HA Chapter 8: Vascular System
common iliac arteries
The abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of the umbilicus into these, which supply blood to the lower extremities
arteriovenous fistula
communication between an artery and a vein
anastomosis
communication between two blood vessels without any intervening capillary network
Atherosclerosis
condition in which the aortic wall becomes irregular from plaque formation
The portal vein shows a relatively ___ flow at low velocities, which may vary slightly with respiration.
continuous
gastroduodenal artery
largest arterial structure in the body; arises from the left ventricle to supply to the head, upper, and lower extremities
inferior vena cava
largest venous abdominal vessel that conveys blood from the body below the diaphragm to the right atrium of the heart
left renal vein
leaves the renal hilum and travels anterior to the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava
right renal vein
leaves the renal hilum to enter the lateral wall of the IVC
The ____ flows from the kidney posterior to the superior mesenteric artery and anterior to the aorta to enter the lateral wall of the IVC.
left renal vein
The root of the aorta arises from the ____ outflow tract in the heart.
left ventricular
saccular aneurysm
localized dilatation of the vessel
cavernous transformation of the portal vein demonstrates ___ collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction.
periportal
cavernous transformation of the portal vein
periportal collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction
true aneurysm
permanent dilation of an artery that forms when tensile strength of the arterial wall decreases
aneurysm
permanent localized dilatation of an artery, with an increase of 1.5 times its normal diameter
Theo portion of the femoral artery posterior to the knee is the ___ artery.
popliteal
A(n) ___ is a pulsatile hematoma that results from the leakage of blood into the soft tissue abutting the punctured artery, with subsequent fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall defect to heal.
pseudoaneurysm
Pseudoaneurysm
pulsatile hematoma that results from leakage of blood into soft tissues abutting the punctured artery with fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall to heal
The aorta continues to flow in the ___ cavity anterior and slightly _____ of the vertebral column.
retropertioneal; left
The _____ hepatic artery supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery and the liver.
right
left hepatic artery
small branch supplying the caudate and left lobes of the liver
Doppler sample volume
sonographer selects the exact site to record Doppler signals and sets the sample volume (gate) at this site
The ____ passes anterior to the third part of the duodenum and posterior to the neck of the pancreas, where it joins the splenic vein to form the main portal vein.
superior mesenteric vein
right hepatic artery
supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery
right gastric artery
supplies the stomach
The flow pattern of the proximal abdominal aorta above the renal arteries shows a high __ peak and a relatively low __ component.
systolic; diastolic
dissecting anerurysm
tear in the intima or media of the abdominal aorta
hepatic veins
three large veins drain the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphgram
Budd-Chiari syndrome
thrombosis of hepatic veins
vasa vasorum
tiny arteries and veins that supply the walls of blood vessels
TIPS
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
With a recanalized ___ vein, the main portal vein and the left portal vein show normal flow, but the flow in the right portal vein is reversed.
umbilical
arteries
vascular structures that carry blood away from the heart
nonresistive
vessels that have a high diastolic component and supply organs that need constant perfusion (i.e., internal carotid artery, hepatic artery, and renal artery)
cystic medial necrosis
weakening of the arterial wall
The large aneurysm may rupture into peritoneal cavity or retroperitoneum, causing ___ and a drop in ___.
Intense back pain; hematocrit
portal venous hypertension
Most commonly results from intrinsic liver disease; however, also results from obstruction of the portal vein, hepatic veins, inferior vena cava, or prolonged congestive heart failure; may cause flow reversal to the liver, thrombosis of the portal system, or cavernous transformation of the portal vein
The ___ is the second anterior branch, arising approx. 2 cm from the celiac trunk.
SMA
The ___ artery takes a somewhat tortuous course horizontally to the left as it forms the superior border of the pancreas.
Splenic
resistive index
peak systole minus peak diastole divided by peak systole
splenic artery
Arises from the celiac axis to supply the spleen, pancreas, stomach, and greater omentum
The ____ artery courses along the upper border of the head of the pancreas, behind the posterior layer of the peritoneal bursa, to the upper margin of the superior part of the duodenum, which forms the lower boundary of the epiploic foramen.
Gastroduodenal
___ is a pattern of blood flow, typically seen in large arteries, in which most cells are moving at the same velocity across the entire diameter of the vessel. In other vessels the different velocities are the result of friction between the cells and arterial walls.
Plug flow
The ___ vein is formed from posterior to the pancreas by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic veins at the level of L2.
Portal
The ____ renal artery courses from the aorta posterior to the IVC and anterior to the vertebral column in the posterior and slightly caudal direction to enter the hilum of the kidney.
Right
resistive
Vessels that have little or reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply (i.e., external carotid artery and brachial arteries)
Thrombus usually occurs along the ___ anterior or ___ wall.
anterior; anterolateral
inferior mesenteric artery
arises from the anterior aortic wall at the level of the third or fourth lumbar vertebra to supply blood to the lower extremities
left gastric artery
arises from the celiac axis to supply the stomach and lower third of the esophagus
common hepatic artery
arises from the celiac trunk to supply the liver
right renal artery
arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta and travels posterior to the inferior vena cava to supply the kidney
left renal artery
arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta directly into the hilus of the kidney
superior mesenteric artery
arises inferior to the celiac axis to supply the proximal half of the colon and the small intestine
The most common causes of aneurysms are ___ and ___.
arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
Three arterial branches arise from the superior border of the aortic arch to supply the head, neck, and upper extremities: the
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries
aorta
branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the stomach and duodenum
The _____ truck is the first anterior branch of the aorta, arising 1 to 2 cm inferior to the diaphragm.
celiac
fusiform aneurysm
circumferential enlargement of a vessel with tapering at both ends
veins
collapsible vascular structures that carry blood back to the heart
Nonresistive vessels have a high ___ component and supply organs that need constant perfusion, such as the internal carotid artery, the hepatic artery, and the renal artery.
diastolic
arteriosclerosis
disease of the arterial vessels marked by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls.
inferior mesenteric vein
drains the left third of the colon and upper colon and joins the splenic vein
superior mesenteric vein
drains the proximal half of the colon and small intestine; travels vertically (anterior to the inferior vena cava) to join the splenic vein to form the portal veins
splenic vein
drains the spleen; travels horizontally across the abdomen (posterior to the pancreas) to join the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein
Resistive vessels have very little or even reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply, such as the ____ carotid and the iliac and brachial arteries.
external
hepatofugal
flow away from the liver
hepatopetal
flow toward the liver
portal vein
formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein near the porta hepatis of the liver
The ___ veins originate in the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphragm.
hepatic
marfan syndrome
hereditary disorder of connective tissue, bones, muscles, ligaments, and skeletal structures
spectral broadening
increased turbulence is seen within the spectral tracing that indicates flow disturbance
During rejection the vascular impedance ___, resulting in a decrease or even reversal of the diastolic flow
increases
tunica intima
inner layer of the vascular system
The main renal artery has a(n) __ impedance (nonresisitive) pattern with significant diastolic flow-usually 303% to 50% of peak systole.
low
tunica media
middle layer of vascular system; veins have thinner tunica than arteries
Capillaries
minute vessels that connect the arterial and venous system
tunica adventitia
outer layer of the vascular system; contains the vasa vasorum
The normal measurement for an adult abdominal aorta is less than 3 cm, measuring from __ to __ walls.
outer; outer
Doppler records accurate velocity patterns only when the beam is ___ to the flow.
parallel