h bio: unit 2 biochemistry

For every one bond made in dehydration synthesis, how many water molecules are released

one water molecule

for everybody that is broken in hydrolysis, how many water molecules are being added

one water molecule

how many water molecoles are for each bond in glycosidic linkage?

one water molecule for every bond

what lipids are amphipathic

phospholipids

for what structure for cellulose

plant cell walls

I.D., carbohydrates:

play part in cell to cell recognition

what contains hydroxyl groups?

alcohols, carbohydrates

Name three monomers of carbs

glucose, fructose, galactose

what is a functional group?

group of atom can give special properties to carbon-based molecules

what is dehydration synthesis?

monomer bond together (covalent bond) form polymer

carbohydrates can be found as what three things

monomers, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

monosaccharides:

"simple sugars"

carboxyl group:

-COOH

amino group:

-NH2

hydroxyl group:

-OH

phosphate group:

-PO4

functions of carbohydrates

1. energy 2. structure 3. identification

what ratio of monosaccharides of C:H:O

1:2:1

ratio of lipids C:H:O

1:2:Very few oxygen

how many bonds can carbon make? what kind?

4 covalent bonds

polysaccharide:

A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis.

molecular formula of glucose/fructose/galactose

C6H12O6

what contains phosphate group?

DNA, ATP

Monomers of lipids

no specific monomers!! building blocks vary base on lipid

hydrolysis:

adding water to break up molecule

glycosidic linkage:

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

polymer:

a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

functions of steriods

act as hormones/chemical messengers of cell

common characteristics of ALL organic molecules:

all contain h2o, most polymers made of "building block" call monomer, types of forms follows function

what contains amino groups?

amino acids

where energy storage of glycogen

animals (muscles and liver)

disaccharide:

bonding of two simple sugars

which of dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis require enzymes

both require enzymes

what is the literal meaning of hydrolysis

breakdown of water

what is hydrolysis?

breaking down polymer form monomer water added to break bond

glycosidic bond vocab belong to what macromolecule

carbohydrates

carbon has high bond strength. what does this mean

carbon form backbone for large ring or chain molecules

elements of carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

elements of lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and some have phosphorus

structure, carbohydrates:

carbs structural cell wall material in organism

what is an example of a steriod and its function

cholesterol; found in cell membrane to help maintain membrane fluidity

what is the structure of steriods

composed of fused carbon rings w/ different function groups attached

what are triglycerides made of

composed of glycerol head attached to three fatty acid tails

what is the structure of phospholipids

composed of glycerol head, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group (attached where third fatty acid would go on fat)

what type of reaction is dehydration synthesis

condensation reaction

what does it mean to be a saturated fatty acid

contains all single c-c bonds; "saturated" with the max number of H atoms. straight chain

what does it mean to a unsaturated fatty acid

contains one or more double c=c bonds; bent chain

what ester bond

covalent bond that connects fatty acid tails to glycerol head

what type of reaction glycosidic linkage

dehydration synthesis (condensation rxn)

which of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis are exothermic and endothermic?

dehydration synthesis endothermic. hydrolysis exothermic

what is the big deal with carbon and its energy

energy in C-C bond are high release of energy when bonds broken

info of starch

energy storage only in plants. easily hydrolyzed (hydrolysis reaction) to glucose monomer.

what contain carboxyl group?

fatty acids, amino acids

how many valence electrons does carbon have

four

for what structure for chitin

fungi cell walls; arthropods (shrimp/lobster) exoskeleton

what are examples of hydrocarbons?

gasoline and butter

two monomers of sucrose

glucose and fructose

two monomers of lactose

glucose and galactose

two monomers of maltose

glucose and glucose

what does amphipathic mean

have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

what structure of starch

helix structure

structure of glycogen

highly branched glucose chain

what does it mean to be a lipid

hydrophobic/nonpolar macromolecules; not considered to be polymers

ester bond vocab belong to what macromolecule

lipids

4 categories of organic molecules:

lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, proteins

what are hydrocarbons?

made of hydrogen and carbon

what is the function of phospholipids

made up cell membrane of all cells

three of disaccharides:

maltose, sucrose, lactose

what do functional groups affect?

properties of different molecules created by carbon

what is the function of waxes

protective barrier to prevent water loss in cell/organism

monomer:

single subunit

4 polysaccharides:

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

lipid functions

storage of energy (in C-C bonds), make up cell membranes, provide insulation, regulate cell activities (like hormones) ex. testosterone

energy, carbohydrates:

stored in c-c covalent bonds, quick energy-short term storage

four types of lipids

triglycerides (fat); phospholipids; waxes; steriods

what are the two types of fatty acids?

unsaturated and saturated

what released during dehydration synthesis?

water molecule

what is an example of wax and it function?

wax protect seed and nutrients inside plant and fruits; coat surface of plant leaves

dehydration synthesis:

when two molecules come together and water is released

what dehydration synthesis literally

without water building