h bio: unit 2 biochemistry
For every one bond made in dehydration synthesis, how many water molecules are released
one water molecule
for everybody that is broken in hydrolysis, how many water molecules are being added
one water molecule
how many water molecoles are for each bond in glycosidic linkage?
one water molecule for every bond
what lipids are amphipathic
phospholipids
for what structure for cellulose
plant cell walls
I.D., carbohydrates:
play part in cell to cell recognition
what contains hydroxyl groups?
alcohols, carbohydrates
Name three monomers of carbs
glucose, fructose, galactose
what is a functional group?
group of atom can give special properties to carbon-based molecules
what is dehydration synthesis?
monomer bond together (covalent bond) form polymer
carbohydrates can be found as what three things
monomers, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
monosaccharides:
"simple sugars"
carboxyl group:
-COOH
amino group:
-NH2
hydroxyl group:
-OH
phosphate group:
-PO4
functions of carbohydrates
1. energy 2. structure 3. identification
what ratio of monosaccharides of C:H:O
1:2:1
ratio of lipids C:H:O
1:2:Very few oxygen
how many bonds can carbon make? what kind?
4 covalent bonds
polysaccharide:
A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis.
molecular formula of glucose/fructose/galactose
C6H12O6
what contains phosphate group?
DNA, ATP
Monomers of lipids
no specific monomers!! building blocks vary base on lipid
hydrolysis:
adding water to break up molecule
glycosidic linkage:
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
polymer:
a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
functions of steriods
act as hormones/chemical messengers of cell
common characteristics of ALL organic molecules:
all contain h2o, most polymers made of "building block" call monomer, types of forms follows function
what contains amino groups?
amino acids
where energy storage of glycogen
animals (muscles and liver)
disaccharide:
bonding of two simple sugars
which of dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis require enzymes
both require enzymes
what is the literal meaning of hydrolysis
breakdown of water
what is hydrolysis?
breaking down polymer form monomer water added to break bond
glycosidic bond vocab belong to what macromolecule
carbohydrates
carbon has high bond strength. what does this mean
carbon form backbone for large ring or chain molecules
elements of carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
elements of lipids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and some have phosphorus
structure, carbohydrates:
carbs structural cell wall material in organism
what is an example of a steriod and its function
cholesterol; found in cell membrane to help maintain membrane fluidity
what is the structure of steriods
composed of fused carbon rings w/ different function groups attached
what are triglycerides made of
composed of glycerol head attached to three fatty acid tails
what is the structure of phospholipids
composed of glycerol head, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group (attached where third fatty acid would go on fat)
what type of reaction is dehydration synthesis
condensation reaction
what does it mean to be a saturated fatty acid
contains all single c-c bonds; "saturated" with the max number of H atoms. straight chain
what does it mean to a unsaturated fatty acid
contains one or more double c=c bonds; bent chain
what ester bond
covalent bond that connects fatty acid tails to glycerol head
what type of reaction glycosidic linkage
dehydration synthesis (condensation rxn)
which of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis are exothermic and endothermic?
dehydration synthesis endothermic. hydrolysis exothermic
what is the big deal with carbon and its energy
energy in C-C bond are high release of energy when bonds broken
info of starch
energy storage only in plants. easily hydrolyzed (hydrolysis reaction) to glucose monomer.
what contain carboxyl group?
fatty acids, amino acids
how many valence electrons does carbon have
four
for what structure for chitin
fungi cell walls; arthropods (shrimp/lobster) exoskeleton
what are examples of hydrocarbons?
gasoline and butter
two monomers of sucrose
glucose and fructose
two monomers of lactose
glucose and galactose
two monomers of maltose
glucose and glucose
what does amphipathic mean
have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
what structure of starch
helix structure
structure of glycogen
highly branched glucose chain
what does it mean to be a lipid
hydrophobic/nonpolar macromolecules; not considered to be polymers
ester bond vocab belong to what macromolecule
lipids
4 categories of organic molecules:
lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, proteins
what are hydrocarbons?
made of hydrogen and carbon
what is the function of phospholipids
made up cell membrane of all cells
three of disaccharides:
maltose, sucrose, lactose
what do functional groups affect?
properties of different molecules created by carbon
what is the function of waxes
protective barrier to prevent water loss in cell/organism
monomer:
single subunit
4 polysaccharides:
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
lipid functions
storage of energy (in C-C bonds), make up cell membranes, provide insulation, regulate cell activities (like hormones) ex. testosterone
energy, carbohydrates:
stored in c-c covalent bonds, quick energy-short term storage
four types of lipids
triglycerides (fat); phospholipids; waxes; steriods
what are the two types of fatty acids?
unsaturated and saturated
what released during dehydration synthesis?
water molecule
what is an example of wax and it function?
wax protect seed and nutrients inside plant and fruits; coat surface of plant leaves
dehydration synthesis:
when two molecules come together and water is released
what dehydration synthesis literally
without water building
