List 4 characteristics associated with successful marriages, according to the author of your text and Gottman, Fainsilber-Katz, & Hooven (1996); Carrere et al. (2000); Stutzer & Frey (2006)? Page 341
The partners visibly show affection,and communicate little negativity. they perceive themselves as interdependent couple rather than two independent individuals. they experience social homogamy having similar interest in agreeing on role distribution.
middle childhood
The period between early childhood and adolescence, approximately from ages 7 to 11
middle childhood
The period between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6 to 11.
middle childhood (p. 243)
The period between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6 to 11.
Define: stress
The physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us
Although people's basic personality traits endure throughout adulthood some major changes in a person's life may alter how the person views themselves and the world around them. List 4 examples of some of those changes, according to Krueger & Heckhausen (1993); Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer (2006). Page 381
The physical changes of aging illness the death of a loved one in an increased awareness of life's finite span can also spur changes in how people view themselves in the world.
Achieving stage. Page 319
The point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and society contributions.
Aptitude
The potential to master a specific sill or to learn a certain body of knowledge. Aptitude tests are designed to measure learning potential.
aptitude
The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge.
aptitude (p. 269)
The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge.
pragmatics
The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context.
pragmatics (p. 260)
The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context.
Pragmatics
The practice use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context. The practical application of linguistic knowledge also improves a lot during this time, as does the understanding of metaphors, jokes, and puns.
Comorbidity
The presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person
conservation
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes.
Conversation
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) when its appearance changes.
Myelination
The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
selective optimization with compensation, Page 372
The process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses and other areas
guided participation
The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations.
Give an example of how homogamy has declined in United States, according to the author of your text. Page 336
The rate of marriage between African-American men and women of other races increased by 75% in the 1990s. Have
body mass index (BMI)
The ratio of weight to height, calculated by dividing a person's body weight in kilograms by the square of his or her height in meters.
What is psychoneuroimmunology? Page 364
The relationship between the brain and the in system and psychological factors
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations.
Flynn effect (p. 270)
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations.
What is selflessness (within the context of Erikson's view of intimacy during early adulthood)? Page 332
The sacrifice of one's needs to those of others.
How does cancer rank as a leading cause of death in the United States, according to Smedley & Syme (2000)? Page 367
The second leading cause of death in the United States
expertise, Page 372
The skill or knowledge acquired in a particular area
What determines whether, how, and how much "age" will affect pharmacokinetics, desired responses, and untoward effects?
The specific drug, not the class. Drugs in the same class may differ in this way. Some in one class may be fine for older adults and others may need reduced doses.
Fast-Mapping
The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.
fast-mapping
The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.
Responsible stage. Page 320
The stage with the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers.
. List and describe the 3 stages in the development of a relationship, according to Bernard Murstein's (1976, 1986, 1987) stimulus-value-role theory. Page 333
The stimulus stage the value stage the role stage
companionate love, Page 334
The strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved.
Psychoneuroimmunology.
The study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors.
How can a person benefit from the emergency reaction and some kinds of stress? Page 313
The sympathetic nervous system to enable people to defend themselves from a sudden threatening situation.
Describe the societal standard known as marriage gradient, as it is related to seeking out a marriage partner, according to Bernard (1982); Pyke & Adams (2010). Page 336
The tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger smaller and lower in status. Women marry men who are slightly older larger and higher in status.
homogamy, Page 336
The tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, religion, and other basic demographic characteristics.
Perseveration
The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time.
: labeling theory of passionate love, Page 334
The theory that individuals experience romantic love when two events occur together: intense physiological arousal and situational cues suggesting that the arousal is due to love.
: stimulus-value-role (SVR) theory, Page 333
The theory that relationships proceed in a fixed order of three stages: stimulus value and role.
cycle of violence hypothesis, page 390
The theory that the abuse and neglect of children suffer predisposes them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
reaction time
The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eye blink) or cognitively (with a thought)
reaction time
The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eyeblink) or cognitively (with a thought).
reaction time (p. 256)
The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eyeblink) or cognitively (with a thought).
10
The typical child can add, subtract, multiply, and divide multi-digit numbers at about age:
Electra complex
The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's exclusive love.
Oedipus Complex
The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's exclusive love.
hidden curriculum
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school.
hidden curriculum (p. 263)
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school.
Hidden curriculum
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school.
hidden curriculum
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the curriculum, organization, and setting in a school
What biological events occur in women during middle adulthood that can make intercourse painful but not necessarily reduce sexual pleasure? Note: 2 answers, page 360
The vaginally walls then and are less elastic the Vagina shrinks and the entrance becomes compressed
Why are jobs that involve helping people and those who work in these occupations are most idealistic and driven develop burnout, according to Taris, vanHorn, & Schaufeli (2004); Bakker & Heuven (2006); Dunford et al. (2012)? Page 393
The workers realize they can only make minor dents in the huge social problems such as poverty and medical care and this can be disappointing and demoralizing
What was the goal of the philosophers that lived during the Middle Ages to make love a requirement for marriage, according to Xaiohe & Whyte (1990); Haslette (2004); Moore & Wei (2012)? Page 334
Their goal is to provide an alternative to the raw sexual desire that served as the primary basis for marriage before.
What is the normal course of pubertal development in females?
Thelarche (breast buds) --> Pubarche (pubic hair development) --> Growth Spurt --> Axillary Hair --> Breast Maturation --> Menarche
What is the difference between marriage and "Civil Solidarity Pact," according to Lyall (2004)? Page 340
These marriages can be dissolved more easily than marriage
Why do some critics of the normative crisis approach take the position that is this model is outdated? Page 377
These models arose when society had fairly rigid and uniform roles for people. Social changes have called in the question the models
Describe the campaign and a grandparent. Page 388
They act as supporters and buddies to the grandchildren they call and visit frequently and perhaps occasionally take the grandchildren on vacations or invite them to come visit without their parents.
List 2 aberrations associated with academic discrimination experienced by African-American children (as far back as the 5th grade) that ultimately results in negative stereotypes of themselves, according to research by O'Hara et al. (2012). Page 329
They are More tolerant of deviant behavior, such as drug using peers, and have lower expectations of attending college.
Describe the involved grandparent. Page 388
They are actively engaged in and have influence over the grandchildren's lives
Describe the remote grandparent. Page 388
They are detached and distant showing little interest. Rarely make visits and may complain about the childish behavior of the grandchildren
Why are people in middle adulthood less likely to contract infections, allergies, respiratory diseases, and digestive problems, according to Sterns, Barrett, & Alexander (1985)? Page 363
They have already experienced them and have built up immunities
Which of the following is TRUE concerning permissive parents?
They have high nurturance and acceptance.
What is the primary reason why children may be malnourished?
They have small appetites that are easily satiated by unhealthy foods.
What are the 2 major drawbacks associated with longitudinal studies on intelligence? Page 370
They may perform better because they are familiar and comfortable with the testing situation if they have repeated exposure to the same test they may begin to remember some of the test items
List two ways of middle-aged adult provides care to their parents page 388
They may provide financial support, they may also help manage the household and do task such as removing storm windows or shoveling snow
How would Erikson explain why some in early adulthood have difficulties as they move through the intimacy-versus-isolation stage of psychosocial development? Page 332
They may stem from an earlier failure to develop a strong identity.
What is strange about drug metabolism in kids age 2-6?
They metabolize drugs much faster than younger or older individuals, so when doses are expressed per unit body weight, the right dose may be higher than for an older person
Unlike adolescents who are undergoing tremendous growth resulting in eating high caloric junk food and foods high in fat how should those in early adulthood manage their caloric intake in order to maintain their health? Page 308
They must reduce their caloric intake to maintain their health.
Are there differences or similarities in the adjustment of children raised by heterosexual couples compared to homosexual couples? Page 345
They showed no difference in terms of eventual adjustment, although they may face greater challenges from society due to prejudice against the homosexuality
What do some experts suggest in relation to allergies?
They suggest a hygiene hypothesis. The data that supports this theory is: -first born children develop asthma more often that later born ones -asthma and allergies are less common along farm children -children born by c section (very sterile) have a greater incidence of asthma
Why do divorcees in middle adulthood remarried people who are also divorced? Two answers page 385
They tend to be available and they share a similar experience
Although reaction time increases during the middle adulthood years why do middle-aged drivers have fewer accidents than younger ones, according to the author of your text and Makishite & Matsunage (2008); Cantin et al. (2009); Endrass Schreiber & Kathmann (2012)? Note: 3 answers, Page 358
They tend to be more careful and take fewer risks.
List 3 reasons why someone would choose singlehood, according to the author of your text and DePaulo & Morris (2006). Page 345
They value their independence and autonomy they simply do not meet anyone with him they wish to spend their lives they view marriage is to restrictive
Classification
Things can be organized into group (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they share.
What are the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living?
Things you do for yourself when you left for college. Grocery shopping, meal preparation, driving or using transportation, taking meds)
Post formal thought. Page 319
Thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms.
Describe those in early adulthood who experience difficulties in Erik Erikson's stage of intimacy-versus-isolation. Page 332
Those who are :Lonely, isolated, and fearful of relationships.
What is sound localization (often associated with hearing problems during middle adulthood), according to Veras & Matto (2007); Gopomath et al (2012)? Page 358
Trouble identifying the direction and origin of a sound
Describe the eight-stage pattern that facilitates the development of interpersonal relationships, according to Bergess & Huston (1979); Berscheid (1985). Page 333
Two people interact more often and for longer periods. The range of settings increase increasingly seek each other's company they open up more and more disclosing more intimate information, they begin to share physical intimacies they are more willing to share both positive and negative fillings and they may offer criticism in addition to praise they begin to agree on their goals for the relationship their reactions to situations become more similar they began to feel their own physiological well-being is tied to the success of the relationship you in as unique and irreplaceable and cherished finally their definition of themselves and their behavior changes: they begin to see themselves and act as a couple rather than two separate individuals.
What is the major disease that high BMI puts you at risk for?
Type 2 Diabetes
What coronary health problems are associated with a Type A Behavior Pattern, according to Strube (1990); Weilgosz & Nolan (2000)? Note: 3 answers, Page 367
Type A personality have twice the rate of coronary heart disease a greater number of fatal heart attacks and five times as many heart problems as type b personality
. Melissa is 48 years old. She is a registered nurse practicing her profession at a local medical doctor's office. She loves where she is working and has no desire to be the head nurse at this practice. Melissa is very kind to the patients and rarely gets angry. Other nurses and support staff at the office jokingly called her "Miss Laid-Back." Melissa demonstrates what is known as a ________________. Page 367
Type B personality
. Juan is 55 years old. He is a highly competitive and ambitious sports apparel salesman. Juan is constantly on the phone, sending text messages, and checking his emails. He is easily frustrated especially if his customers do not receive their orders on time. It is not unusual for Juan to call the warehouse (from which the ordered-merchandise is shipped) and yell at the workers. Juan's personality characteristics reflect a _________ behavior pattern. Page 366 - 367
Type a behavior pattern
How much will be renegotiated in multigenerational families? Page 388
Typically the adult children are in charge of the household both they and the parents is make adjustments to find common ground in making decisions. Elderly parents may find their new dependents difficult. The younger generation may resist
What BMI is considered underweight? Normal range? Overweight? Pre-obese? Obese Class 1? Obese Class 2? Obese Class 3?
Underweight: <18.5 Normal: 18.5-24.9 Overweight: 25+ Pre-obese: 25-29.9 Obese Class 1: 30-34.4 Obese Class 2: 35-39.9 Obese Class 3: 40+
Bullying Aggression
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.
4. Until what age will those in middle adulthood begin to lose their maximum height? Page 357
Until age 55
Why do young adults decide to put marriage on hold, according to Dreman (1997)? Page
Until they get a foothold on the career path and get an adequate salary.
dyscalculia
Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain.
dyscalculia (p. 274)
Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain.
Dyslexia
Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment
dyslexia
Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment.
dyslexia (p. 274)
Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment.
Jack is 28 years old. As part of this fitness program Jack rides his mountain bike for at least 30 minutes 2 to 3 times a week. In order for Jack to yield significant health benefits from bicycling what speed should he keep during this particular workout session? Page 307
Up to 10 mph.
What is the most common problem associated with enlargement of the prostate gland during male climacteric? Page 362
Urination problems: difficulty starting urination or the need to urinate frequently all night
With two behavioral choices associated with Hastened secondary aging during early adulthood. Page 308
Use of alcohol tobacco or drugs. Engaging in unprotected sex
What is protodeclarative pointing?
Use of pointing to an object just to have another share interest. Present at 18 months
What is protoimperative pointing?
Use of pointing to obtain an object of desire. Present at 12 months
How does the cardiac system change with aging?
Valves thicken and become stiffer, slightly slower HR (fewer pacemaker cells), Increase in size of heart (amount of blood that can fill ventricles lowers though due to ventricular hypertrophy), Slower ventricular filling, so you get increased amount of atrial filling
List 3 drugs that men can take if the experience erectile dysfunction. Note: use brand name; Page 362
Viagra, Levitra and Cialis
27. Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other children are most consistent with the views of:
Vygotsky
Apprentice in Thinking
Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky's term for the skills--cognitive as well as physical--that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's term for the skills--cognitive as well as physical--that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.
How do children appear differently between wasting and stunting?
Wasting = Skinny Stunting = Petite
What is the difference in your differential diagnosis between wasting and stunting?
Wasting: Acute undernutrition, non-endocrine because height is spared Stunting: Chronic undernutrition, possible endocrine cause
Ballard Test
Way to determine how many weeks pre-term a baby is born
List 3 common household chores that can provide moderate exercise for those in early adulthood, according to the American College of sports medicine (1997). Page 307
Weeding vacuuming and mowing with a power mower.
How do you define obesity in a non-BMI way?
Weight 20% over the weight corresponding to the lowest death rate for individuals of a specific height, gender, and age (ideal weight).
How is sexual satisfaction and related in general to marital satisfaction? Page 384
What matters is not how often the couples have sex, satisfaction is related to agreeing about their sex lives.
Signs and symptoms of Asthma
Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
multifinality
When 7-year-old Debbie's mother was pregnant with Debbie, she had serious marital and financial problems. This may have led to a flood of stress hormones that affected Debbie while she was in the womb. After she was born, her mother developed an alcohol addiction and married an abusive man. Debbie has all of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but her physician is cautious about giving this diagnosis because of the _____ related to the cause and diagnosis.
Executive stage. Page 320
When In middle adulthood, people take a broader perspective than earlier, including concerns about the world.
overimitation
When a person imitates an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned. Overimitation is common among 2- to 6-year-olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient.
Under what circumstances will physical changes be particularly difficult for someone in middle adulthood? Page 357
When self-image is tied closely to one's physical attributes.
What is emotional insulation a type of defensive coping? Page 315
Where people unconsciously try to block emotions and avoid pain.
Who tends to be more dissatisfied with marriage after the arrival of children, a man or woman? Page 344
Women
. What 2 groups (i.e. race and sex) are susceptible to academic dis-identification, according to Claude Steele? Page 329
Women and African-Americans.
What is benevolent sexism, as it is related to gender and college performance? Page 328
Women are stereotyped and restrictive roles appear to be positive.
After around 55 years old how much height will a woman and man lose over the rest of the life span, according to Ross man (1997): Bemmami et al. (2009)? Page 357
Women average a 2 inch decline in man a 1 inch decline over the rest of their life span
What is the main reason why women tend to be more dissatisfied than men with their marriage after the arrival of children, according to Levy-Shiff (1994); LaFlamme, Pomerleau, & Malcuit (2003); Li (2006)? Page 344
Women bear the brunt of childbearing even if both parents seek to share the responsibility
What sex during early adulthood can detect higher tones more readily? Page 307
Women can detect higher tones more readily than men.
What is a "hot flash" experienced by women during menopause? Page
Women feel a surge of heat above the waist the woman may get red and begin to sweat
What adult child's tends to be in charge of an aging parent? Page 388
Women tend to be more involved
How can a woman's expectations affect her experience of menopause? Page 362
Women who have difficulties may attribute every physical and emotional problem to menopause, while others with more positive attitudes are less apt to do so
. Jennifer is 29 years old. She is a civil engineer for the county in which she lives. Jennifer is highly regarded by her coworkers as dependable, knowledgeable, and "hard-working." By today's standards will Jennifer be making the same amount of money as men in the same position, according to Frome et al. (2006); US Bureau of the Census (2012)? Page 348
Women's earnings still lack behind those of men, earn significantly less than men in identical jobs
What is job satisfaction associated with, according to the author of your text and Peterson & Wilson (2004); Thompson & Prottas; Carton & Aiello (2009)? Note: 3 answers, Page 350
Workers have input into the nature of their jobs and feel their ideas and opinions are valued, jobs that offer variety over those that require only a few repeated skills, the more influence employees have over others the greater their job satisfaction.
List 3 factors that permit couples to successfully weather the stress that follows the birth of a child, according to Shapiro, Gottman, & Carrere(2000). Page 344
Working to build fondness and affection towards each other, remaining aware of events in each other's lives in responding to those events, considering problems as controllable and solvable
Will a history of breast cancer in the family raise the risk for women to develop the same disease? (yes or no) Page 367
Yes
Do you supplement fluorine in infants?
Yes, usually in the water source
Do you supplement Vitamin D in infants? Why/why not?
Yes, you give 400 IU of Vitamin D/day because it's not in breast milk in high quantities and you can prevent rickets.
What does it mean to use old drugs for old people?
You'll know the information about benefits and risks in real clinical practice better for older drugs, so they can be easier to predict for the elderly.
What demographic group overwhelmingly chooses to be married before having children, according to DeParlem & Tavernise (2012)? Page 342
Young adult women with a college education
Characterize those couples most likely to have an unwanted pregnancy. Note: 3 answers, Page 342
Younger poorer and less educated couples
asperger syndrome
_____ is the former term for what is now called "autism spectrum disorder without language or intellectual impairment."
sensory
_____ memory is the first component of the human information-processing system.
sensory
_____ memory stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed before it becomes perception.
knowledge base
a body of knowledge that makes it easier to learn new information in a particular area
asthma
a chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. signs and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing
What kind of research strategy might be used to examine the development of a theory of mind in children?
a false-belief test
9. Early childhood is __________ for language learning.
a sensitive period
The development of empathy is apparent in the child's:
ability to understand the emotions of others
The development of empathy is apparent in the child's:
ability to understand the emotions of others.
least restrictive environment (LRE)
according to a 1975 US law entitles the Education of All Handicapped Children Act, students with special needs must learn in the
All of the following are long-term benefits suggested in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text EXCEPT participants:
achieve the most if they are intellectually gifted.
Antisocial behavior involves:
actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive
Tertiary prevention begins:
after an injury occurs
At what age will illness and disease overtake accidents as a leading cause of death in early adulthood? Page 308
age 35
23. Which of the following has been shown to influence when a child exhibits a theory of mind?
age and siblings
What type of profession usually has lower pay and lower status, according to Eagley & Steffen (1986); Hattery (2000); Trapness & Paulhus (2012)? Page 348
agentic professions
The _____ is the brain structure that registers emotions, both positive and negative, especially fear.
amygdyla
A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is known as _____.
animism
Five-year-old Jada looks up at the clouds in the sky and asks, "Mommy, why do the clouds get sad and cry when it rains?" This is an example of:
animism
A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is called:
animism.
Five-year-old Jada looks up at the clouds in the sky and asks, "Mommy, why do the clouds get sad and cry when it rains?" This is an example of:
animism.
The feeling of dislike or even hatred for another person is:
antipathy
Six-year-old Johnny suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. It is clear that he means to cause pain to Alan and is not just "having a good time." Johnny is displaying:
antisocial behavior
The kind of play that involves children interacting and sharing, but without their play being mutual or reciprocal, is called:
associative
What is the earliest age by which a preference for using one hand over the other, or handedness, can be observed?
at birth
What is the parenting style in which parents are more likely to use physical punishment?
authoritarian
According to longitudinal studies, children who become successful, happy, and generous adults generally have parents who were:
authoritative
_____ parents set limits but are flexible with their children, whereas _____ parents can be very strict and rigid.
authoritative; authoritarian
12. According to your text, it is best that children:
become equally fluent in two languages.
Teacher-directed early-education programs are based on which developmental theory?
behavioral theory
Which theory asserts that gender roles are a result of learning rather than inborn instincts?
behaviorism
animism
belief that natural objects are alive.
The strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language is called:
bilingual education
In the "puppy in the _____" experiment described in the text, the young children confused what they know now with what they once thought, and what they think someone else thinks.
box
8. What did a study comparing preschool children from various countries find to be the primary factor in development of theory of mind?
brain maturation
Many studies have suggested that the primary factor in the development of theory of mind is:
brain maturation.
retrieval
bringing past learning into working memory
What kind of aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks?
bullying
concrete operational thought
*Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions *ability to reason logically about real life direct experiences and perceptions •Concrete tangible objects rather than abstract ideas •Operational-"to work; to produce"; productive thinking •Children become more systematic and objective
the no child left behind axt was passed in
2001
gender differences in bullying
Girls talk more and share secrets. Boys play more active games
aggressive-rejected
Rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior
Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority
*Characterized by tension between productivity and incompetence *Proposes children judge themselves as competent, productive, winners (industrious) or incompetent, useless, losers (inferiority) *Self-pride dependent on others' view
Overweight
*Childhood overweight correlates with asthma, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol *As excessive weight builds, average school achievement decreases, self esteem falls, and lonliness rises *Childhood overweight occurs with a BMI above 85% percentile for age
IQ
*tests designed to measure intellectual aptitude or ability to learn in school. *Criticisms of IQ Tests ---No test can measure potential without also measuring achievement. ---Every test score reflects the culture of the people who wrote, administer and take it. ---Intellectual potential changes over the life span. ---Humans may have multiple intelligences.
Sternberg's Theory of Intelligence
*"The theory suggests that successfully intelligent people are those who have the ability to achieve success according to their own definition of success, within their sociocultural context. They do so by identifying and capitalizing on their strengths, and identifying and correcting or compensating for their weaknesses in order to adapt to, shape, and select environment uses a balance of analytical, creative, and practical skills *Successful intelligence is most effective when it balances all three of its analytical, creative, and practical aspects
Multiple Intelligences Theory
*Academic: Measured by IQ and achievement tests *Creative: Evidenced by imaginative endeavors *Practical: Seen in everyday problem solving *Three distinct types of intelligence: academic, creative, and practical *Instruction matched to analytic, creative, or athletic abilities *Applications may not be supported by scientific research
nature of friendship in middle childhood
*Acceptance is important, friends more important *Most would choose close friends over being popular without close friendships *Intense and intimate *Demand more of their friends (loyalty, etc.) *Change friends less often *Become upset in friendship breakup *Find it harder to make new friends *Homogenous in nature *Particularly gender-wise *Age, ethnicity, and SES also tend to be markers *Demand more of their friends *Change friends less often *Become more upset when a friendship ends *Find it harder to make new friends *Seek friends who share their interests and values
BMI
*BMI is determined by dividing a person's body weight in pounds by the square of his or her height in inches. *Healthy 6 year olds tend to have lowest BMI (body mass index) of any age group
classification
*Building on Theory: Piaget *Hierarchy of categories *Organization of things into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common *By age 8, most children can classify
Self-concept
*Contains ideas about self that include intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnic background *Gradually becomes more realistic, specific and logical *Is dependent on social comparison *idea about themselves *Nature of school-age children: ---Social comparison ---Effortful control ---Loyalty ---Appreciation of peers and parents *From ages 6 to12: Self-criticism and self-consciousness rises Self-esteem dips
School-based Exercise
*Developmentally appropriate *Cooperative play *Confined play space and experiences; time/funding decreases
Neighborhood Games / Free Play
*Flexible and improvised *Rules and boundaries established by children *Limitless possibilities and playmates *Urbanization; stranger danger; indoor activities
neglected, not rejected
*Ignored but not shunned *Not as negative an effect with good support system
transitive inference
*Is ability to figure out (infer) the unspoken link between one fact and another *Linked to maturation of hippocampus which reaches critical point around age 7 *A + B = C If A = 25 and C = 40, what is B?
3 Types of physical play
*Neighborhood Games / Free Play *School-based Exercise *Athletic Clubs and Leagues
Culture of children
*Particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society -Fashion -Gestures -Appearance -Peer culture -Attitudes *Independence from adults *Passed down to younger children from slightly older ones
Height and Weight Growth
*Rate of growth slows (declines) around age 6 *Physical growth at steady state allows for other areas of development ---i.e. Erikson's Industry versus Inferiority *Muscles become steadily stronger (hearts and lungs) *Lung capacity increases allowing for greater endurance ---Children run faster and exercise longer *Arms and legs strengthen, improve running and throwing *Children master any motor skills that do not require adult-sized bodies.
bullying
*Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on "weaker" person. -Physical (hitting, pinching, kicking) -Verbal(teasing, taunting, namecalling) -Relational(destroying peer acceptance and friendships) -Cyberbullying(using electronic means to harm another)
Flynn Effect
*Rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations *Possible reasons include: better health, smaller families, more schooling
bully-victim
*Someone who attacks others and is attacked as well. *Also called provocative victims (because he or she does things that elicit bullying, such as stealing a bully's pencil) *These are aggressive-rejected *Has no friends nor sympathizers
Athletic Clubs and Leagues
*Structured with rules provided by league *Time spent with same-age and sex peers *Competition; exclusivity; cost prohibitive
Reaction time
*Time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eye blink) or cognitively (with a thought) *some children respond quickly to information and some take more time
Memory advances per age
*Working memory improves steadily and significantly. *The capacity of long-term memory is virtually limitless by the end of middle childhood. *Memory storage expands over childhood, but more important is retrieval. *As the prefrontal cortex matures, children are better able to use strategies. *Under 2 years -Infants remember actions and routines that involve them. Memory is implicit, triggered by sights and sounds (an interactive toy, a caregiver's voice). *2-5 years-Words are now used to encode and retrieve memories. Explicit memory begins, although children do not yet use memory strategies. Children remember things by rote (their phone number, nursery rhymes). *5-7 years -Children realize they need to remember some things, and they try to do so, usually via rehearsal (repeating an item again and again). This is not the most efficient strategy, but repetition can lead to automatization. *7-9 years-Children can learn new strategies, including visual clues (remembering how a particular spelling word looks) and auditory hints (rhymes, letters), evidence of brain functions called the visual-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop. Children benefit from organizing things to be remembered. *9-11 years Memory becomes more adaptive and strategic as children become able to learn various memory techniques from teachers and other children. They can organize material themselves, developing their own memory aids.
obese (influencing factors)
*in 2012, 18% of 6-11 yr olds in the US were obese *Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, having more than doubled since 1980 in Mexico, the US, and Canada *Childhood obesity occurs with a BMI above 95% percentile for age *Influenced by: ---Heredity 200 genes affecting activity level, food preference, body type, and metabolic rate ---Parenting Practices Family eating habits Breastfeeding, limiting TV and soda during preschool years, physical activity during school-age years ---Social Influences Commercials, school lunches/vending machines, peer influences
which % of children in the US are currently diagnosed with ADHD
10%
Sarah is upset because the way her Mom styled her hair is not "right," although her mom & adolescent age sister doesn't understand what is wrong with it. Sarah is being influenced by the __________, or the particular habits, styles, and values that characterize children as distinct from adult society. A. Culture of children B. Lives of childhood C. Values of peer hood D. Clique of children
A. Culture of Children
All of the following are true of friendships in middle childhood except: A. New friendships are made often and easily B. Breakups are increasingly difficult C. Loyalty demands are high D. B and C
A. New Friendships are made often and easily
Overweight is defined as being above ________ percentile for age; where as obesity is when a child is above ________ percentile for age. A. 75%; 85% B. 85%; 95% C. 65%; 70% D. 80%; 95%
B. 85%; 95%
Which age group reflects the following regarding memory: Explicit memory begins, although children do not yet use memory strategies. Children remember things by rote (their phone number, nursery rhymes) A. Under age 2 B. Ages 2-5 C. Ages 5-7 D. Ages 7-9
B. Ages 2-5
_______________ is defined as repeated, systematic attacks intended to harm those who are unable to or unlikely to defend themselves. A. Aggression B. Bullying C. Neglect D. None of the above
B. Bullying
School-age children can engage in many types of physical activity, including the following except: A. Neighborhood play B. Professional sports C. Athletic clubs and leagues D. School-based physical education
B. Professional sports
Physical activity (benefits and drawbacks)
Benefits: *Healthy, well-functioning body affects human thought (embedded cognition). *Active play contributes to health in many ways: ---Better overall health ---Less obesity ---Appreciation of cooperation and fair play ---Improved problem-solving abilities ---Respect for teammates and opponents of many ethnicities and nationalities Drawbacks: *Sports risks during middle childhood (Drawbacks of Physical Activity) *Loss of self-esteem; criticism (teammates and coaches are sometimes cruel) *Injuries (sometimes serious, including concussions) *Reinforcement of prejudices & stereotypes (especially against the other sex) *Increases stress (evidenced by altered hormone levels, insomnia)
What age is a professional athlete considered over the hill? Page 307
By the end of their 20s.
Larry does not have any friends in his class, although he has a few good friends from his soccer team. He is not bullied, but ignored in school. In the school system, Larry would be considered a(n): A. Aggressive-rejected child B. Controversial child C. Neglected, not rejected child D. Withdrawn-rejected child
C. Neglected, not rejected child
According to Piaget, a child in middle childhood can apply logical principles to: A. Abstract concepts, such as truth B. Chemistry and physics C. Real-life direct experiences D. Questions of social justice
C. Real-life direct experiences
logic
Children in concrete operational stage understand that 12+3=3+12 and 15 is always 15 (conservation), that all numbers from 20 to 29 are in the 20s (classification), and that 134 is less than 143 (seriation), & that if 5X3=15 then 15/5=3 (reversibility)
social comparison
Evaluate themselves in relation to peers
True or False? IQ tests are an accurate way to predict intellectual ability, as intellectual potential does not change over a person's lifetime.
False
importance of peer relationships
Friendships lead to psychosocial growth and provide a buffer against psychopathology.
What aspect of developmental advances during early adulthood as a result of maturation of the brain page 307
Gray matter continues to be pruned back and myelination continues to increase. These brain changes help support the cognitive advances of early adulthood.
automatization
Process by which a sequence of thoughts and actions is repeated until it becomes automatic or routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought
What psychomotor abilities peak during early adulthood years? Three answers. Page 307
Reaction time is quicker, muscle strength greater, and hand eye coordination better than any other time.
withdrawn-rejected
Rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, anxious behavior
Describe brain growth and development during early adulthood. Age 307
The brain grows in both size and weight, reaching its maximum during early adulthood.
Term: senescence
The natural physical decline brought about by aging.
Describe the health and physical status of people in their early 20s. Page 306
They are at their peak, fitness and health are never better.
How far away can average adult hear the ticking of a watch? Page 307
Under quiet conditions, the average young adult can hear the ticking of a watch 20 feet away.
a measure of proficiency in reading, math, or a subject is
achievement test
a test designed to measure intellectual aptitude is referred to as
an IQ test
a chronic respiratory diease in which inflammation narroes the airway is
asthma
primary prevention of health problems requires
changes in the entire society
a public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by its state or local district is known as a
charter school
effortful control
deliberately modigyng one's impulses and emotions
Self esteem
dips from ages 6-12
which of the following is one of the lessons of development psychopathology that applies to all children?
disability changes year by year.
in childhood, "overweight" is defined as
having a BMI above the 85% of children the same age.
what cause childhood obesity?
heredity, parenting practices, social influences.
a diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also
in attentive, implusive, and overactive.
which one of the following statements about iq tests is TRUE
iq tests predict school achievement
