GWSS 257 EXAM 1,
How does homophobia perpetuate traditional masculinity?
Fear of being perceived as gay makes men exaggerate traditional rules of masculinity even if they do not want to
How did Darwin's research influence beliefs?
helped rationalize male privilege and reinforce female dependence
what is metacognition?
-thinking about one's own thinking or thinking processes
True or False: According to the definition used in this class (including the readings), feminism includes the goal of defining masculinity broadly, in a way that incorporates a wide variety of authentic expression and experience
True
True or False: An intersectional approach is necessary for understanding human experiences at both the individual and institutional levels
True
True or False: Gender appearance norms are racialized and classed for political, social, and commerical purposes
True
where did modern stereotypes originate
Victorian/Edwardian era
Quantitative methods: descriptive research
describes, does not explain, behavior
Quantitative methods: correlation research
examines the relationship between variables
Feminism and Psychology
"'Feminism in its most glorious, transformative, inclusive sense, is not about man-hating...' but about educated choices for men as well as for women, genuine equality, and a vision of gender roles that allow individuals to become their most authentic selves." - Courtney Martin
What is philosopher Hannah Arendt's view on power?
"Power corresponds to the human ability not just to act but act in concert. Power is never the property of an individual; it belongs to a group and remains in existence only so long as the group keeps together"
Racism is a product of ___________
"a system involving cultural messages and institutional policies and practices as well as the beliefs and actions of an individual" -prejudice + bigotry + power = ______
Media rep. of latinos and Native American men
"others" who threaten the culture of white masculinity, marauding savages, powerless, pitiful, self-destructive, subordinate to white men
Which of the following statements best describes how the term "queer" is used within queer theory?
"queer" can be understood as a political position, as well as a social identity; "queer" destabilizes the relationship between gender and sexuality
what is the "mythical norm"?
"usually defined as white, thin, male, young, heterosexual, christian, and financially secure"
Third-wave feminism
- 1990's - present Focus on diversity within feminism - Rejection of a single definition of femininity - Includes social issues which disproportionately affect women: Poverty & classism, Violence against women, Racism, Exploitation, Homophobia and intolerance, Continuing patriarchal dominance
How does historical context affect social identity?
- Individual experience is shaped by the when and where in which we live - To fully conceptualize the experience and effects of a social identity, we must consider what it means to experience that identity in a particular time and place
Intersectionality
- Interactive matrix of the multiple aspects of one's social identities - creates a unique identity and lived experience - produces a unique individual with unique perspectives
Recognizing privilage
- Privilege does not come from an individual's own efforts or activities... it comes along with basic identity characteristics that we have little control over - Privilege doesn't grant final achievements; it dictates the opportunities that are readily available to an individual, in order to work directly toward their goals - Discomfort around recognizing their privilege makes some people deny that they have any
Second-wave influence on psychology
- Shifted focus from cataloging gender-related differences to a new interest in understanding women and gender, in social context - Reformation of scientific practices - Several female psychologists contributed to this shift: Naomi Weisstein, Rhoda Unger, Carol Gilligan, Sandra Bem, Janet Shibley Hyde
What is privilege?
- Sociopolitical structure wherein people of a specific social identity are granted benefits not granted to people of other social identities. - These benefits are most commonly: Power - to determine the attitudes, values, and policies of the society Opportunity - to attain or maintain preferred positions and status Benefits are not earned through effort or virtue - Simply attached to certain social identities - Privilege mainly exists outside the consciousness of the group that has it - Easily recognized by the group that does not have it - Privilege is NOT: Advantages earned through one's own choices, activities, and effort/Temporary benefits that come at personal costs
Men's movements
- Spawned in response to the feminist movements - Diverse, mostly unaffiliated, have not independently prompted significant social change or effect on psychology - Some support feminist goals - Seek alternative models of masculinity - Support equality in society - Work to identify and dismantle oppressive cultural structures Some actively oppose feminism - Focus on restoring traditional gender roles and power differences - Ex. Men's rights activists
Psychology and intersectionality
- a difficult and necessary relationship - To study a human experience, psychology must consider how each element of an individual's identity influences the expression and experience of every other element. - How does your race influence how you experience your gender identity? - How does your ability/disability status influence the expression of your sexual orientation? - How does your citizenship influence your experience as a student? - How does your ethnicity and gender influence your paycheck?
What is social identity?
- characteristics that make up the identity that interacts with others - gender, ethnicity, religion, age, orientation, vocation, socioeconomic status, political affiliation, ability, etc. - social identities can CHANGE - influenced by developmental background and present circumstances: family life, educational opportunities, neighborhood, etc. - current life circumstances influence the social identities that are most important to us - situationally dependente - CODE SWITCHING (how we act in different places based on our gender identity) this demonstrates how we emphasize different identities in different contexts
What is gender?
- social label - large portion of our identity - culturally and biologically influenced - CENTRAL SOCIAL IDENTITY - categorical sex vs Sex
What is stereotype threat?
-Aronson and Steele -Self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
What is the gender schema theory?
-Bem -societies vary greatly in the degree to which they organize people's thinking along gendered lines by classifying more or fewer kinds of behavior, clothing, feelings, interests, and even inanimate objects as either masculine or feminine rather than neutral
What is Real Manhood?
-work place sphere -characteristics: no "feminine" traits, successful, confident, aggressive -masculinity was/is attained and measured by power over others
When and why did MODERN gender stereotypes originate?
-Lae 1800s/Early 1900s (victorian era) -dramatic social change -"threats" to wealthy, white, male hegemony resulted the division of the "two spheres" by those with political/religious/scientific power
What is the "Woman's Journal"?
-Lucy Stone -longest lasting first wave feminist periodical
What is gender?
-a social label (behaviors and traits related, by a culture, to a biological sex; recognized by individuals for themselves) -a large portion of our identity (how we view ourselves, how we present ourselves, how others perceive us) -culturally and biologically influenced
what is the lotus blossom stereotype?
-about Asian women -passive, sex object -exotic beauty aimed at white male gaze
what is the dragon ladies stereotype?
-about asian women -sexy criminal -object of white male gaze, exotic
what is the sapphire stereotype?
-about black women -angry -originated in order for white people to say black women drove their own families away, used not to blame black women for woes of poverty, incarceration, etc.
What is the Jezebel stereotype?
-about black women -hyper sexual -originated in order for slaveowners to justify rape
What is privilege NOT?
-advantages earned through one's own choices, activities, and effort -temporary benefits that come at personal costs
When do gender stereotypes develop?
-age 2-3: rigid understanding of gender, based on immediate experiences -age 4-7: focus on categorizing gender differences (gender stereotyping begins about age 6-7) -age 8-10: children develop complex abstractions about gender traits -adolescence: identity development is a major social and cognitive goal (to figure "who" we are) -young teens over-commit to gender roles, relax later in adolescence
What is a social identity?
-characteristics that make up the identity that interacts with others (intersectional !!) -influenced by developmental background and present circumstances -situationally dependent (homosocial v. heterosocial settings and code switching)
Why do gender stereotypes develop?
-cognitively b/c stereotypes are specific schemas and are strengthened by illusory correlations
What is morphological infantilism?
-created by Darwin -idea that women, being smaller than men, are morphologically (physically) more like infants and children than are men
What are gender stereotypes?
-culturally shared beliefs and expectations about the traits and behaviors males and females -socially assigned, based on sex -based on essentialist claims "difference" -establish and maintain gender norms (set behavioral criteria)
What are qualitative methods?
-descriptions of experiences and phenomena are based on observations and interactions with the subject(s) -provide in-depth illustrations of unique experiences -more subjective (not applicable to all people) -does not reduce observations to numerical data
What are the focuses and goals of fourth wave feminism?
-focus on intersectionality and justice -uses digital tools and social media -continued emphasis on issues that reflect and maintain social inequality (poverty/classism/structural inequities, assault, racism, sexism, reproductive rights, educational access, exploitation, intolerance, continuing patriarchal dominance) -emphasis: dismantling systems of oppression
How do gender identity and gender roles differ?
-gender identity: internal, personal sense of self as gendered -gender roles: social norms and expectations based on categorical sex
What is the Cult of True Womanhood?
-home and family sphere -virtues: piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity -contrast with the "fallen woman" -only for christians and affluent woman
What are some stereotypical representations of Latinx women?
-hypersexualized, spitfire character (had little to no power) -abuela character (religious, emotional, nervous) -exotic seductress (most "dangerous"--threatening to seduce white men)
What is intersectionality and what makes it critical?
-interactive matrix incorporating all of a person's identity elements (creates unique individual identities) -important b/c no single facet of identity -- on its own -- can explain an individual's experience
What three subgroups made up second wave feminism?
-liberal feminists -radical feminists -cultural feminists
UW recognizes decimal grades between:
0.7 and 4.0
what does a genderqueer identity entail?
-may (or may not) choose to adopt new public person and may also seek intentional androgyny in fashion -often align themselves with aspect of queer theory advocating mutability of identity and oppose ostracizing generalizations about groups
What is the cultivation theory?
-media representations socialize our perceptions -repeated exposure = familiar -familiar = reality
What is the difference between micro and macro in terms of social issues?
-micro: individual, local perspective -macro: structural, institutional, and global perspective
What is patriarchy?
-natural extension of misogyny -"the rule of the fathers" (Old Testament) -a society in which men dominate the major institutions
What benefits are given to those with privilege?
-power: to determine the attitudes, values, and policies of the society -opportunity: to attain/maintain preferred positions and status (NOT the final achievements) -NOT EARNED THROUGH EFFORT OR VIRTUE
What have marriage promotion programs not worked in?
-promoting marriage -preventing divorce -lifting women out of poverty
What is a case study?
-qualitative method -in-depth description of one subject
What is an enthnography?
-qualitative method -in-depth study of a group
what is an interview?
-qualitative method -open-ended questions and discussion with an individual
What is a focus group?
-qualitative method -questions for, and discussion within, a group
What is descriptive research?
-quantitative method -describes behavior (does NOT explain)
What is experimental research?
-quantitative method -determines causation by manipulating variables and measuring effects
What is correlation research?
-quantitative method -examines relationship between variables
What were the focuses and goals of third wave feminism?
-rejection of a single definition of femininity (very key!) -rejection of mass-marketed culture/focus on DIY culture (ex: zines) -includes social issues that disproportionately affect women (poverty/classism, violence against women, racism, exploitation, homophobia/intolerance, continuing patriarchal dominance)
what are quantitative methods?
-rely on data to draw generalizable conclusions -seeks to maintain objectivity -uses empirical evidence (data observable by anyone)
What did Carol Gilligan study?
-second wave CULTURAL feminist psychologist -included feminine qualities in an egalitarian society -agenda that would recognize the differences that do exist but removing the idea that one is better than the other
What did Sandra Bem study?
-second wave feminist psychologist -"men are the center of research, why?" -questioned why only men were used in studies
What did Naomi Weisstein study?
-second wave feminist psychologist -bias and sexism in research: research done to "prove" their own biases correct -focus on context (environment)
What did Janet Shibley Hyde study?
-second wave feminist psychologist -challenged "differences" model -men are more alike on psychological levels -stop focusing on differences start looking at similarities
What did Rhoda Unger study?
-second wave feminist psychologist -distinguished sex from gender and gender from sex
How did second wave feminism influence psychology?
-shifted focus from cataloging gender-related differences to a new interest in understanding women and gender, in social context -reformation fo scientific practices -several female psychologists contributed to this shift
Who is Michael Kimmel?
-sociologist on men's studies (anti-sexism but accused of sexism)
What are men's movements?
-spawned in response to the feminist movements -diverse, mostly unaffiliated, have not independently prompted significant social change or effect on psychology
What are some tools for critical thinking?
-start by cultivating a scientific attitude (be curious and skeptical) -guidelines: define terms, examine the evidence, analyze assumptions and biases, avoid emotional reasoning, do not oversimplify, consider other interpretations, tolerate uncertainty
How are stereotypes connected to illusory correlations?
-stereotypes prime illusory correlations (more likely to notice bad woman driver) -illusory correlations supports stereotypes
What does the term "unmarked group" refer to?
-the dominant group holds the privilege and don't get a label b/c they're considered the "norm"
What did the Equal Rights Amendment try to achieve?
1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex 2. the congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article 3. this amendment shall take effect in 2 years after date of ratification
What are some methodological errors that can skew results?
1. Experimenter Bias 2. misinterpreting cross-sectional research 3. misinterpreting longitudinal research 4. pretest-posttest 5. maturation 6. test-retest 7. order effect
What are some issues that rise when carrying out the study?
1. accuracy of instrument 2. "mortality" 3. self-reported observatios 4. the participants know too much 5. sampling error 6. experimenter bias
What is the Bechdel Test?
1. at least 2 women characters 2. who speak to each other 3. about something other than a man
What are some issues found when interpreting data?
1. cause and effect problems 2. different interpretations
What is the Russo Test?
1. contain a character who's recognizably LGBT 2. that character must not be defined solely by their sexual orientation or gender identity 3. they must be embedded in the narrative in a meaningful way, as opposed to being the object of humor
What are two dangerous assumptions in research on sex and gender?
1. that if we find a "sex difference" in some ability or kind of behavior, that means that all males do a particular thing of all females do some quite different thing 2. that psychological sex differences are biologically based and, therefore, inevitable and unchangeable
What event is seen as the beginning of first wave feminism?
1848, Seneca Falls, NY, Elizabeth Cady Stanton reads a document like the DOI but of woman's grievances of men (Declaration of Sentiments)
What year was Roe v. Wade?
1973
When was third wave feminism?
1990s-2000s (Gen X)
3rd wave feminism
1990s-present, focus on diversity within feminism, rejection of a single definition of feminism, includes social issues which disproportionally affect women: poverty, classism, violence against women, racism, exploitation, homophobia and intolerance, patriarchal dominance
A score of 75% translates to:
2.0
discussion section participation constitutes ______ of your grade
20%
When was fourth wave feminism?
2012 - present!
Men are ___ times more likely to commit suicide than women
3
Where is the UW Counseling Center located?
401 Schmitz Hall
Cisgender
A gender identity congruent with the sex assigned at birth
Transgender: Queer (Genderqueer)
A gender identity outside of the heteronormative, binary gender schema
Sex
A person's biological sex. The worlds male and female are used to describe sex categories, and are based on anatomy and physiology. Sex is almost invariably assigned at birth, based on appearance of an infant's genitals.
Which of the following is an erroneous assumption, made repeatedly throughout history, by researchers studying sex and gender?
All sex differences are biological
Which of the following is NOT an illustration of pseudopsychology?
An experimental study with college students found that entitled students are more likely to make requests for special favors from professors who are women, compared to professors who are men
Transgender
An umbrella term used for a variety of people who do not identify with, or conform to, the traditional gender roles of their culture. This term is often used as a broad category, including more specific identities
Prominent 2nd wave feminists
Betty Friedan and Simone de Beauvoir
Gender nonconformity (Gender variance)
Behavior or gender expression that does not conform to dominant gender norms of male and female. This may reflect rejection of some or all gender roles associated with one's assigned sex
Influence of stereotypes?
Behaviors, Discrimination
Freuds' psychosexual theory of development posits that gender identity results from adopting gender roles through identification with one's same sex parent. Which of the following is NOT an outgrowth of Freud's theory (from either Freud or other theorists)?
Children sort behaviors into gendered categories, according to the examples they see in their own environments
Why do stereotypes develop?
Cognitively Stereotypes are specific schemas - Cognitive categories - Allow for rapid processing of experiences - Constricive - Influence our own behavior Strengthened by illusory correlations - Erroneous association of two events - Stereotypes prime illusory correlaions - Illusory correlations support stereotypes
Who said "Feminism in its most glorious, transformative, inclusive sense, is not about man-hating..."?
Courtney Martin
Heteronormative
Cultural norms and attitudes that maintain the expectation that all people fall into a binary system of male and female, characterized by corresponding biological sex, gender roles, gender identity, and heterosexual orientation
What are gender stereotypes?
Culturally shared beliefs and expectaions about the traits and behaviors of males and females - Socially assigned, based on sex - Based on essenialist claims of "diference" - Establish and maintain gender norms: set behavioral criteria Same is true for racial, class, ability, sexuality... stereotypes
sexual identity
Describes how someone feels about or relates to their sex, gender(s), and sexual orientation.
When do gender stereotypes develop?
Developmentally - Ages 2-3: Rigid understanding of gender, based on immediate experience - Ages 4-7: Focus on categorizing gender diferences - Stereotyping begins around age 6-7 - Ages 8-10: Children develop complex abstracions about gender traits - Adolescence: Idenity development is a major social and cogniive goal - Young teens over-commit to gender roles, relax later in adolescence
What the second-wave overlooked
Diversity - focus on sexism did not extend to include consideration of intersectionality, and did not address racial & ethnic discrimination, resulting in a predominantly white-women's movement (African-American women, Latina women, Asian women, Muslim women, Native-American women)
Who said "Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently of equal worth. Because most societies privilege men as a group, social movements are necessary to achieve equality between women and men, with ht understanding that gender always intersects with other social hierarchies"
Estelle Freedman
How is privilege influenced by intersectionality?
Every social category has a dominant group and subordinate group(s) - Gender - Socioeconomic status - Race - Ability - Age - Religion - Sexual orientation - Physical appearance Dominant group holds the privilege (power & opportunity) - Experience of privilege varies as identities intersect - Membership in many dominant groups = more privilege - Membership in fewer dominant groups = less privilege EVERYONE has some degree of privilege
True or False: All men's movements have actively opposed the goals of feminism
False
True or False: Feminist standpoint epistemologies advocate a moderate, cautious approach that utilizes the scientific method to study the gender experiences of all people
False
True or False: It is nearly impossible to discern between scientific and pseudoscientific claims related to gender
False
True or False: Journal editors are most likely to publish articles that find little or no difference between genders
False
True or False: Participation in weekly discussion sections is optional and ungraded
False
True or False: The identities of "true woman" and "real man" were available to people of all races, classes, sexual orientations, and religions
False
True or False: Women of color found support for resisting racial discrimination in the second-wave of feminism
False
Which of the following does NOT demonstrate the power of stereotypes to prime our perceptions?
Felix believes that women are physically weak, and notices a woman at the hardware store lifting 50lb bags of cement into her cart
Which of the following is NOT a stereotype about feminism, as detailed in Threshold Concepts....?
Feminists believe that women and men are inherently equal
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, psychologists focused heavily on developing tests to measure intelligence and other individual differences. Which of these was NOT a reason for this?
First-wave feminists raised awareness of institutional structures of privilege and oppression, which identified overlapping individual differences in identity as factors that directly dictated a person's elevation or limitation within a culture
According to "Gendered Media", which of the following is a consequence of biased depictions of men and women in the media?
Fostering unrealistic ideals of men as strong, independent, strong, and competent; normalizing violence against women; pathologizing normal human variation in body type; and creating distorted ideas about ideal romantic relationships
Which of the following best summarizes Lorber's critiques of earlier feminist work on gender as an institution, as presented in "The social construction of gender"?
Gender is something we do, rather than something we are; therefore, it is a process
True Womanhood
Home and family sphere Virtues: •Piety •Purity •Submissiveness •Domesicity
Gender at the intersection
How gender intersects within the matrix created by all of one's identity characteristics, resulting in unique experiences in: - How children develop - How we present ourselves to others - How we view our bodies - Our personal relationships - Our education - Our employment - Our healthcare - Every realm of existence...
Which of the following explains why stereotypes develop universally?
Human cognition organizes information into categories, which are then used to draw rapid conclusions about novel cues
Where does gender bias influence education?
In grad school-where messages about individuals' capabilities and belongingness are reflected in the support or challenges they are given; in grade school- where students are encouraged to study and pursue certain fields and stay away from others; at the professional level-where people decide whether or not to pursue a career in academia; and in college-where students choose majors according to messages they receive about how much they "belong" in those fields
How can you appeal a test question that you believe to have been misgraded?
In writing, within seven days of answers being posted.
Gender and Sexual Diversities (GSD)
Inclusive term for all people who identity outside of the heteronormative binary. This term has recently been proposed as a replacement for LGBT, as it more inclusively recognized variations in gender and sexual identities and expressions
sexual orientation
Indicates who one is generally attracted to, emotionally, romantically, and/or sexually.
Which of the following is true about intersectionality, as a theoretical framework?
Intersectionality as a concern of scholarships was the result of critiques, by Black women, of the racist elements of second wave feminism; intersectionality emerged as a focus of scholarship during the late 20th century; intersectionality stands in contrast to a single-axis approach to studying human experiences; intersectionality rejects the assumption that all members of a racial, gender, or class group have essentially the same experience of race, gender, or class
How did social Darwinism explain the passivity of women?
It argues that passivity must be required for women to raise children
Which of the following is NOT true about stereotyped gender norms?
It is always damaging to follow specific gender norms
Who said women are conditioned by men to believe they're prettiest when gentle and weak?
John Stuart Mill
Which of the following is NOT true about depictions of LGBTQ youth in the media depictions, as reported by LGBTQ youth themselves?
LGBTQ youth perceived that the number of racially diverse LGBTQ characters in the media were slowly increasing
First-wave feminism
Late 19th and early 20th century, America and Europe - White, affluent women (focused on suffrage and property rights) - History often overlooks equivalent efforts by women of color and working-class women - Not a strong influence on psychology directly - Emphasis on biological essentialism seen at this time may have been, in part, a reaction to women's growing visibility
Early research on sex and gender
Late 19th century: Europeans and Americans develop an interest in examining intelligence and individual differences - Intelligence tests - Functionalist focus on individual differences Who did these tests find were the smartest? MALES Results consistently supported the prevailing culture - Groups that were not white, male, heterosexual, or affluent were found mentally inferior - Differences used to support an essentialist point of view that all differences are biologically-based
1st Wave Feminism
Late 19th/early 20th century, America and Europe, focused on suffrage and other legal rights, not a strong influence on psychology directly, tensions from those wanting suffrage and slavery abolished
Asian stereotypes (women)
Lotus blossom (passive, sex object, exotic), dragon lady (evil, sexy criminal)
Which of the following is most important to keep in mind when reading research on gender differences?
Many gender differences reflect differences in socialization, rather than biology; gender is not a reliable predictor of very many traits; and our perceptions of gender are influenced by stereotypes that we have internalized
Who said "it is precisely through the process of making a power situation appear as a fact in the nature of things that traditional authority works"?
Maurice Bloch
According the "Masculinity as homophobia" what contributes to men's silence in situations where they are witnessing injustice (e.g. harassment of women, racism)?
Men are silent because they are afraid that other men will emasculate and humiliate them
2nd wave feminism
Mid 20th century, focus on equality in schools, the work place, and society, differing views led to different varieties of feminism, criticism: affluent white woman's movement, excluded women of color, excluded non-heterosexual women
Second-wave feminism
Mid-20th century - White, affluent women (focused on equality in schools, the work place, and society) - Again, overlooked the contributions and needs of women of color and working-class women - Differing views led to different varieties of feminism: Radical feminists, Liberal feminists, Cultural feminists
When was second wave feminism?
Mid-20th century (1960s esp.)
Will doctor's notes be accepted in this course?
No
Which of the following steps of the research process is NOT susceptible to bias?
None of the above, they are all susceptible to bias
Transgender: Transsexuals
People whose gender identity wholly or partially incongruent with the sex assigned at birth. These people may feel they are a different gender than their physical body. Some physically transition to the congruent physical anatomy through sex change surgery and/or hormone treatments, others opt not to undergo this physical transition. Transsexual people may be gay, straight, or bisexual--gender identity does not determine sexual orientation
What is one likely outcome if research is published and later disconfirmed?
People will have lost interest in the topic and not track the disconfirming evidence
sex
Physical attributes that distinguish between male, female, intersex people.
Typical
Preferred term for referring to more statistically common conditions. "Normal" is not preferred, as it indicates that other conditions are "abnormal," even though they are less common
Sexism
Prejudice toward people based on their sex
Freud
Psychoanalytic theory focused on personality development - Awareness of (anatomical) differences - Conflict and attraction - Identification and gender role adoption - Gender identity - Males - Females Very popular at its time Remains influential
Why is psychology a good field within which to study gender?
Psychology provides scientific tools to objectively examine how experiences shapes gender and gender shapes experience
sexuality
Refers to desire and attraction.
Androgyny
Refers to either a combination of both male and female characteristics, or characteristics of neither sex.
gender
Refers to the behaviors, activities, roles, and actions that are socially attributed to boys, girls, men, women, and transgender people in a given society.
Mens' movements
Spawned in response to fem. movements, diverse, unaffiliated, have not independently prompted significant social change, some support feminist goals, seek alt. models of masculinity, support equality in society, some oppose feminism, focus on restoring traditional gender roles and power differences
What do the authors of "Gender, Race, and Media Representation" believe about gender and race essentialism?
That research should focus on more alternative (i.e. social constructionalist) definitions of gender and race; and that essentialism is problematically maintained is "mainstreamed media"
Gender Identity
The awareness and internalized sense of one's self as female, male, both, or neither. Gender is a major portion of an individual's personal identity.
Gender Role
The culturally prescribed behaviors and norms for women or men. These are the culturally accepted rules of how men and women should behave.
During which "wave" of feminism did feminist debates about sexual violence enter the public sphere?
The second wave
Gender
The traits and behaviors that are culturally defined as appropriate for men and women. These are often described with the words feminine, masculine, or androgynous. The world gender implies that the origin of the characteristic described is learned through social/cultural transmission, and not biologically innate
Which era of feminism was the first to actively resist homophobia, racism, and classism?
Third wave
Who is Margaret Sanger?
This woman coined the term birth control and opened first birth control clinic in 1916; founded the American Birth Control League which is now Planned Parenthood
Transgender: Cross-Dressers
Those who wear clothing associated with the other gender. They may identity as male, female, both, or neither, and may identity with any sexual orientation. This is the preferred term, which has replaced "transvestites." People cross-dress for many different reasons, and the term itself does not denote the motive behind the behavior
Who currently (2019) has greater freedom of self-expression, relative to the rigid gender stereotypes of the early 20th century?
Women
Real Manhood
Work place sphere Characteristics: •No "feminine" traits •Successful •Confident •Aggressive •Masculinity was attained and measured by power over others
If you are found to have submitted an assignment with significant similarity to another student's work, what is not possible?
You may be given the opportunity to redo the assignment for full credit.
what is hegemonic feminism according to Chela Sandoval?
a feminism that was "white led, marginalized the activism and world views of women of color, focused mainly on the US, and treated sexism as the ultimate oppression"
Margaret Sanger
a key figure in 1st wave feminism in dispersing birth control
The Bedchel test is:
a method for assessing gender bias in media narratives
Other sex
a more appropriate term than "opposite sex" as there are many similarities between men and women
What do feminist empiricists advocate?
a more moderate, cautious approach -awareness of the possibility or bias at all points in the research process -caution about overconfidence in objectivity
In the context of this course, privilege is:
a set of advantages associated with certain social identities
What type of media tends to have the greatest impact on our lives?
advertisements
Throughout the 20th century Western culture generally accepted that "real manhood" was proven through
aggressive behavior
What is the constructionist argument?
all knowledge is the subjective result of biased work
gender stereotypes do all of the following EXCEPT:
allow for complete, authentic personal expression
Are women allowed to breastfeed in public?
almost every state in the US protects that right
How was Erik Erikson influenced by Freud?
also believed women were incomplete until marriage
Where are the rates of marriage declining sharpest?
among people with lower incomes and levels of education
what is the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)?
an act passed in 1993 that guarantees US employees 12 weeks of UNPAID leave to attend family responsibilities or personal illness -Limitations: 1. only if they've worked a certain number of hours within a year and if they work for an employer with over 50 employees 2. may not protect right to return to exact position just similar one
What is Halperin's definition of queer?
an identity without an essence -it suggests a new form of self-identification for both gender and sexuality at once
categorical sex is based on ______; sex is based on _______
appearance; biological characteristics
Homosocial
area/group where everyone is the same
How do sociobiologists tend to paint women?
as inferior (esp in early days)
sex category
assignment theoretically based on biology, but actually just assumed in society
Why are women in Western countries more likely to feel negatively about the cessation of menstruation?
b/c menopause is stigmatized as "the end of womanhood" in western countries
what is a double blind?
being judged no matter which choice you make -ex: poor mothers are bad mothers for not being stay-at-home moms but also bad mothers if they don't provide for their kids by working
what is privilege?
benefits, advantages, and power that accrue to members of a dominant group as a result of the oppression of a marginalized group; individual groups may be __________d without realizing, recognizing, even wanting it -for every type of oppression, a corresponding set of _________s exists
Jason thinks of himself as a "good guy"- he holds doors open for women, addresses women as "beautiful" or "gorgeous", and is eager to explain "complex" concepts to women. Bill is distrustful of women, believing that all women secretly hate men and want to strip them of their rights and power. He has a history of abusing girlfriends, refers to women as "bitches", and spends his time and energy fighting the advancement of women in politics and the workplace. Jason is demonstrating ________; Bill is demonstrating _______
benevolent sexism, hostile sexism
source of bias in psychological research
bias comes from the dominant group conducting the research
Essentialist view
biology leads to gender
What research "began" sex difference research?
brain research ("women have smaller heads"); they checked every part of the brain in desperate attempts
cultural feminists
bringing about social change that would value feminine traits and qualities the same as male traits and qualities
What is pseudopsychology?
claims presented without scientific evidence -plays on emotions -focused on satisfying wants (basic human desires) -reflects popular beliefs and values -offers SIMPLE explanations (real science is messy) -not based on credible scientific ecidence -gender is a common topic among this
What is the Feminine Mystique?
concept introduced by Betty Friedan in her 1963 book, arguing that domestic responsibilities alone were unfulfilling to middle-class, educated women
media rep of gay men
confirms the masculinity of the real male, effeminate and nonthreatening
hot lesbian
conventionally attractive women performing as lesbians, written to the heterosexual script, used to add edginess or diversity
Dr. Saphia's most recent study examined how strength of gender identities relates to endorsement of stereotyped gender norms. She found that among men, those who identified as most strongly masculine reported the highest endorsement of stereotyped gender norms. Among women, there was low endorsement of stereotyped gender norms, regardless of strength of feminine identification. This was a ________ study
correlation
What does gender do as a process?
creates social differences that define "woman" and "man"
Which group focused on raising the value of traits and behaviors typically thought of as feminine?
cultural feminists
Which of the following best summarizes the qualitative study on LGBTQ media representation ("Perspectives of LGBTQ emerging adults...")?
current media does not adequately capture the complexity of youth LGBTQ identities
Media rep. of Asian men
dangerous, elusive, foreign, corrupt, economically dangerous, inept, desexualized, not a sexual threat to white men, nerds
research methodologies :Qualitative methods
descriptions of experiences and phenomena are based on observations and interactions with the subjects
Quantitative methods: experimental research
determines causations by manipulating variables and measuring effects
According to Judith Lorber, "gendering" is a process that includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
developing an understanding of genders as a spectrum rather than a binary division
what is an essentialist view?
differences and abilities are inborn -masculinity and femininity are biological
What did the second wave of feminism overlook?
diversity
What does the concept of "separate spheres" justify?
dividing men and women's work on the basis of their differing biology
What is hostile sexism?
dominance-oriented paternalism (negative towards women)
hostile sexism
dominance-oriented paternalism, neg. attitudes towards women, abusing women, dismissing women
What should you do if you need help with an assignment?
email your TA with ample time before it's due
Constructionist view
environment leads to gender
What does a liberal feminist believe in?
equal rights for women and an egalitarian society for women
Liberal feminists
equal rights for women, egalitarian society free of sex discrimination
what were the goals of second wave feminism?
equality in schools, the work place, and society (focused on post-WWII issues)
What was the UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)?
essentially an International bill of rights for women in 1979 that was NOT ratified by US
Where does bias occur?
every step of research
Queer theory
examines how gender and sexuality are socially constructed experiences that give privilege to some groups while withholding it from others
What was the late 19th Century's (Victorian Era) focus for research on sex and gender?
examining intelligence and individual differences -functionalist view on individual differences -differences used to support essentialist pov
Super mom
excellent in bedroom/office as wife/mother/friend, compelling character on a sitcom, close to a lot of cultural norms and expectations, made to seem like reality, not realistic w/out great personal cost
Privilege
exists for those in dominant positions, but ppl in positions of privilege are encouraged not to talk about it
Gender stereotypes
expectations about a person's biological and psychological features, based on beliefs about his or her apparent sex
Dr. Dunn's research on sex development has found that exposure to high levels of testosterone causes masculinization of the genitalia. This must be a ________ research
experimental
What leads to men's silence about minority oppression and subtle harassment?
fear of humiliation and being ashamed to be afraid
What is a functionalist view?
focus on nature, not nurture -Darwinism
Sandra Bem
focused on bias within psychology, exposing the male centered bias in previous psychology, affluent white male experience was seen as normal experience
What does a cultural feminist believe in?
focused on bringing by social change that made feminine qualities equal with masculine qualities (value them equally)
What does a radical feminist believe in?
focused on ways in which women, other races, and other minorities are oppressed by white males -"Smash the patriarchy" -used rhetorics and actions that could be seen as divisive (conservatives painted them as the "man-hating feminists")
If a study finds correlation, how can we assume causation?
follow up with an experiment
What is the central social identity?
gender identity
Gender incongruence (gender dysphoria)
gender identity that is not congruent with physical sex, resulting in significant social and or psychological distress. Although this has been historically referred to as gender identity disorder, the person's gender identity is often quite certain, and it is the sexual anatomy that is the source of distress.
Which of the following is true and gender?
gender is defined by a culture as a set of traits and behaviors expected from people with either female or male sex characteristics; and gender is a self-identified part of one's own identity
What did Margaret Mead study?
gender roles in tribes in Samoa/New Guinea
How does male privilege impact mansplaining?
gives the assumption of the right to speak, that one is knowing and has something to say worth listening to, and that one's words will be listened to
passing
groups assimilating, either as identification with an oppressor and/or as a survival tactic
What is the Pocahontas paradox?
historical movement that persist in romanticizing and vilifying Native women
gender stereotypes (historical roots): Cult of True Woman Hood
home and family sphere (and church), virtues: piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity
What form of enactment is masculinity?
homosocial
individuals policing and criticizing the behaviors of others in their own subordinate identity, according to the standards of those in the dominant identity is a demonstration (most specifically) of:
horizontal hostility
Latina stereotypes (women)
hot and spicy spitfire, overly emotional and anxious, exotic suductress
One guideline for critical thinking is to evaluate assumptions. This means:
identifying and assessing the assumptions that the source is making about the audience, the claims it is presenting, and the evidence for those claims; and identifying and addressing the assumptions that you (the audience) are making about the source, it's veracity, and the claims being made
what does the intersectional approach require us to consider?
identity categories as overlapping
what does Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of a Woman" argue?
if women has equal access to education it would lead to a better social order
Qualitative methods: case study
in-depth descriptions of one subject group
Qualitative methods: ethnography
in-depth illustrations of unique experiences
What do the authors of "Gendered media" propose as a solution to biased media that supports violence against women?
including more diverse images of both women and men
What played a major role in the eugenics movement?
intelligence tests
Intersectionality
interactive matrix of multiple aspects of one's social identities, creates a unique identity with lived experience, produces a unique individual with unique perspectives
guidelines for critical thinking
interpret studies and results carefully
Who do "Sex difference" researchers not take into account?
intersex people
Marked and unmarked language such as "women novelists" vs. "novelists", "women doctors" vs. "doctors", and "women's deodorant" vs. "deodorant" demonstrates how ________ is an indicator of privilege
invisibility
what is incel culture?
involuntarily celibate (don't have sexual partner but want one aka EXPECT one)
the "bootstraps myth" is the idea that:
it is possible and likely that people will move up in socioeconomic status through sheer will and personal effort
What will happen if you email one of the teaching staff with a question that is answered in the syllabus?
it will not be answered
According to Maurice Bloch, traditional authority works by making power structures appear to be:
just a fact of nature
When was first wave feminism?
late 19th and early 20th century
What is an effect size?
magnitude of sex difference -tiny avg size: 1 point on a 100 point test -large avg size: 15 points (still very small)
Intersectionality
major perspective within gender studies that considers these multiple aspects of a person's identity and how they interact to create a unique identity and experience
What did Western monotheistic religions born in the Middle East encourage?
male leadership and dominance while dehumanizing women and placing a horrible taboo on their sexuality
Born Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)
measures masculinity and femininity independently of each other. One can be both very masculine and feminine, which is a sign of stronger mental resilience
Cultivation theory states that:
media shapes what a culture thinks of as "normal"
What is horizontal hostility?
members of marginalized groups police each other's behavior and/or appearance with the values of the dominant group -ex: "respectability politics" (racial) -ex: slut shaming
what is the "declaration of Sentiments" (1848)?
modeled on US DOI, included 1st format demand for access to the "elective franchise", or voting rights, for women
What is a heterosocial situation?
more variety of people (tend to be more guarded and follow social norms)
Jezebel
most common rep. of black women: hyper sexual, promiscuous, originated as way to blame female slaves for rape, sexualized fantasy objects, perpetuates misogyny
will the final exam be given early?
no
Did first wave feminism influence psychology?
not a strong influence on psych directly
What is misandry?
notion that men are now undervalued in our society -hatred of men
Where can you find your grades throughout the quarter?
on canvas
Intersex (Disorder of sexual development)
one of many conditions resulting in chromosomes, gonads, genitals, and or hormone patterns that do not match the typical appearance, function and or combo associated with either male or female. intersex person may have some female and some anatomical physiological characteristics and may be assigned as male or female at birth
What is gender as a social institution?
one of the major ways that humans organize their lives
What is categorical sex?
one's assumed sex based on physical traits (what's on the outside)
how many makeup exams can one student take?
only one midterm may be made up
Qualitative methods: interview
open-ended questions and discussion with an individual
A set of privileges afforded a dominant group is directly tied to:
oppression of the corresponding subordinate group
How is gender created?
people create gender through their social lives
People is a dominant social identity are most likely to act to restrict the power of others when they (those with the dominant social identity):
perceive a challenge to their own power
what is bigotry?
personal belief system that may manifest in acts of meanness or hostility on an individual level
What is the composition of stereotypes?
physical appearance influences assumptions about traits, behaviors, and occupations
What is the Critical Race Theory (CRT)?
places race at the center of critical analysis and it's central premise is that racism is an ordinary fact of life
Rhoda Unger
pointed out the differences between gender and sex, set the precedent for when sex and gender should be used/how they should be used/what they meant
Native american woman stereotypes
portrayed as strong, magical, seductive, destructive, exotic
Transwomen in media
portrayed in "lipstick and heels," overwrought drag-queens and dead prostitutes, "deceptive transwoman," deceiving straight man into sexual encounter
What is manhood equated with?
power (over women and over other man)
Hegemony
power over others by a particular group
what is prejudice?
preconception about an individual (on basis of racial identity)
How does Threshold Concepts define oppression?
prejudice and discrimination directed toward a group and perpetuated by the ideologies and practices of multiple social institutions -can take cultural and symbolic forms, such as beauty and success, and material forms, such as structured forms of failure that disproportionately impact some groups more than others
oppression
prejudice and discrimination, both individually and institutionally
What does Title IX do?
prohibits discrimination in education, including athletic programs
What is benevolent sexism?
protective paternalism -women are precious and must be protected -women idealized but treated as objects (ex: pageant culture)
benevolent sexism
protective paternalism, "positive" attitudes that diminish women, women are idealized but treated like objects, ownership of a girlfriend, seeing women as needing protection or help
What is the macho man portrayal in media?
proves manliness by degrading women
What are "teach-ins"?
public participatory forum on an issue geared toward taking action (popularized during Vietnam War)
What is "doxxing"?
publicly posting the home addresses and contact info of individuals as a way of making them vulnerable -ex: video game critique Anita Sarkeesia
Dr. Chance, a clinical social worker, has noticed a trend among her clients toward greater use of unprovoked violence. She is very interested in this and wondering what the larger story might be, and would like to develop an in-depth description of the environmental conditions and acute events associated with violent behaviors in her client population. As a starting point, Dr. Chance is likely to start by using ______ to develop an in-depth illustration of the situation
qualitative methods
Qualitative methods: focus group
questions for, and discussion within, a group
The characterizations of all feminists as "man-hating, bra-burning, hairy lesbians" arose in response to the specific goals of
radical feminists
Carol Gilligan
raised feminine values as perspectives that should be noted, think about masculine and feminine traits in an egalitarian society, morality of females
Naomi Weisstein
raising awareness of bias sexism in research about women, excluded consideration of environmental effects, how women are shaped by culture
What does gender do as part of a stratification system?
ranks men above women of the same race and class (men's actions are valued more highly)
media rep. of white men
real man, some characteristics of the victorian real man
The first wave of feminism did NOT:
reflect the needs or working-class women
what is symbolic annihilation according to Tuchman and colleagues?
relative absence of marginalized groups in mass media which has the effect of signaling to the public that these groups are less important and beneath notice
research methodologies: quantitative methods
rely on data to draw generalizable conclusions
Uncle Tom
rep. of black man: Subservient, out to please white people, happy to help, allows himself to be exploited by white people, presents no threat to white man
Sambo
rep. of black man: childlike, irresponsible, simpleton, black men are lazy, presents black men as powerless, discredits their capability, incapability of positions of power
Animalistic Savage
rep. of black man: violent and sexually aggressive, sexual threat to white women b/c of this a threat to the white race, black men are criminals, constant threat, to be feared,
Mammy
rep. of black woman: passive nurturing, non-sexual, non-threatening, care-giver role
Saphire
rep. of black woman: strong, dominant, aggressive, matriarch, used to blame black women for inner city poverty,
What do feminists standpoint epistemologies advocate?
research focused entirely on women -also biased -doesn't advance understanding of gender
What is the scientific method?
research method involving the definition of a problem and the drafting and empirical testing of the hypotheses by gather data -must be reproducible
Vengeful woman
set on emasculating a man, centers men as victims of women with power, don't let women have power b/c they will take away yours, women w power are crazy/unstable/dangerous
What could be the cause average men being lager than females?
sexual selection
2nd wave feminist influence on psych
shifted focus from cataloging gender-related differences to a new interest in understanding women and gender, in social context, reformation of scientific practices
What do moral conservatives believe separate spheres create?
social order -keeps men's otherwise brutish nature in check and ensures women and children are provided for through institutions of marriage, church, family, and community
what causes some people to attempt to silence those who acknowledge social disparities?
social power + discomfort
matrix of domination
social structure as having multiple, interlocking levels of domination that stem from the societal configuration of race, class, and gender relations--in opposition to difference, diversity, and multicultural perspectives
The goal of being culturally identified as a "true woman" ensured that women were:
submissive
What were the goals of first wave feminism?
suffrage and property rights
Which course policy best summarizes how to succeed in this course?
take responsibility for yourself
Uploading an empty document for a homework assignment will result in:
that empty document being graded as-is, resulting in zero points for the assignment
What is Butler well known for saying?
that the sex/gender system invents the very concept of heterosexuality (and its assumed naturalness) through repetition of gender identity norms
Feminism
the belief that women and men are inherently equal
Which of the following factors in Western society did NOT contribute to the emergence of social division between the sexes, according to Garbacik?
the establishment of private property
As detailed in the assigned reading, rejecting the idea that society is structured into systems of oppression and privilege by arguing that "not all [dominant group] people oppress [subordinate group] people" reflects
the impulse to "individualize and personalize processes that are social and structural"
What is the beauty myth?
the notion that beauty is objective and unchanging, when historically there are continued changes in cultural standards about what constitutes beauty, as well as variation from culture to culture
What was a declaration of second wave feminism?
the personal is political
what is whitesplaining?
the phenomenon of white people explains to POC how they should feel about issues of race and racism, and offering their unsolicited judgement about whether those experiences could. be considered legitimate examples of racism
A feminist perspective (or stance) is a way of considering knowledge that examines
the power relations that structure what is presented as fact
Students first learning about intersectionality can typically understand that one woman (or man's) gender experience is not the same as another woman (or man's) gender experience due to the influence of other identity categories. However, many get stuck wondering why it matters that everyone has different overlapping identities and experiences. Feminist scholarship emphasizes that taking an intersectional perspective is what allows us to comprehend and effectively approach:
the structure and function of systems of privilege and oppression
What is doxa?
the stuff that "everyone knows" -stuff that people think/assume without evidence
Fragility refers to:
the tendency toward experiencing a negative emotional response when asked to recognize the experiences and validity of those with subordinate ideas
How does a sex category become a gender status?
through naming, dress, and the use of other gender markers
Why is it important that a source define the terms it is using?
to avoid alienating non-experts who are unfamiliar with the jargon of a particular field; and the provide clear, accessible information for anyone who might be interested in that topic
What is the goal of psychological research?
to explain and describe mental and behavioral phenomena
What does it mean to "queer one's gender or a space or a topic"?
to make it more inclusive or merged, and less singular or homogenous
What do conservative sociobiologists believe?
traits seen in humans now are ones that helped their survival
Sexism: Sex discrimination
treating people differently based on their sex
Gender schema theory
tries to detect patterns of how gender stereotypes vary across space and time
True or false: If an assignment is due at 5:00pm, and you turn it in at 5:01pm, it is late.
true
Critical thinking requires all of the following, EXCEPT:
trust in authority
Sexual orientation
type of partner a person is sexually attracted to, usually in relation to one's own sex or gender identity. Those who are attracted to other-sex partners are heterosexual, those attracted to same sex-partners are homosexual, those attracted to both are bisexual, those attracted to no one are asexual
Strict adherence to all gender norms that are used to narrowly define masculinity or femininity:
upholds the cultural power of those stereotypes, maintains gender binary divisions, limits individual expression, and fails to challenge sexist assumptions
What is the single most evident marker of manhood?
violence -willingness/desire to fight
What is meta-analysis?
way to use statistical methods to analyze the combined results of a large number of studies of a particular subject
radical feminists
ways in which minorities have been oppressed by white male dominance, end of white male dominance would come from gender equality, break down the patriarchy, in terms of all minorities, destroy the structures that support rich-white-straight-male, shifting society, targeted by conservative groups (stemmed notion of man-hating feminists)
Psychoanalytic theory
when children become aware of biological differences between sexes this leads to deep conflict, develop a deep sex attraction to our opposite sexual appearance
What is crowdsourcing?
when social media platforms allow multiple users to contribute to the building of a text, database, or website (Ex: Wikipedia)
what is a homosocial situation?
where all the people are very similar (more similarities than palpable differences)
How did Freud influence Cohen?
with his theory of hyper-masculinity: hyper masculine to prove masculinity when a man is insecure about their masculinity
When did the body become a "solid" foundation for understanding differences between men and women?
with the invention of the two-sex model of anatomy
How did Freud influence Parsons?
with the male aggression theory: must reject norms and all feminine things to be manly
If you will require accommodations for religious observance, when must you request these accommodations?
within the first two weeks of the class
Female chauvinist pig
woman asserts her "power" by presenting herself as a highly sexual and objectifying of other women, using other women in quest for power, being sexy and sexist against other women is powerful
How did Gerda Lerner explain the prizing of chastity in women?
women "sold" to husbands (with dowry) b/c they produced offspring
What is Harvard Business Review's mommy track?
women who want to have children cost businesses too much money and should be put on a separate track, in which they don't get the opportunities for advancement that go to men and women who are career-oriented
gender stereotypes (historical roots): Real Manhood
work place sphere, characteristics: no "feminine" traits, successful, confident, aggressive
how is tone policing done?
works by derailing a discussion by critiquing the emotionality of the message rather than the message itself -silent tactic used by those holding privilege to prevent minorities from sharing experiences of oppression
Desiring Midriff
young, highly sexual, white, thin
When and why did modern gender stereotypes originate?
•Late 1800s/Early 1900s (Victorian/Edwardian era) - dramatic social/economic change!•Industrial revolution •Reconstruction - the Great Migration •Immigration •Sufrage •Education •Growing visibility of various subcultures •Threats to wealthy, white, male hegemony resulted in the division of the "two spheres" by those with political/religious/scienitic power