HA Chapter 8: Vascular System

common iliac arteries

The abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of the umbilicus into these, which supply blood to the lower extremities

arteriovenous fistula

communication between an artery and a vein

anastomosis

communication between two blood vessels without any intervening capillary network

Atherosclerosis

condition in which the aortic wall becomes irregular from plaque formation

The portal vein shows a relatively ___ flow at low velocities, which may vary slightly with respiration.

continuous

gastroduodenal artery

largest arterial structure in the body; arises from the left ventricle to supply to the head, upper, and lower extremities

inferior vena cava

largest venous abdominal vessel that conveys blood from the body below the diaphragm to the right atrium of the heart

left renal vein

leaves the renal hilum and travels anterior to the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava

right renal vein

leaves the renal hilum to enter the lateral wall of the IVC

The ____ flows from the kidney posterior to the superior mesenteric artery and anterior to the aorta to enter the lateral wall of the IVC.

left renal vein

The root of the aorta arises from the ____ outflow tract in the heart.

left ventricular

saccular aneurysm

localized dilatation of the vessel

cavernous transformation of the portal vein demonstrates ___ collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction.

periportal

cavernous transformation of the portal vein

periportal collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction

true aneurysm

permanent dilation of an artery that forms when tensile strength of the arterial wall decreases

aneurysm

permanent localized dilatation of an artery, with an increase of 1.5 times its normal diameter

Theo portion of the femoral artery posterior to the knee is the ___ artery.

popliteal

A(n) ___ is a pulsatile hematoma that results from the leakage of blood into the soft tissue abutting the punctured artery, with subsequent fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall defect to heal.

pseudoaneurysm

Pseudoaneurysm

pulsatile hematoma that results from leakage of blood into soft tissues abutting the punctured artery with fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall to heal

The aorta continues to flow in the ___ cavity anterior and slightly _____ of the vertebral column.

retropertioneal; left

The _____ hepatic artery supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery and the liver.

right

left hepatic artery

small branch supplying the caudate and left lobes of the liver

Doppler sample volume

sonographer selects the exact site to record Doppler signals and sets the sample volume (gate) at this site

The ____ passes anterior to the third part of the duodenum and posterior to the neck of the pancreas, where it joins the splenic vein to form the main portal vein.

superior mesenteric vein

right hepatic artery

supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery

right gastric artery

supplies the stomach

The flow pattern of the proximal abdominal aorta above the renal arteries shows a high __ peak and a relatively low __ component.

systolic; diastolic

dissecting anerurysm

tear in the intima or media of the abdominal aorta

hepatic veins

three large veins drain the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphgram

Budd-Chiari syndrome

thrombosis of hepatic veins

vasa vasorum

tiny arteries and veins that supply the walls of blood vessels

TIPS

transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

With a recanalized ___ vein, the main portal vein and the left portal vein show normal flow, but the flow in the right portal vein is reversed.

umbilical

arteries

vascular structures that carry blood away from the heart

nonresistive

vessels that have a high diastolic component and supply organs that need constant perfusion (i.e., internal carotid artery, hepatic artery, and renal artery)

cystic medial necrosis

weakening of the arterial wall

The large aneurysm may rupture into peritoneal cavity or retroperitoneum, causing ___ and a drop in ___.

Intense back pain; hematocrit

portal venous hypertension

Most commonly results from intrinsic liver disease; however, also results from obstruction of the portal vein, hepatic veins, inferior vena cava, or prolonged congestive heart failure; may cause flow reversal to the liver, thrombosis of the portal system, or cavernous transformation of the portal vein

The ___ is the second anterior branch, arising approx. 2 cm from the celiac trunk.

SMA

The ___ artery takes a somewhat tortuous course horizontally to the left as it forms the superior border of the pancreas.

Splenic

resistive index

peak systole minus peak diastole divided by peak systole

splenic artery

Arises from the celiac axis to supply the spleen, pancreas, stomach, and greater omentum

The ____ artery courses along the upper border of the head of the pancreas, behind the posterior layer of the peritoneal bursa, to the upper margin of the superior part of the duodenum, which forms the lower boundary of the epiploic foramen.

Gastroduodenal

___ is a pattern of blood flow, typically seen in large arteries, in which most cells are moving at the same velocity across the entire diameter of the vessel. In other vessels the different velocities are the result of friction between the cells and arterial walls.

Plug flow

The ___ vein is formed from posterior to the pancreas by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic veins at the level of L2.

Portal

The ____ renal artery courses from the aorta posterior to the IVC and anterior to the vertebral column in the posterior and slightly caudal direction to enter the hilum of the kidney.

Right

resistive

Vessels that have little or reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply (i.e., external carotid artery and brachial arteries)

Thrombus usually occurs along the ___ anterior or ___ wall.

anterior; anterolateral

inferior mesenteric artery

arises from the anterior aortic wall at the level of the third or fourth lumbar vertebra to supply blood to the lower extremities

left gastric artery

arises from the celiac axis to supply the stomach and lower third of the esophagus

common hepatic artery

arises from the celiac trunk to supply the liver

right renal artery

arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta and travels posterior to the inferior vena cava to supply the kidney

left renal artery

arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta directly into the hilus of the kidney

superior mesenteric artery

arises inferior to the celiac axis to supply the proximal half of the colon and the small intestine

The most common causes of aneurysms are ___ and ___.

arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

Three arterial branches arise from the superior border of the aortic arch to supply the head, neck, and upper extremities: the

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries

aorta

branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the stomach and duodenum

The _____ truck is the first anterior branch of the aorta, arising 1 to 2 cm inferior to the diaphragm.

celiac

fusiform aneurysm

circumferential enlargement of a vessel with tapering at both ends

veins

collapsible vascular structures that carry blood back to the heart

Nonresistive vessels have a high ___ component and supply organs that need constant perfusion, such as the internal carotid artery, the hepatic artery, and the renal artery.

diastolic

arteriosclerosis

disease of the arterial vessels marked by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls.

inferior mesenteric vein

drains the left third of the colon and upper colon and joins the splenic vein

superior mesenteric vein

drains the proximal half of the colon and small intestine; travels vertically (anterior to the inferior vena cava) to join the splenic vein to form the portal veins

splenic vein

drains the spleen; travels horizontally across the abdomen (posterior to the pancreas) to join the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein

Resistive vessels have very little or even reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply, such as the ____ carotid and the iliac and brachial arteries.

external

hepatofugal

flow away from the liver

hepatopetal

flow toward the liver

portal vein

formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein near the porta hepatis of the liver

The ___ veins originate in the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphragm.

hepatic

marfan syndrome

hereditary disorder of connective tissue, bones, muscles, ligaments, and skeletal structures

spectral broadening

increased turbulence is seen within the spectral tracing that indicates flow disturbance

During rejection the vascular impedance ___, resulting in a decrease or even reversal of the diastolic flow

increases

tunica intima

inner layer of the vascular system

The main renal artery has a(n) __ impedance (nonresisitive) pattern with significant diastolic flow-usually 303% to 50% of peak systole.

low

tunica media

middle layer of vascular system; veins have thinner tunica than arteries

Capillaries

minute vessels that connect the arterial and venous system

tunica adventitia

outer layer of the vascular system; contains the vasa vasorum

The normal measurement for an adult abdominal aorta is less than 3 cm, measuring from __ to __ walls.

outer; outer

Doppler records accurate velocity patterns only when the beam is ___ to the flow.

parallel