Handout- The Physics 500

For soft tissue, the axial resolution for a 3 MHz sound wave of 2 cycles is a: .5 mm b: 1.0 mm c: 1.5 mm d: 2.0 mm

a: .5 mm

The cosine of ninety degrees is a: 0 b: 1 c: 0.5 d: 0,7

a: 0

The minimum value for the duty factor is a: 0 b: 1 c: 10% d: 100%

a: 0

For soft tissue, the axial resolution for a 5 MHz sound wave of 2 cycles is a: 0.3 mm b: 0.6 mm c: 0.9 cm d: 3.0 mm

a: 0.3 mm

In soft tissue the attenuation coefficient is equal to a: 0.5 dB/cm/MHz b: 1.0 dB/cm/MHz c: 1.5 dB/cm/MHz d: 2.0 dB/cm/MHz

a: 0.5 dB/cm/MHz

The attenuation coefficient for 2 MHz in soft tissue is a: 1 dB/cm b: 2 dB/cm c: 3 dB/cm d: 4 dB/cm

a: 1 dB/cm

The percentage of sound energy reflected at a fat-muscle interface is approximately a: 1% b: 10% c: 50% d: 99.9%

a: 1%

For soft tissue, the spatial pulse length for a 2MHz transducer which emits a 2 cycle pulse is a: 1.5 mm b: 2.0 mm c: 3.0 mm d: 4.0 mm

a: 1.5 mm

The optimal thickness for the matching layer is a: 1/4 wavelength b: 1/2 wavelength c: 3/4 wavelength d: 1 wavelength

a: 1/4 wavelength

The incident angle is 46 degrees. The propagation speed in medium one is 1540 m/s. The propagation speed in medium two is 1540 m/s. The reflected angle is 46 degrees. The transmitted angle is a: 46 degrees b: less than 46 degrees c: greater than 46 degrees d: cannot be predicted

a: 46 degrees

The binary number 101 represents the decimal number a: 5 b: 4 c: 3 d: 2

a: 5

The incident angle is 53 degrees. The propagation speed in medium one is 1,540 m/s. The propagation speed medium two is 1,5480 m/s. The reflection angle is a: 53 degrees b: less than 53 degrees c: greater than 53 degrees d: cannot be predicted

a: 53 degrees

For soft tissue, a reflection returns 91 us after transmission. The reflector distance is a: 7 cm b: 6 cm c: 5 cm d: 4 cm

a: 7 cm

The axial resolution for ultrasound system is 2 mm. The axial resolution for ultrasound system Bis 6 mm. The axial resolution for system c is 4mm. Which system will be able to resolve structures 3 mm apart a: A b: B c: C d: all three

a: A

The mode that displays returning signals as vertical spikes is a: A b: B c: C d: M

a: A

Aliasing will occur in which of the following pulsed wave Doppler examples a: Doppler shift is 3 kHz, pulsed repetition frequency is 5kHz b: Doppler shift is 4kHz, pulsed repetition frequency is 10kHz c: Doppler shift is 5kHz, pulse repetition frequency is 15kHz d: Doppler shift is 6kHz, pulse repetition frequency is 20kHz

a: Doppler shift is 3 kHz, pulsed repetition frequency is 5kHz

For the AIUM 100 mm test object, which face and rod group should be used to test an ultrasound system's depth calibration a: Face A, rod group d b: Face B, rod group b c: Face A, rod group c d: Face D, rod group d

a: Face A, rod group d

The zone of the ultrasound beam beyond the focus is called the a: Fraunhofer b: Fresnel c: near d: focal

a: Fraunhofer

By convention, a positive Doppler shift will be placed a: above the zero baseline b: below the zero baseline c: horizontally on the zero baseline d: varies

a: above the zero baseline

The conversion of sound energy to heat is a: absorption b: reflection c: scatter d: refraction

a: absorption

The most important cause of attenuation is soft tissue is a: absorption b: reflection c: scatter d: refractoin

a: absorption

All of the following are possible Doppler artifacts except a: acoustic speckle b: mirroring c: electrical interference d: aliasing

a: acoustic speckle

Which of the following materials has the lowest speed of sound a: air b: fat c: water d: muscle

a: air

Which of the following receiver function amplifies all of the returning signals regardless of depth a: amplification b: compressoin c: compensation d: rejectoin

a: amplification

Strongly focusing a transducer decreases all of the following except a: angle of divergence b: focal length c: near field length d: focal field length

a: angle of divergence

The sonographer wishes to improve lateral resolution during an ultrasound examination. Which transducer would be the best choice a: annular array b: sector phased array c: mechanical wobbler d: linear translating

a: annular array

The sonographer needs to make an accurate dimension measurement during an ultrasound examination. Which resolution would be best to rely upon a: axial b: lateral c: temporal d: contrast

a: axial

As the sonographer increases the transmit frequency the greatest advantage will be an improvement in a: axial reoslutioon b: penetration depth c: propagation speed d: intensity

a: axial reoslutioon

Increasing the imaging depth affects all of the following except a: axial resolution b: pulse repetition frequency c: pulse repetition period d: duty factor

a: axial resolution

As the sonographer increases the transmit gain which of the following will increase a: beam width b: transmit frequency c: acoustic impedance d: frame rate

a: beam width

The Doppler gray scale is affected by all of the following except a: blood type b: wall filter c: transmit gain d: reflector amplitude

a: blood type

Which unit would be bet to use to express aortic valve area a: centimeters squared b: centimeters c: cubic meters d: microseconds

a: centimeters squared

The range ambiguity imaging artifact will result in structures being placed too a: close to the transducer b: far from the transducer c: medial d: lateral

a: close to the transducer

Which of the following color flow Doppler controls would be useful in unwrapping aliased signals a: color baseline b: color transmit c: color map d: color width

a: color baseline

Arrange in decreasing order a: deci, centi, milli, micro, nano b: milli, centi, deci, micro, nano c: mano, micro, milli, centi, deci d: centi, milli, micro, nano, deci

a: deci, centi, milli, micro, nano

The sonographer would like to make sure that each patient receives the least amount of ultrasound energy. All of the following will aid in limiting the ultrasound dose except a: decreasing gain b: decreasing exam time c: decreasing output power d: decreasing use of high intensity modalities (eg PW Doppler)

a: decreasing gain

Increasing the transmit frequency increases all of the following except a: depth of penetration b: attenuation coefficient c: total attenuation d: scatter

a: depth of penetration

The are of a circle may be derived by each of the following diameter formulas except a: diameter^3 b: 3.14 X (diameter/s)^2 c: pie r^2 d: .785 X diameter^2

a: diameter^3

Period and wavelength are a: directly related b: inversely related c: inversely proportional d: unrelated

a: directly related

Transducer diameter and near field length are a: directly related b: inversely related c: inversely proportional d: unrelated

a: directly related

Transmit frequency and near field length are a: directly related b: inversely related c: inversely proportional d: unrelated

a: directly related

Exposure of the patient to bioeffects is a: directly related to intensity b: inversely proportional to intensity c: inversely related to intensity d: unrelated

a: directly related to intensity

The power of a sound wave is 30 pascals. The area in which the sound wave is traveling is 10 cm^2. How will the intensity be affected if power is doubled and the area remains unchanged. a: doubled b: tripled c: quadrupled d: unchanged

a: doubled

The X axis of the Doppler spectral display represents a: flow duration b: peak flow velocity c: amplitude of blood flow d: intensity of blood flow

a: flow duration

The distance from the front of the transducer to the focus is called the a: focal length b: focus c: transition point d: far field

a: focal length

_____ is the number of wave per second a: frequency b: period c: wavelength d: amplitude

a: frequency

The primary difference between audible sound and ultrasound is a: frequency range b: method of production c: medium's traveled in d: there is not any difference

a: frequency range

The are of the sound beam where there is an absence of sound wave divergence is the a: fresnel zone b: Fraunhofer zone c: far field d: focal region

a: fresnel zone

All of the following are true statements concerning the sector phased array transducer except a: groups of elements sequentially fired b: utilizes transmit and receive focus c: creates a pie-shaped display d: utilizes beam steering

a: groups of elements sequentially fired

By color flow Doppler convention, a bright color represents a: high mean velocity b: laminar flow c: turbulent flow d: low mean velocity

a: high mean velocity

All of the following will increase when transmit gain is increased except a: impedance b: pressure c: power d: intensity

a: impedance

Experimental studies performed outside the living body in an artificial environment is called a: in vitro b: in vivo c: epidemiology d: experimental

a: in vitro

Assuming the same area, what effect will an increase in power have on intensity a: increase b: decrease c: no change d: varied

a: increase

How will a patient be affected as the sonographer increases the transmit gain a: increase risk of bioeffects b: increase risk of electrical burn c: not directly affected d: cannot be predicted

a: increase risk of bioeffects

As the sonographer increases the transmit gain the strength of the returning echoes will be a: increased b: decreased c: varied d: undetermined

a: increased

As frequency increases, the attenuation coefficient a: increases b: decreases c: varies d: cannot be determined

a: increases

As frequency increases, total attenuation a: increases b: decreases c: varies d: cannot be predicted

a: increases

As red blood cell velocity increases, the Doppler shift a: increases b: decreased c: unchanged d: varies

a: increases

As the sonographer increases the transmit frequency the near field length a: increases b: decreases c: varies d: cannot be predicted

a: increases

By increasing pulse duration, duty factor a: increases b: decreases c: unchanged d: varies

a: increases

By increasing the pulse repetition frequency, the duty factor a: increases b: decreases c: varies d: unchanged

a: increases

The imaging depth is increased, pulse repetition period a: increases b: decreases c: is unchanged d: cannot be predicted

a: increases

The focus method using a curved element is a: internal b: external c: electronic d: dynamic

a: internal

The sonographer chooses to decrease line density a: interpolation b: compression c: demodulation d: zoom

a: interpolation

Arrange the following units of length in increasing order a: kilometer, meter, centimeter, micrometer, nanometer b: micrometer, millimeter, centimeter, meter, kilometer c: centimeter, millimeter, kilometer, micrometer, meter d: meter, kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer

a: kilometer, meter, centimeter, micrometer, nanometer

All of the following utilizes electronic beam steering except a: linear sequenced array b: linear phased array c: sector phased array d: convex phased array

a: linear sequenced array

The convex sequenced array operates similar to the a: linear sequenced array b: linear phased array c: sector phased array d: annular array

a: linear sequenced array

The resolution most affected by spatial pulse length is a: longitudinal b: azimuthal c: contrast d: temporal

a: longitudinal

Which type of wave is present when the particle motion is parallel to the direction of wave advancement a: longitudinal b: direct c: harmonic d: transverse

a: longitudinal

Doppler wall filters are considered high pass filters because they eliminate a: low Doppler frequency shifts b: model Doppler frequency shifts c: high Doppler frequency shifts d: high Doppler blood flow velocities

a: low Doppler frequency shifts

Increasing the packet size improves the a: mean Doppler shift estimation b: frame rate c: image depth d: color ultrasound

a: mean Doppler shift estimation

For the AIUM 100 mm test object, which test measures the weakest signal that a system may display a: minimum sensitivity b: axial resolution c: depth calibration d: dead zone

a: minimum sensitivity

The sound beam with decreases in the a: near field b: transition point c: far field d: divergence zone

a: near field

The color flow Doppler frame rate is directly related to a: packet size b: color threshold (wall filter) c: color flow map d: transmit frequency

a: packet size

The optimal angle to strike specular reflector is a: perpendicular b: oblique c: angular d: aximuthal

a: perpendicular

The ultrasound beam strikes an interface at ninety degrees. The incidence is considered a: perpendicular b: oblique c: angular d: azimuthal

a: perpendicular

Ultrasound transducers utilize which effect upon reception a: piezoelectric b: reverse piezoelectric c: Doppler d: Bernoulli

a: piezoelectric

The smallest component of a display is the a: pixel b: matrix c: byte d: cine-loop

a: pixel

Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between Doppler and reflectors a: processes scatter reflectors, filters out specular reflectors b: processes both scatter and specular reflectors c: processes specular reflectors, filters out scatter reflectors d: filters out both specular and scatter reflectors

a: processes scatter reflectors, filters out specular reflectors

As the sonographer increases the transmit frequency all of the following will be altered except a: propagation speed b: lateral resolution c: attenuation coefficient d: penetration depth

a: propagation speed

All of the following are affected by image depth except a: pulse duration b: pulse repetition frequency c: pulse repetition period d: duty factor

a: pulse duration

The number of pulses emitted by the ultrasound transducer per second is a: pulse repetition frequency b: pulse repetition period c: pulse duration d: spatial pulse length

a: pulse repetition frequency

Color flow Doppler utilizes the ultrasound modality of a: pulsed-wave b: continuous wave c: high pulse repetition d: amplitude mode

a: pulsed-wave

Which component of the ultrasound instrument will be directly affected by the sonographer increasing the transmit gain a: pulser b: receiver c: memor d: display

a: pulser

Which of the following components delivers the electrical shock to the transducer a: pulser b: receiver c: memory d: display

a: pulser

Which ultrasound instrument control will be directly affected when the sonographer changes the image depth a: pulser b: transducer c: receiver d: memory

a: pulser

The resolution that is defined as the ability to resolve two reflectors that lie parallel to the beam advancement is a: radial b: lateral c: angular d: azimuthal

a: radial

Damping improves a: radial resolution b: lateral resolution c: angular resolution d: azimuthal resolution

a: radial resolution

The major advantage of pulsed wave Doppler is a: range discrimination b: aliasing c: Nyquist limit d: range ambiguity

a: range discrimination

The linear sequenced array creates an image display that is a: rectangular b: circular c: pie shaped d: blunted

a: rectangular

By convention, blood moving towards the transducer will be color coded a: red b: blue c: black d: green

a: red

All of the following are true statements concerning continuous wave Doppler except a: requires one piezoelectric element b: center frequency is determined by the driving voltage c: Doppler shift information is detected all along the sound beam path d: able to resolve high blood flow velocity

a: requires one piezoelectric element

All of the following are true statements concerning pulsed wave Doppler except a: requires two piezoelectric elements b: utilizes longer pulse lengths compared to imaging c: governed by the Nyquist limit d: greater intensity levels as compared to imaging

a: requires two piezoelectric elements

Te cardiac sonographer notes a mass in the right atrium but at surgery no mass was found. Which artifact may explain the interpretation error a: slice thickness b: acoustic speckle c: comet tail d: shadowing

a: slice thickness

Decreasing the frequency increases all of the following except a: sound velocity b: period c: pulse duration d: spatial pulse length

a: sound velocity

The highest measured intensity is a: spatial peak, temporal peak b: spatial average, temporal average c: spatial peak, temporal average d: spatial average, temporal average

a: spatial peak, temporal peak

A reflector that is smooth surfaced and large is called a: specular b: scatter c: Rayleigh d: parenchyma

a: specular

Ultrasound transducer A has an SP/SA factor of 40. Ultrasound transducer B has a SP/SA factor of 20. Which transducer has the brighter center a: transducer A b: transducer B c: neither d: cannot be determined

a: transducer A

Power may be affected by which gain control a: transmit b: receive c: time d: overall

a: transmit

Scatter reflectors are highly dependent upon a: transmit frequency b: incident angle c: spatial pulse length d: acoustic velocity

a: transmit frequency

The Doppler spectral display will provide information about all of the following except blood flow a: type b: direction c: duration d: character e: amplitude

a: type

All of the following are true statements concerning the convex phased array except a: utilizes mechanical focusing and steering b: operates on the same principle as the sector phased array c: creates a blunted sector d: arc shaped transducer

a: utilizes mechanical focusing and steering

A piezoelectric element in a sequenced array fails. The result on the image display will be a: vertical echo free region b: confetti like signals c: horizontal echo free space d: complete loss of image

a: vertical echo free region

The enhancement artifact is caused by intervening reflectors that are a: weak b: strong c: small d: large

a: weak

The period of a 4 MHz transducer is a: 0.15 ms b: 0.25 us c: 0.36 ms d: 0.45 ms

b: 0.25 us

The wavelength of a 5 MHz probe in soft tissue is a: 5.0 mm b: 0.3 mm c: 3.0 mm d: 1.54 mm

b: 0.3 mm

All of the following formulas are a way to write the range equation for soft tissue except a: 0.5 * {(porpagaion speed * pulse round trip time) b: 0.5 * 1540 m/s c: 0.77 * pulse round trip time d: pulse round trip time / 13 us

b: 0.5 * 1540 m/s

For soft tissue, the wavelength of a 3 MHz transducer is a: 0.3 mm b: 0.5 mm c: 1.0 mm d: 5.0 mm

b: 0.5 mm

The cosine of zero degrees is a: 0 b: 1 c: 0.5 d: 0.7

b: 1

The maximum value for duty factor is a: 0 b: 1 c: 10 d: 100

b: 1

The minimum value for the beam uniformity ratio is a: 0 b: 1 c: 100 d: 1,000

b: 1

For soft tissue, a sound travel time to a reflector is 6.5 us. The reflector distance is a: .5 cm b: 1 cm c: 2.0 cm d: 3.0 cm

b: 1 cm

The sound velocity for the AIUM 100 mm test object is a: 1.540 m/s b: 1,540 m/s c: 154 km/s d: 1,540 mm/s

b: 1,540 m/s

The number 0.1492 may be written in scientific notation as a: 1,492 *10^1 b: 1.492 * 10^-1 c: 14.92 * 10 ^1 d: 149.2 * 10^-1

b: 1.492 * 10^-1

The nimber 1540 may be expressed in scientific notation as a: 1.540 * 10^3 b: 1.540 * 10^3 c: 15.40 * 10^3 d: 154.0 * 10^-3

b: 1.540 * 10^3

An increase in intensity is determined to be 30 decibels. The intensity is increased by a: 1 * 30 or 30 b: 10 * 10 * 10 or 1,000 c: 10 * 10 or 100 d: 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 or 10,000

b: 10 * 10 * 10 or 1,000

The pulse round trip time in soft tissue is determined to be 130 us. The dpeth of the reflector is a: 5cm b: 10 cm c: 15 cm d: 20 cm

b: 10 cm

According to the AIUM, there has been no proven biological effects for unfocused ultrasound below a: 1 mW/cm^2 SPTP b: 100 mW/cm^2 SPTA c: 1 W/cm^2 SATP d: 1,000 mW/cm SATA

b: 100 mW/cm^2 SPTA

A ninety degree Doppler intercept angle will result in a a: 100% overestimation of the true Doppler shift b: 100% underestimaton of the true Doppler shift c: has no effect on the true Doppler shift d: undertermined

b: 100% underestimaton of the true Doppler shift

The time it takes for an ultrasound pulse to travel 1 centimeter round trip in soft tissue is a: 6.5 us b: 13 us c: 260 us d: 2 sec

b: 13 us

The binary number 1110 represents the decimal number a: 110 b: 14 c: 11 d: 8421

b: 14

The average speed of sound in soft tissue is a: 1.54 m/s b: 1540 m/s c: 1.54 cm/s d: 154,000 m/s

b: 1540 m/s

The AIUM has stated that there has been no confirmed bioeffects for a body temperature rise of less than a: 2 degrees F b: 2 degrees C c: 2 degrees K d: 98.6 degrees F

b: 2 degrees C

The number of cycles produces by imaging ultrasound transducers is a: 0.1 cycles b: 2-4 cycles c: 4-6 cycles d: 6-8 cycles

b: 2-4 cycles

The true Doppler shit at a 0 degree angle of incidence is 5 kHz. If the angle of incidence is changed to 60 degrees, the Doppler shift will be a: 5kHz b: 2.5 kHz c: 0.0 kHz d: unchanged

b: 2.5 kHz

Audible sound has a frequency range that is a: less than 20 Hertz b: 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz c: greater than 20 kilohertz d: 2 Megahertz to 15 Megahertz

b: 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz

The Doppler shift range in clinical imaging is most closely related to which of the following a: less than 20 Hz b: 20 Hz to 20 kHz c: 20 Hz to 20 MHz d: 2 MHz to 15 MHz

b: 20 Hz to 20 kHz

For a continuous wave 6mm unfocused transducer, the beam width at one near field length is equal to a: 6mm b: 3 mm c: 0 mm d: 12 mm

b: 3 mm

The cardiac sonographer is interrogating mitral regurgitation with color flow Doppler. The color flow Doppler velocity scale should be set at a: 20 -30 cm/s b: 50 -60 cm/s c: 80-100 cm/s d: above 100 cm/s

b: 50 -60 cm/s

A sixty degree Doppler intercept angle will result in a a: 50% overestimation of the true Doppler shift b: 50% underestimation of the true Doppler shift c: has no effect on the true Doppler shift d: undetermined

b: 50% underestimation of the true Doppler shift

A twenty degree Doppler intercept angle will result in a a: 6%overestimation of the true Doppler shift b: 6% underestimation of the true Doppler shift c: has no effect on the true Doppler shift d: indeterminable

b: 6% underestimation of the true Doppler shift

The pulse time to a reflector is 52 us in soft tissue. The reflector depth is a: 4 cm b: 8 cm c: 16 cm d: 20 cm

b: 8 cm

The mode that displays returning echoes as bright dots is a: A b: B c: C d: T-M

b: B

Transducer A has a longitudinal resolution of 4 mm. Transducer B has a longitudinal resolution of 6 mm. Transducer C has a longitudinal resolution of 3 mm. Which transducer has the poorest longitudinal resolution a: A b: B c: C d: cannot be predicted

b: B

The point at which an ultrasound transducer gives up its piezoelectric property is a: Bernoulli b: Curie c: Doppler d: Edler

b: Curie

For the AIUM 100 mm test object, which face and rod group set should be used to test an ultrasound system's axial resolution a: Face A, rod group a b: Face A, rod group b c: Face A, rod group c d: Face A, rod group d

b: Face A, rod group b

For the AIUM 100 mm test object, which face and rod group should be used to test an ultrasound system's lateral resolution a: Face B, rod group d b: Face B, rod group c c: Face B, rod group b d: Face B, rod group a

b: Face B, rod group c

Which of the following is a unit for pressure a: lbs/in b: N/m^2 c: kg/cm^3 d: inches ^2

b: N/m^2

The factor that describes the spatial intensity distribution across a sound beam is the a: duty factor b: SP/SA factor c: quality factor d: bandwidth

b: SP/SA factor

The main cause of attenuation in soft tissue is a: scatter b: absorption c: reflection d: refraction

b: absorption

The artifact associated with a Doppler shift exceeding the Nyquist limit is a: acoustic speckle b: aliasing c: reverberation d: shadowing

b: aliasing

The shades of gray demonstrated on a conventional (PW,CW) Doppler spectrum is directly related to a: velocity b: amplitude c: frequency shift d: turbulence

b: amplitude

The Doppler modal velocity represents a: average blood flow velocity b: amplitude of blood flow c: peak frequency shift d: peak velocity

b: amplitude of blood flow

Axial resolution may be called all of the following except a: range b: angular c: radial d: longitudinal

b: angular

Depth gain compensation compensates for a: amplitude b: attenuation c: period d: power

b: attenuation

For the AIUM 100 mm test object, which test measures an ultrasound system's ability to resolve two structures that lie parallel to the direction of sound propagation a: minimum sensitivity b: axial resolution c: lateral resolution d: range accuracy

b: axial resolution

The damping material decreases all of the following except a: output intensity b: bandwidth c: pulse duration d: spatial pulse length e: axial resolution (numerically)

b: bandwidth

As the sonographer increases the transmit frequency there will be an improvement in a: propagation speed b: beam width c: intensity d: impedance

b: beam width

By convention, blood moving away from the transducer will be color coded a: red b: blue c: black d: green

b: blue

Which of the following receiver function equalizes signal strength based on reflector depth a: amplification b: compensation c: compressoin d: rejection

b: compensation

All of the following are true statements concerning in the convex sequenced array except a: arc shaped transducer b: creates a rectangular display c: utilizes mechanical focusing techniques d: no beam steering

b: creates a rectangular display

Units for attenuation coefficient are a: dB b: dB/Cm c: Hertz d: dB/MHz

b: dB/Cm

Arrange the following in the proper increasing order a: giga, mega, kilo, hecto, deca b: deca, hecto, kilo, mega, giga c: kilo, giga, deca, mega, hecto d: hecto, giga, mega, kilo, deca

b: deca, hecto, kilo, mega, giga

The sonographer is interrogating hepatic vein flow with color flow Doppler. To improve the color "fill-in" of the hepatic the sonographer should _____ the color flow Doppler velocity scale a: increase b: decrease c: shift d: turn off

b: decrease

What effect will an increase in area have on intensity if power remains unchanged a: increase b: decrease c: no change d: varied

b: decrease

The sonographer would like to improve axial resolution and lateral resolution during an ultrasound exam. All of the following are useful choices the sonographer can choose to do except a: increase frequency b: decrease field of view width c: alter the transmit focus d: turn on harmonics

b: decrease field of view width

The sonographer would like to improve lateral resolution. All of the following will improve lateral resolution except a: increase number of transmit focuses b: decrease image depth c: increase frequency d: utilize tissue harmonics

b: decrease image depth

A sound propagates through a medium, amplitude a: increases b: decreases c: is unaffected d: varies

b: decreases

As frequency increases, wavelength (assume same medium) a: increases b: decreases c: not affected d: varies

b: decreases

As the sonographer increases the color flow doppler sector width the frame rate a: increased b: decreases c: varies d: is unchanged

b: decreases

By increasing the image depth, duty factor a: increases b: decreases c: varies d: cannot be determined

b: decreases

By increasing the pulse repetition period, duty factor a: increases b: decreases c: unchanged d: varies

b: decreases

The imaging depth is increased, pulse repetition frequency a: increases b: decreases c: is unchanged d: cannot be predicted

b: decreases

if frequency increases, period a: increases b: decreases c: varies d: unchanged

b: decreases

For the AIUM 100 mm test object which test measures an ultrasound system's vertical electronic caliper accuracy a: lateral resolution b: depth calibration c: axial reolsution d: dead zone

b: depth calibration

The scan converter most commonly used in clinical imaging ultrasound instruments is the a: analog b: digital c: fast fourier d: matrix

b: digital

A reflection will occur at the boundary of two media if the media impedances are a: equal b: dissimilar c: average d: identical

b: dissimilar

A phased array transducer implies a: a motor is being used b: electronic beam steering c: an acoustic standoff is required d: optical encoders will be used

b: electronic beam steering

All of the following are true statements concerning the linear sequenced array except a: fires group of elements sequentially b: electronically beam steered c: comparatively large transducer d: utilizes mechanical focusing

b: electronically beam steered

Multiple reflections could be any one of the following except a: reverberations b: enhancement c: comet tail d: ring down

b: enhancement

Utilizing an acoustic lens is considered which type of focus a: internal b: external c: electronic d: dynamic

b: external

The artifact multipath will result in placing structures too a: close b: far c: lateral d: medial

b: far

Sound beam intensity decreases in the a: near field b: far field c: Fresnel zone d: focal region

b: far field

Currently, the conventional Doppler spectral analysis is accomplished by a: autocorrelation b: fast fourier transofrm (FFT) c: Bernoulli principle d: time interval histogram

b: fast fourier transofrm (FFT)

Temporal resolution is determined by a: spatial pulse length b: frame rate c: wavelength c: beam width

b: frame rate

Sound beam divergence occurs in the a: fresnel zone b: fraunhofer zone c: near field d: focus

b: fraunhofer zone

As wavelength increases (assume soft tissue) a: resolution improves b: frequency decreases c: depth of penetration increases d: attenuation decreases

b: frequency decreases

The color flow Doppler artifact associated with the superimposition of color on moving tissue is a: aliasing b: ghosting c: reverberation d: shadowing

b: ghosting

The power of a sound wave is 40 pascals. The area in which the sound wave is traveling is 10 cm^2. How will the intensity be affected if area is doubled and power is unchanged? a: doubled b: halved c: quadrupled d: unchanged

b: halved

Shadowing involves intervening structures whose attenuating qualities are a: low b: high c: varied d: mixed

b: high

The sonographer is interrogating high velocity flow with conventional Doppler. The Doppler wall filter should be set a: low b: high c: off d: wall filter will have no effect on the spectral display

b: high

The Doppler wall filter eliminates a: low amplitude, low velocity signals b: high amplitude, low velocity signals c: low amplitude, high velocity signals d: low amplitude, high velocity signals

b: high amplitude, low velocity signals

Pulsed wave Doppler has the highest intensity values for all of the following reasons except utilizes a: higher pulse repetition frequency b: higher transmit frequencies c: longer pulse length d: greater dwell times as compared to imaging

b: higher transmit frequencies

Experimental studies performed in the living body of a plant or animal is called a: in vitro b: in vivo cL epidemiology d: experimental

b: in vivo

Specular reflectors are highly dependent upon a: transmit frequency b: incident angle c: sound speed d: pulse repetition period

b: incident angle

An increase in transmitted frequency will have which effect on backscatter a: decrease b: increase c: unchanged d: varies

b: increase

Frequency and period are a: directly related b: inversely related c: directly proportional d: unrelated

b: inversely related

Frequency and wavelength are a: directly related b: inversely related c: directly proportional d: unrelated

b: inversely related

The sonographer chooses to increase the number of focusses. Which resolution will be most improved? a: axial b: lateral c: temporal d: contrast

b: lateral

As the sographer increases the transmit gain all of the following will improve except a: penetration depth b: lateral resolution c: transmit power d: instrument sensitivity

b: lateral resolution

Changing pulse duration will affect all of the following except a: axial resolution b: lateral resolution c: spatial pulse length d: duty factor

b: lateral resolution

Focusing improve a: transmit frequency b: lateral resolution c: range resolution d: temporal resolution

b: lateral resolution

For the AIUM 100 mm test object, the test that measures an ultrasound system's ability to resolve structures that lie perpendicular to the sound beam direction is a: axial resolution b: lateral resolution c: depth calibratoin d: range accuracy

b: lateral resolution

The incident angle is 80 degrees. The propagation speed in medium 2 is 1,500 m/s. The propagation speed in medium one is 1,600 m/s. The reflected angle is 80 degrees. The transmitted angle is a: 80 degrees b: less than 80 degrees c: more than 80 degrees d: cannot be predicted

b: less than 80 degrees

The transducer which creates a cross-sectional image by electronically firing a group of elements sequentially is the a: wobbler b: linear sequenced array c: sector phased array d: annular array

b: linear sequenced array

The sonographer is interrogating low velocity flow with conventional (PW, CW) Doppler. The doppler wall filter should be set a: high b: low c: off d: wall filter will have no effect on the spectral display

b: low

A rarefaction area of a sound wave is a: high pressure, low density b: low pressure, low density c: high pressure, high density d: low pressure, high density

b: low pressure, low density

A dull red in a color flow Doppler image represents a: a high velocity flow away from the transducer b: low velocity flow towards the transducer c: turbulent flow away from the transducer d: stagnant flow

b: low velocity flow towards the transducer

Increasing the Doppler transmit gain will cause all of the following to increase except a: background noise b: magnitude of the Doppler shift c: spectral broadening d: mirroring e: amplitude

b: magnitude of the Doppler shift

The velocity displayed by color flow Doppler is the a: peak b: mean c: modal d: maximum

b: mean

An increase in transmit gain will directly affect a: temporal resolution b: mechanical index c: gain d: demodulation

b: mechanical index

Sound speed is determined by the a: source b: medium (stiffness, density) c: source and medium d: sonographer

b: medium (stiffness, density)

If the conventional Doppler intercept angle is not zero degrees, which of the following artifacts may occur a: acoustic speckle b: mirroring c: slice thickness d: ghosting

b: mirroring

Color flow Doppler is a _____ a: single gate b: multigate c: biplane d: multiplane

b: multigate

A strongly focused transducer may be best used to examine the a: adult heart b: neonate heart c: gallbladder d: kidneys

b: neonate heart

The ultrasound beam strikes an interface at 74 degrees. This incidence is considered a: perpendicular b: oblique c: normal d: direct

b: oblique

Which instrument control directly affects amplification a: transmit gain b: overall gain c: time gain compensation d: threshold

b: overall gain

The y axis of the Doppler spectral display represents a: flow duration b: peak flow velocity c: amplitude of blood flow d: mean flow volume

b: peak flow velocity

As the sonographer increases the transmit frequency all of the following will improve except a: beam width b: penetration depth c: angle of divergence d: near field length

b: penetration depth

The formula for pulse duration is number of cucles in a pulse multiplied by a: frequency b: period c: wavelength d: amplitude

b: period

The time per cycle is a: frequency b: period c: wavelength d: sound speed

b: period

This material will emit light when struck by electrons a: tourmaline b: phosphor c: quartz d: titanate

b: phosphor

The sonographer wishes to improve ultrasound transmission. Which of the following may be utilized a: sternum b: pleural effusion c: pericardium d: lungs

b: pleural effusion

Compared to clinical ultrasound imaging, axial resolution for pulsed wave Doppler is a: better than imaging b: poorer than imaging c: equal to imaging d: cannot be compared

b: poorer than imaging

Wavelength is equal to a: frequency X wavelength b: propagation speed/frequency c: 1/frequency d: density X propagation speed

b: propagation speed/frequency

A _____ is a few sound cycles a: wave b: pulse c: rarefaction d: compression

b: pulse

As the sonographer decreases the image depth all of the following will increase except the a: pulse repetition frequency b: pulse repetition period c: frame rate d: duty factor

b: pulse repetition period

The time between the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next emitted pulse is called a: pulse repetition frequency b: pulse repetition period c: pulse duratoin d: spatial pulse length

b: pulse repetition period

Turbulent flow moving towards the transducer will be color encoded a: red b: red with green c: blue with green d: black

b: red with green

The major advantage of continuous wave Doppler is a: range resolution b: resolves high velocity blood flow c: range ambiguity d: one piezoelectric element only

b: resolves high velocity blood flow

The artifact that is associated with multiple reflections spaced equally is a: refraction b: reverberation c: acoustic speckle d: multipath

b: reverberation

Ultrasound transducers utilize which effect upon transmission a: piezoelectric b: reverse piezoelectric c: Doppler d: Bernoulli

b: reverse piezoelectric

Which of the following transducers utilizes transmit focus a: linear sequenced array b: sector phased array c: wobbler d: linear translating

b: sector phased array

Weak reflections due to low intensity sound beams which diverge from the main sound beam are due to a: refraction b: side lobes c: mirror image d: comet tail

b: side lobes

Damping is inversely related to a: transmit frequency b: spatial pulse length c: bandwidth d: cannot be predicted

b: spatial pulse length

The type of cavitation where there is an expansion and contraction of gas bubble with possible microstreaming is a: absorption b: stable c: transient d: direct mechanical

b: stable

As the sonographer increases the transmit frequency the instrument control most likely to be also changed by the sonographer will be the a: compression b: time gain compensation c: persistance d: image display width

b: time gain compensation

The type of harmonic imaging where harmonic frequencies are created by the propagation of sound through a medium is a: contrast harmonic imaging b: tissue harmonic imaging c: microbubble imaging d: low frequency

b: tissue harmonic imaging

Which of the following performance test instruments best mimics the attenuation and scatter characteristics of soft tissue a: AIUM 100 mm test object b: tissue phantom c: hydrophone d: SUAR

b: tissue phantom

The sonographer wishes to increase the frame rate. All of the following may be useful except decrease a: image depth b: transmit frequency c: field of view d: line density e: number of focuses

b: transmit frequency

The ingredients of the AIUM 100 mm test object includes all of the following except a: water b: tungsten powder c: algae inhibitor d: alcohol

b: tungsten powder

The sonographer would like to improve the visualization and measurement of the peak velocity of a CW doppler tracing. Which of the following would be most useful to do a: increase TGC b: turn B-mode color on c: move Doppler intercept angle towards 90 degrees d: decrease sweep speed

b: turn B-mode color on

The artifact reverberation will result in displaying images that are a: real b: unreal c: bright d: singular

b: unreal

A focus method where the electrical pulses to the transducer array are curved is a: mechanical b: variable (transmit) c: dynamic d: external

b: variable (transmit)

Which of the following color flow Doppler controls would increase the amount of color shown on the display a: color baseline b: velocity scale c: color map d: color width

b: velocity scale

Propagation speed is equal to a: frequency/wavelength b: wavelengthXfrequency c: 1/frequency d: densityXstiffness

b: wavelengthXfrequency

For soft tissue, a 75% loss in intensity can be expressed in decibels as a: -0 dB b: -3 dB c: -6 dB d: -9 dB

c: -6 dB

The true Doppler shift at a 0 degree incident angle is 10 kHz. If the angle of incidence is changed to 90 degrees, the Doppler shift will be a: 5 kHz b: 2.5 kHz c: 0.0 kHz d: unchanged

c: 0.0 kHz

The period for a 5 MHz probe is a: 0.2 cycles/per sound b: 0.2 s c: 0.2 us d: 0.2 ms

c: 0.2 us

The cosine of 60 degrees is a: 0 b: 1 c: 0.5 d: 0.7

c: 0.5

Axial resolution is equal to a: beam width b: 0.5 * frequency c: 0.5 * frequency c: 0.5 * spatial pulse length d: 6/frequency

c: 0.5 * spatial pulse length

According to the AIUM, there has been no proven biological effects for focused ultrasound below: a: 1 mW/cm^2 SPTP b: 100 mW/cm^2 SPTA c: 1 W/cm^2 SATP d: 1,000 mW/cm SATA

c: 1 W/cm^2 SATP

one kilohertz is equal to a: one cycle per second b: 100 cycles per second c: 1,000 cycles per second d: 10,000 cycles per second

c: 1,000 cycles per second

Determine the pulse duration for a 3 cycle pulse with a frequency of 3 MHz a: 0.3 mm b: 0.5 ms c: 1.0 us d: 1.3 us

c: 1.0 us

As compared to a specular reflector, the echo strength from a red blood cell is a: 1/10 to 1/100 b: 1/100 to 1/1,000 c: 1/1,00 to 1/10,000 d: 1/ 10,000 to 1/100,000

c: 1/1,00 to 1/10,000

period is equal to a: frequency X wavelength b: propagation speed/frequency c: 1/frequency d: density X propagation speed

c: 1/frequency

The average number of lines per frame in clinical ultrasound imaging is a: 10-100 b: 50-100 c: 100-150 d: 150-200

c: 100-150

The decimal number 20 may be written in binary as a: 020 b: 101 c: 10100 d: 10111

c: 10100

The propagation speed is 3.0 mm us. The pulse round trip time is 10 us. The reflector distance is a> 0.15 mm b: 150 cm c: 15 mm d: 15 cm

c: 15 mm

All of the following are correct ways to express the average propagation speed of sound in soft tissue except a: 1.54 mm/us b: 1540 m/s c: 15,400 cm/s d: 1.54 km/s

c: 15,400 cm/s

The total attenuation for a 3 MHz sound wave traveling in soft tissue 2 centimeters is a: 1.0 dB b: 2.0 dB c: 3.0 dB d: 4.0 dB

c: 3.0 dB

The standard frame rate for clinical ultrasound imaging is a: 10 frames per second b: 20 frames per second c: 30 frames per second d: 40 frames per second

c: 30 frames per second

The incidence angle is 36 degrees. The reflected angle is a: 0 degrees b: 18 degrees c: 36 degrees d: 72 degrees

c: 36 degrees

The initial intensity of a 3 MHz sound wave traveling in soft tissue is 100 mW/cm^2. Determine the remaining intensity at an image depth of 2 cm a: 100 mW/cm^2 b: 75 mW/cm^2 c: 50 mW/cm^2 d: 25 mW/cm^2

c: 50 mW/cm^2

The standard digital scan converter matrix size used in clinical imaging ultrasound is a: 100*100 b: 200*200 c: 512*512 d: 624*624

c: 512*512

The number of fields displayed at a frame rate of 30 is a: 15 b: 30 c: 60 d: 90

c: 60

The intercept angle which will yield a Doppler shift that is one-half the true Doppler shift a: 0 degrees b: 30 degrees c: 60 degrees d: 90 degrees

c: 60 degrees

For soft tissue, image depth, lines per frame, number of focuses and frame rate may not exceed a: 1,540 b: 154,000 c: 77,000 d: 100,000

c: 77,000

The number of gray shades that may be displayed by a 3-bit digital system is a: 2 b: 4 c: 8 d: 16

c: 8

The mode that displays returning echoes only from a pre-selected depth is a: A b: B c: C d: T-M

c: C

A change in the frequency of a sound wave relative to the motion of the source and/or the observer is (the) a: Bernoullis principle b: Ohm's law c: Doppler principle d: Doppler shift

c: Doppler principle

The dedicated continuous wave pencil probe is called the a: Bernoulli b: Doppler c: Pedoff d: Snell's

c: Pedoff

The las of refraction is a: Bernoulli's b: Doppler's c: Snell's d: Poiseuille's

c: Snell's

All of the following are true statements concerning the Doppler equation except a: an increase in transmitted frequency will result in an increase in the Doppler shift b: sound speed of soft tissue is considered a constant c: a decrease in red blood cell velocity will increase the detected Doppler shift d: a decrease in the intercept angle will increase the detected Doppler shift

c: a decrease in red blood cell velocity will increase the detected Doppler shift

The artifact defined as apparent tissue texture is a: refraction b: reverberation c: acoustic speckle d: slice thickness

c: acoustic speckle

Arrange the following in increasing order of sound speed in soft tissue a: air, fat, muscle, soft tissue, bone b: bone, air, fat, muscle, soft tissue c: air, fat, soft tissue, muscle, bone d: soft tissue, air, muscle, fat, bone

c: air, fat, soft tissue, muscle, bone

The major disadvantage of pulsed wave doppler is a: range resolution b: high velocity resolution c: aliasing d: range gating

c: aliasing

The sonographer would like to improve the lateral resolution during an ultrasound examination. The most logical approach is to a: increase transmit gain b: increase TGC c: alter the transmit focus d: increase the transducer diameter

c: alter the transmit focus

Increasing the packet size may result in all of the following except a: improvement of the mean Doppler shift estimate b: frame rate decrease c: alteration of the transmit frequency d: decrease in line density

c: alteration of the transmit frequency

The peak variation minus the mean variation is a: frequency b: period c: amplitude d: intensity

c: amplitude

The z axis of the Doppler spectral display represents a: blood flow duration b: peak flow velocity c: amplitude of blood flow d: blood flow direction

c: amplitude of blood flow

Preprocessing is performed by the a: transducer b: receiver c: analog-digital converter d: digital-analog converter

c: analog-digital converter

The transducer that is fired and focused electronically and mechanically steered is the a: wobbler b: rotary wheel c: annular array d: convex phased array

c: annular array

The transducer type that may produce grating lobes is the a: single element b: oscillating mirror c: array d: wobbler

c: array

The magnitude of the Doppler shift in the clinical setting falls in the sound range that is a: infrasound b: subsonic c: audible d: ultrasound

c: audible

In the far field, all of the following fecrease except a: amplitude b: intensity c: beam width d: power

c: beam width

A 1-bit digital system is considered a: singular b: optimal c: bitstable d: experimental

c: bitstable

A color Doppler angle of ninety degrees is used to interrogate where blood flow is known to be present. The likely color to appear on the display will be a: red b: blue c: black d: green

c: black

By convention, the color used to indicate the absence of a Doppler shift is a: red b: blue c: black d: green

c: black

Turbulent flow moving away from the transducer will be color encoded a: red b: red with green c: blue with green d: black

c: blue with green

The artifact enhancement will result in displaying structures that are too a: far b: close c: bright d: weak

c: bright

Transducer A has an lateral resolution of 5 mm. Transducer B has a lateral resolution of 3 mm. Transducer C has a lateral resolution of 2 mm. Which transducer has the best lateral resolution a: a b: b c: c d: cannot be determined

c: c

The interpreting physician points out to the sonographer that the PW Doppler spectral display looks like " a show storm in minnesota. The sonographer should do all of the following except a: alter the Doppler incident angle b: alter the PW Doppler sample volume size (length) c: change the zero baseline d: decrease the Doppler gain

c: change the zero baseline

If the propagation speed of a material is greater than 1,540 m/s, the returning echoes will be placed too a: lateral b: medial c: close d: far

c: close

All of the following are true statements concerning the annular array except a: creates a sector image b: utilizes transmit and receive focus c: comparatively poor lateral resolution d: mechanically steered

c: comparatively poor lateral resolution

Which of the following receiver functions reduces dynamic range a: amplification b: compensation c: compression d: demodulation

c: compression

Which of the following is an arc shaped transducer a: rotating wheel b: linear sequenced array c: convex switched array d: annular array

c: convex switched array

The material placed behind the active element to reduce its ringing is the a: PZT b: matching layer c: damping layer d: cable

c: damping layer

For the AIUM 100 mm test object, which test measures an ultrasound system's ability to become a receiver after transmitting a: depth calibration b: range accuracy c: dead zone d: axial resolution

c: dead zone

During a color flow Doppler examination, the sonographer first uses a 3.0 MHz transducer to examine a vessel. The sonographer then increases the transmit frequency to 5.0 MHz. All of the following will occur except a: decrease in penetration depth b: increase in the atteunuation coefficient c: decrease in the chance of aliasing d: brighter colors will be displayed

c: decrease in the chance of aliasing

All of the following are true statements concerning write magnification except a: increases number of scan lines in area of interest b: preprocessing function c: decreases frame rate d: greatly enhances spatial reoslution

c: decreases frame rate

All of the following will improve temporal resolution except a: decreasing image depth b: decreasing image display width c: decreasing transducer frequency d: decrease number of focuses e: decrease line density

c: decreasing transducer frequency

The most effective way to increase near field length is by increasing transducer a: frequency b: damping c: diameter d: wavelength

c: diameter

The sound beam in the far field a: decreases b: increases in intensity c: diffracts d: increases in frequency

c: diffracts

postprocessing is performed by the a: transducer b: analog to digital converter c: digital to analog converter d: cathode ray tube

c: digital to analog converter

The cardiac sonographer believes the color flow Doppler is the bets mothod to use in the evaluation of the severity of regurgitant lesions. The sonographer should be aware of the brimary weakness of color flow Doppler which is a: utilizes autocorrelation b: displays mean velocity only c: does not provide the duration of flow d: there are no weaknesses

c: does not provide the duration of flow

The center frequency of a continuous wave ultrasound transducer is determined by the a: thickness of the crystal b: propagation speed of the crystal c: driving voltage frequency d: damping block

c: driving voltage frequency

A receive focus method utilizing delay lines is called a: mechanical b: transmit c: dynamic d: external

c: dynamic

The study of the prevalence of disease is a: biology b: physics c: epidemiology d: archeology

c: epidemiology

The impedance value for the damping block is a: greater than the active element b: less than the active element c: equal to the active element d: varies with transducer type

c: equal to the active element

All of the following are true statements concerning focusing except a: decreases beam width in the near field b: increases the angle of divergence c: extends the near field length d: improves lateral resolution

c: extends the near field length

Lateral resolution is best in the a: near field b: focal zone c: focus d: far field

c: focus

The narrowest point of the focused sound beam is the a: focal length b: focal zone c: focus d: fresnel zone

c: focus

The numerical value for both lateral resolution and axial resolution may be comparable in the a: near field b: fresnel zone c: focus d: fraunhofer zone

c: focus

The range for ultrasound is a: less than 20 Hz b: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz c: greater than 20 kHz d: 2 MHz to 15 MHz

c: greater than 20 kHz

The incident angle is 72 degrees. The propagation speed in medium 1 is 1,580 m/s. The propagation speed in medium 2 is 1,680 m/s. The reflected angle is 72 degrees. The transmitted angle is a: 72 degrees b: less than 72 degrees c: greater than 72 degrees d: cannont be predicted

c: greater than 72 degrees

The Doppler wall filter is considered a a: low pass filter b: modal filter c: high pass filter d: high pass filter

c: high pass filter

a compression area of a sound wave is a: high pressure, low density b: low pressure, low density c: high pressure, high density d: low pressure, high density

c: high pressure, high density

Preprocessing occurs during a: freeze frame b: cine-loop playback c: image acquisition d: demodulation

c: image acquisition

Axial resolution is affected by all of the following except a: pulse duration b: spatial pulse length c: image depth d: transmit frequency

c: image depth

As the sonographer increases the transmit frequency all of the following will be altered except a: period b: wavelength c: impedance d: lateral resolution

c: impedance

The acoustic characteristic of a medium is a: sound velocity b: density c: impedance d: attenuation

c: impedance

The sonographer needs to make an accurate lateral dimension measurement of a structure. For the best result the sonographer should place the structure a: close to the transducer b: away from the transducer c: in the focal region d: lateral from the transducer

c: in the focal region

The sonographer would like to improve the PW doppler spectrum being dosplayed. All of the following would be useful except a: alter the Doppler gain b: alter the Doppler wall filter c: increase TGC d: change the sample volume size (length)

c: increase TGC

Increasing frequency will result in all of the following except a: range resolution improvement b: transverse resolution improvement c: increase depth of penetration d: decrease in beam width

c: increase depth of penetration

While performing a pulsed wave Doppler examination, the sonographer would like to improve the spectral display. All of the following may be helpful except a: decrease the sample gate size b: align the sound beam to intercept blood flow at zero degrees c: increase the transmit frequency d: very the doppler transmit gain

c: increase the transmit frequency

All of the following will increase pulse duration except a: increasing period b: increasing number of cycles in a pulse c: increasing image depth d: decreasing frequency

c: increasing image depth

The rate of energy transferred into a particular area is a: amplitude b: power c: intensity d: attenuation

c: intensity

Wavelength and near field lengths are a: directly related b: directly proportional c: inversely proportional d: unrelated

c: inversely proportional

Image depth and frame rate are a: directly related b: directly proportional c: inversely related d: unrelated

c: inversely related

The sonographer chooses a large color flow Doppler packet size. Which of the following statements is true? A large packet size a: will increase frame rate b: will degrade mean velocity estimation c: is acceptable to use for a neonatal examination d: will improve peak velocity estimation

c: is acceptable to use for a neonatal examination

The major disadvantage of continuous wave Doppler is a: aliasing b: Nyquist limit c: lack of range resolution d: unable to resolve high blood flow velocity

c: lack of range resolution

The symbol for wavelength is a: delta b: mu c: lambda d: Hertz

c: lambda

Refraction may cause a reflector to be misplaced too a: central b: medial c: lateral d: superior

c: lateral

The most common man-made ceramic used in ultrasound transducers today is a: barium titanate b: lithium sulfate c: lead zirconate titanate d: polyvinyl diflouride

c: lead zirconate titanate

As compared to the echo amplitude from a specular reflector, backscatter's echo amplitude is a: greater than b: equal to c: less than d: dependent on the type of scatter reflector

c: less than

The impedance value for the coupling gel is a: greater than the element b: greater than the matching layer c: less than the matching layer d: equal to the damping block

c: less than the matching layer

Increasing the bandwidth improves a: lateral resolution b: angular resolution c: longitudinal resolution d: transverse resolution

c: longitudinal resolution

In general, the preferred transmitted frequency for the Doppler examination is a: higher as compared to imaging b: equal to that of imaging c: lower as compared to imaging d: is not contributory

c: lower as compared to imaging

The material that reduces the impedance difference between the active element and soft tissue is the a: crystal b: damping block c: matching layer d: PZT

c: matching layer

A sound wave is a: transverse b: electromagnetic c: mechanical, longitudinal d: transverse, longitudinal

c: mechanical, longitudinal

The units that may be used to express res blood cell Doppler velocity are a: Hertz b: kiloHertz c: meters per second d: centimeters squared

c: meters per second

What effect will a very high mechanical index (MI) have on a contrast microbubble a: no effect b: cause the bubble to resonate creating harmonics c: microbubble will burst d: cannot be predicted

c: microbubble will burst

Excessive conventional Doppler transmit gain may cause the artifact a: acoustic speckle b: comet tail c: mirroring d: ghosting

c: mirroring

The units for propagation speed include all of the following except a: km/s b: mph c: ms d mm/s

c: ms

As the sonographer chooses a large diameter phased array transducer all of the following will improve except a: near field length b: overall beam width c: near field resolution d: angle of dicergence

c: near field resolution

The major advantage of CW Doppler is (the) a: range resoltuion b: range discrimination c: no Nyquist limit d: utilizes FFT

c: no Nyquist limit

The best example of a scatter reflector is (the) a: tricuspid valve b: interatrial septum c: organ parenchyma d: abdominal aorta

c: organ parenchyma

The number of ultrasound pulses per scan line for color flow Doppler is referred to as the a: range gate b: multigate c: packet size d: frame rate

c: packet size

Which of the following represents the Doppler maximum pressure gradient a: mean velocity b: modal velocity c: peak velocity'd: average velocity

c: peak velocity'd: average velocity

As the sonographer decreases the transmit frequency the greatest advantage will be an improvement in a: intensity b: lateral resoltution c: penetration depth d: propagation speed

c: penetration depth

As the sonographer increases the transmit gain the greatest advantage will be an improvement in a: lateral resolution b: propagation speed c: penetration depth d: acoustic impedance

c: penetration depth

The assignment of specific shades of gray to numbers leaving the memory is a: demodulation b: preprocessing c: postprocessing d: compensation

c: postprocessing

The total energy transferred per unit of time is a: frequency b: amplitude c: power d: intensity

c: power

The assignment of a number to the analog signal is called a: amplification b: compensation c: preprocessing d: postprocessing

c: preprocessing

One scan line represents one a: cycle b: wavelength c: pulse d: second

c: pulse

Period multiplied by the number of cycles in a pulse equals a: amplitude b: wavelength c: pulse duration d: sound velocity

c: pulse duration

The time for one pulse is a: pulse repetition frequency b: pulse repetition period c: pulse duration d: duty factor

c: pulse duration

The best example of a Rayleigh scatter is the a: pulmonic valve b: myocardium c: red blood cell d: aortic vessel wall

c: red blood cell

The change in sound travel direction as sound crosses a boundary is known as a: reflection b: incidence c: refraction d: transmission

c: refraction

The sonographer visualizes a side by side double image of a structure. The most likely artifact being demonstrated is a: reverberation b: ring down c: refraction d: range ambiguity

c: refraction

The sonographer notes that throughout the image display there is too many low level echoes. which of the following instrument controls would be best to improve the displayed image a: overall gain b: transmit gain c: reject d: time gain compensation

c: reject

Reflectors that are rough surfaced and small are known as a: specular b: transverse c: scatter d: angular

c: scatter

The most common electronic transducer used in cardiac ultrasound today is the a: linear sequenced array b: convex phased array c: sector phased array d: annular array

c: sector phased array

The small square shaped transducer with multiple piezoelectric elements arranged in a line that are all electronically fired nearly at the same time is the a: oscillating mirror b: linear sequenced array c: sector phased array d: annular array

c: sector phased array

The artifact where there is a reduction in the strength of returning echoes due to intervening structures of increased attenuation is a: refraction b: multipath c: shadowing d: enhancement

c: shadowing

The difference between the transmitted and received frequency is the Doppler a: frequency b: velocity c: shift d: principle

c: shift

Which of the following focus length will cause the greatest angle of beam divergence a: long b: medium c: short d: cannot be predicted

c: short

Wavelength is determined by the a: source b: medium c: source and medium d: sonographer

c: source and medium

An articulated arm is used for a: A-mode b: real-time B-scan c: static B-scan d: pulsed-wave doppler

c: static B-scan

Optical encoders and/or electrical resistors are used in a: A-mode b: real-time B-scan c: static B-scan d: color flow Doppler

c: static B-scan

As the sonographer chooses multiple transmit focus sites all of the following resolutions will improve except a: transverse b: angular c: temporal d: lateral

c: temporal

The resolution defined as the ability to resolve events closely spaced in time is a: angular b: range c: temporal d: azimuthal

c: temporal

The resolution that is enhanced by increasing frame rate is a: axial b: lateral c: temporal d: contrast

c: temporal

The sonographer chooses to increase the number of focuses. Which resolution will most likely be degraded a: axial b: lateral c: temporal d: contrast e: elevational

c: temporal

The sonographer must set the image depth to 22 cm during an examination to adequately visualize a structure. Which resolution will most likely be degraged a: axial b: lateral c: temporal d: contrast e: elevational

c: temporal

Which resolution will most likely be directly affected when the sonographer decreases the image depth a: longitudinal b: azimuthal c: temporal d: contrast

c: temporal

During a PW doppler examination, the sonographer begins to increase the Doppler velocity scales. What may occur a: there will be an increase in transmit frequency b: there will be a change the baseline c: the machine may eventually default to high PRF PW Doppler d: the machine may shut off

c: the machine may eventually default to high PRF PW Doppler

Absorption is associated with the bioeffect mechanism of a:transient cavitation b: stable cavitation c: thermal d: direct mechanical

c: thermal

Which of the following pulsed wave transducers will have the highest frequency a: think element, low propagation speed b: thick element, low propagation speed c: thin element, high propagation speed d: thick element, high propagation speed

c: thin element, high propagation speed

Acoustic couplants are needed because they reduce the impedance difference between the a: damping material and the active element b: matching layer and the active element c: transducer and skin surface d: element and electric wires

c: transducer and skin surface

The type of cavitation where there is an impedance of a gas bubble with a release of a great amount of energy is a: absorption b: stable c: transient d: direct mechanical

c: transient

Which of the following gain controls affect intensity a: overall b: time c: transmit d: receiver

c: transmit

Which of the following type of focusing is sonographer controlled a: internal b: receive c: transmit d: dynamic

c: transmit

The sonographer must set the image depth to 22 cm during an examination to adequately visualize a structure. All of the following may be used to preserve frame rate except decrease a: field of view width b: number of transmit focuses c: transmit frequency d: line density

c: transmit frequency

As the sonographer utilizes transmit focus the resolution directly affected will be a: range b: radial c: transverse d: longitudinal

c: transverse

A color flow doppler mosaic pattern suggests a: laminar flow b: plug flow c: turbulent flow d: inlet flow

c: turbulent flow

An increase in pulsed-wave Doppler spectral broadening and window fill-in may represent a: laminar flow b: plug flow c: turbulent flow d: inlet flow

c: turbulent flow

All of the following are true statements concerning mechanical transducers except a: utilize a motor to beam steer b: create a sector display c: utilize electronic focus d: utilize fixed transmit focus

c: utilize electronic focus

In order to improve visualization of a small structure such as cardiac vegetation, the sonographer may a: increase image depth b: increase image width c: utilize write magnification d: decrease transmit frequency

c: utilize write magnification

Sound is a a: electromagnetic wave b: transverse wave c: vibration d: transducer

c: vibration

Attenuation is lowest in which of the following mediums a: bone b: air c: water d: steel

c: water

The distance between cyclical peaks is a: frequency b: period c: wavelength d: sound speed

c: wavelength

The formula for spatial pulse length is the number of cycles in a pulse x a: frequency b: period c: wavelength d: pulse duration

c: wavelength

The artifact shadowing will result in structures being displayed as too a: close b: far c: weak d: bright

c: weak

The reflected intensity coefficient (IRC) may be calculated by the formula a: 4(V2-V1) b: CSA * V c: {(Z2-Z1)/ (Z2+Z1)}^2 d: D^3

c: {(Z2-Z1)/ (Z2+Z1)}^2

The formula used to determine pulse repetition frequency is a: propagation speed/frequency b: wavelength * frequency c: 1/period d: 1/pulse repetition period

d: 1/pulse repetition period

How may the decimal number 17 be written in binary a: 101 b: 1001 c: 11001 d: 10001

d: 10001

How many shades of gray may a 7-bit digital system display a: 16 b: 32 c: 64 d: 125

d: 125

The spatial pulse length of a 3 cycle pulse with a wavelength of 4 mm is a: 3mm b: 4mm c: 7mm d: 12mm

d: 12mm

The maximum variation of an acoustic variable is 60. The mean value is 45. The minimum value is 30. The amplitude is a: 60 b: 45 c: 30 d: 15

d: 15

Flicker will occur when the frame rate decreases below a: 75 frames per second b: 60 frames per second c: 30 frames per second d: 15 frames per second

d: 15 frames per second

The useful frequency range for clinical imaging ultrasound is a: 20 Hz b: 20 Hz to 20 kHz c: 1 Hz to 15 kHz d: 2 MHz to 15 MHz

d: 2 MHz to 15 MHz

The attenuation coefficient for 5 MHz sound wave traveling in soft tissue is a: 1.0 dB/cm b: 1.5 dB/cm c: 2.0 dB/cm d: 2.5 dB/cm

d: 2.5 dB/cm

The pulse round trip time in soft tissue is 260 us. The distance to the reflector is a: 1 cm b: 10 cm c: 100 cm d: 20 cm

d: 20 cm

For soft tissue, the total attenuation for a 2 MHz transducer at 20 cm is a: 2 dB b: 4 dB c: 16 dB d: 20 dB

d: 20 dB

The propagation speed of a material is 2.0 mm/us. The pulse round-trip time is 200 us. The reflector depth is a: 1 mm b: 2 mm c: 20 mm d: 200 mm

d: 200 mm

The most likely number of sample gates used per color Doppler scan line is approximately a: 1-10 b: 10-100 c: 100-150 d: 250-500

d: 250-500

The number of gray shades that a digital system may display may be calculated by the formula a: CSA * VTI b: 4 * V^2 c: .785 * D^2 d: 2^n

d: 2^n

The transmitted intensity is 10,000 greater than the reflected intensity. This can be expressed as a: 10 dB b: 20 dB c: 30 dB d: 40 dB

d: 40 dB

The maximum variation of a sound wave acoustic variable is 15. The minimum variation is 5. The mean value is 10. The amplitude of the sound wave is a: 20 b: 15 c: 10 d: 5

d: 5

The Doppler shift will be zero when the intercept angle is a: 0 degrees b: 20 degrees c: 60 degrees d: 90 degrees

d: 90 degrees

The percentage of sound energy reflected at a soft tissue-air interface is approximately a: 1% b: 10% c: 50% d: 99%

d: 99%

For the AIUM 100 mm test object, which face and rod group should be used to measure an ultrasound system's dead zone a: Face A, rod group d b: Face A, rod group c c: Face A, rod group b d: Face A, rod group a

d: Face A, rod group a

Lateral resolution will have the highest numerical value in the a: Fresnel zone b: near field c: focus d: Fraunhofer zone

d: Fraunhofer zone

The principle which explains why the untrasound beam is hourglass in shape is a: Doppler b: Bernoulli c: Snell's d: Huygen

d: Huygen

The mode that displays motion over time is a: A b: B c: C d: M

d: M

Reflectors that reflect ultrasound energy equally in all directions are called a: scatter b: backscatter c: specular d: Rayleigh

d: Rayleigh

The focal length of a mechanical transducer can be altered by the a: transmit focus control b: sonographer directly c: transmit gain control d: acoustic standoff (water path)

d: acoustic standoff (water path)

All of the following are true statements considering postprocessing except a: performed by the digital to analog converter b: sonographer selectable c: able to affect stored and live images d: allows for write magnification

d: allows for write magnification

The sonographer would like to increase the amount of color being displayed. Which of the following would be least useful to do so a: increase color gain b: decreases velocity scale c: decrease filter d: alter the baseline

d: alter the baseline

The strength of backscatter is dependent upon all of the following except scatter a: density b: size c: impedance d: angle

d: angle

The resolution defined as the ability to resolve two structures that lie perpendicular to the sound beam is a: axial b: radial c: longitudinal d: angular

d: angular

For the AIUM test object, which face and rod group should be used for testing a system's minimum sensitivity a: Face A, rod group d b: Face B, rod group b c: Face A, rod group e d: any face, any rod

d: any face, any rod

The loss of sound intensity is called a: refraction b: reflection c: absorption d: atteunation

d: atteunation

All of the following contribute tot he presentation of the conventional Doppler information except a: visual b: fast fourier transform c: audio d: autocorrelation

d: autocorrelation

The technique used to process color Doppler frequency shift information is a: fast Fourier transform b: zero crossing detector c: time interval histogram d: autocorrelation

d: autocorrelation

The damping block reduces all of the following except a: pulse duration b: spatial pulse length c: duty factor d: bandwidth

d: bandwidth

Which of the following increases with damping a: output intensity b: sensitivity c: quality factor d: bandwidth

d: bandwidth

Lateral resolution equals a: 0.5 * frequency b: 0.5 * spatial pulse length c: 6/frequency d: beam width

d: beam width

The sonographer would like a sharp, clean spectrum during a PW doppler examination. All of the following may be useful to do except a: alter the Doppler transmit gain b: decrease sample volume size (length) c: achieve a zero degree Doppler intercept angle d: change the zero baseline

d: change the zero baseline

Which of the following will have the most effect on contrast resolution a: decrease spatial pulse length b: increase in frame rate c: decrease in beam width d: changing the brightness control

d: changing the brightness control

The area of a flow jet on a color Doppler display is most dependent upon the a: echo vs. Doppler threshold b: color flow image frame rate c: number of pulses in a color flow scan line d: color Doppler gain setting

d: color Doppler gain setting

In order to increase the frame rate during a color flow Doppler examination the sonographer should do all of the following except decrease a: packet size b: image width c: image depth d: color baseline e: line density

d: color baseline

Peak velocity may be determined by all of the following Doppler modalities except a: pulsed-wave b: continuous wave c: high pulse repetition frequency d: color flow

d: color flow

All of the following arc true statements concerning the sector phased array transducer except a: creates a pie-shaped display b: electronically beam steered c: utilizes transmit and receive focus d: comparatively large transducer

d: comparatively large transducer

The sonographer chooses to alter the postprocessing curves. Which reoslution is most likely directly affected a: axial b: lateral c: temporal d: contrast e: elecational

d: contrast

An example of a scatter reflector would be a: pericardium b: diaphragm c: aortic valve d: contrast microbubble

d: contrast microbubble

Methods for reducing the overall beam width in the near field includes all of the following except increases a: focus b: transducer diameter c: frequency d: damping

d: damping

The interpreting physician point out to the sonographer that the color flow Doppler appears to have "too much color flow." The sonographer should do all of the following except a: decrease the color gain b: increase the color flow velocity scale c: increase the color flow threshold (filter) d: decrease the B-mode gain

d: decrease the B-mode gain

Spectral broadening may be caused by all of the following except a: turbulent flow b: large sample gate size c: increased Doppler transmit gain d: decrease wall filter

d: decrease wall filter

Axial resolution improves by all of the following methods except a: increasing damping b: decreasing pulse duration c: increasing transmit frequency d: decreasing beam width

d: decreasing beam width

Spatial resolution is improved by all of the following steps except a: increasing the number of television lines b: increasing the number of pixels c: write zoom d: decreasing the transmit frequency

d: decreasing the transmit frequency

Rectification and smoothing are a function of a: amplification b: compensation c: compression d: demodulation

d: demodulation

The type of bioeffect mechanism caused by the movement of a medium's particles is a: thermal b: stable cavitation c: transient cavitation d: direct mechanical

d: direct mechanical

Which of the following has the narrowest dynamic range a: transducer b: amplifier c: memory d: display

d: display

The percentage of time that the ultrasound instrument is emitting ultrasound is called a: pulse repetition frequency b: pulse repetition period c: pulse duration d: duty factor

d: duty factor

The ratio of the strongest amplitude signal to the weakest amplitude signal that a particular component may process is called a: amplification b: compensation c: compression d: dynamic range

d: dynamic range

Axial resolution is best at the a: near field b: focal zone c: focus d: equal throughout the beam length

d: equal throughout the beam length

If the propagation speed of a material is less than 1,540 m/s, the returning echoes will be placed to a: lateral b: medial c: close d: far

d: far

As the sonographer changes the transmit gain all of the following will be altered except a: power b: amplitude c: intensity d: frame rate

d: frame rate

Which of the following instrument controls may the sonographer choose to stop all acoustic output from the transducer a: gain b: image depth c: transmit focus d: freeze

d: freeze

By convention, the color used to indicate variance (turbulent flow) is a: red b: blue c: black d: green

d: green

Frequency affects all of the following except a: wavelength b: resolution c: penetration d: impedance

d: impedance

Multipath results in an error of a: apparent tissue texture b: edge shadowing c: multiple echoes equally spaced d: improper depth

d: improper depth

Increasing transducer frequency a: increases period b: increases pulse duration c: improves depth of penetration d: improves range resolution

d: improves range resolution

The cardiac sonographer needs to evaluate for cardiac valve vegetation. All of the following would be most useful to improve this type of examination except a: zoom the cardiac valves b: alter the transmit focus c: utilize the B-mode color d: increase transmit gain e: alter the compression

d: increase transmit gain

Which of the following will cause an increase in the refraction angle a: decreased propagation speed difference, increased incident angle b: increased propagation speed differences, decreased incident angle c: decreased propagation speed differences, decreased incident angle d: increased propagation speed differences, increased incident angle

d: increased propagation speed differences, increased incident angle

All of the following will increase spatial pulse length except a: increasing wavelength b: decreasing frequency c: increasing number of cycles in a pulse d: increasing receiver gain

d: increasing receiver gain

All of the following affect spatial resolution except a: number or pixels b: number of television lines c: transducer frequency d: intensity

d: intensity

As the sonographer increase the transmit frequency all of the following will be altered except a: pulse duration b: spatial pulse length c: axial resolution d: intensity

d: intensity

Which of the following is correct unit for density a: lb/in b: mm Hg c: centigrade d: lbs/cm^3

d: lbs/cm^3

All of the following possess the piezoelectric property naturally except a: quartz b: rochelle salts c: tourmaline d: lead zirconate titanate

d: lead zirconate titanate

All of the following create a sector display except a: wobbler b: rotating wheel c: oscillating mirror d: linear sequenced array

d: linear sequenced array

The optimal impedance value for the matching layer is a: greater than the active element b: less than the active element c: equal to the active element d: mean between active element and soft tissue

d: mean between active element and soft tissue

The interpreting physical points out to a sonographer that the images look like, " a snowstorm in minnosota." The sonographer should do all of the following except alter (the) a: transmit gain b: gain c: compression d: number of bits per pixel

d: number of bits per pixel

One Megahertz is equal to a: one cycle per second b: one hundred cycles per second c: one thousand cycles per second d: one million cycles per second

d: one million cycles per second

Which of the following ultrasound machine control will affect amplitude a: receiver gain b: threshold c: time gain compensation d: output power

d: output power

All of the following are considered mechanical transducer except a: wobbler b: rotary wheel c: oscillating mirror d: phased array

d: phased array

Man-made materials receive the piezoelectric property through the process called a: dipolarization b: depolarization c: repolarization d: polarization

d: polarization

All of the following are receiver functions except a: amplificatoin b: compensation c: demodulatoin d: postprocessing

d: postprocessing

Which of the following represents harmonic imaging where there are two pulses emitted one at full amplitude and one at half amplitude a: contrast harmonics b: tissue harmonics c: pulse inverison d: power modulation

d: power modulation

Which of the following is considered in acoustic variable a: power b: intensity c: amplitude d: pressure

d: pressure

Refraction will occur when there is oblique incidence and the a: impedances are equal b: propabation speeds are equal c: impedances are not equal d: propagation speeds are not equal

d: propagation speeds are not equal

The Doppler audio aids in all of the following ways except a: improves the angle of incidence b: determines laminar flow c: determines turbulent flow d: provides the mean velocity

d: provides the mean velocity

Which of the following ultrasound modalities expose the patient to the greatest acoustic output a: M-mode b: two-dimensional c: continuous wave Doppler d: pulsed wave Doppler

d: pulsed wave Doppler

C-mode operates similar to a: A-mode b: M-mode c: two dimensional d: pulsed-wave doppler

d: pulsed-wave doppler

The product of image depth, lines per frame, number of focuses and frame rate is equal to 100,000. Which artifact may occur a: reverberatoin b: aliasing c: acoustic speckle d: range ambiguity

d: range ambiguity

A television cathode ray tube writes in a format called a: analog b: digital c: binary d: raster

d: raster

All of the following are examples of specular reflectors except a: mitral valve b: interventricular septum c: carotid artery d: red blood cell

d: red blood cell

The best example of a Rayleigh scatterer is the a: diaphragm b: heart wall c: liver parenchyma d: red blood cell

d: red blood cell

The sonographer increases the color flow Doppler filter. This will result in a: more color displayed b: increased aliasing c: variance (green) d: reduction in the display of lower velocity flow

d: reduction in the display of lower velocity flow

For a 2 cycle pulse of 3 MHz in soft tissue, which of the following will not be resolved using the symptom's axial resolution a: reflectors 1.1 mm apart b: reflectors 0.8 mm apart c: reflectors 0.6 mm apart d: reflectors 0.4 mm apart

d: reflectors 0.4 mm apart

All of the following may occur with perpendicular incidence except a: reflection b: transmission c: reflection and transmission d: refraction

d: refraction

The receiver function which eliminates or includes weak signals is a: compression b: compensation c: demodulation d: reject

d: reject

As the sonographer decreases the transmit frequency during a pulsed wave Doppler examination the greatest advantage will be a reduction in (the): a: penetration dpeth b: beam width c: propagation speed d: risk of aliasning

d: risk of aliasning

Using a tissue phantom, the depth at which there are no echoes detected is an indication of a: axial resolution b: lateral resolution c: temporal resolution d: sensitivity

d: sensitivity

The artifact that may cause prosthetic valve mitral regurgitation to be missed during a cardiac Doppler examination is a: enhancement b: reverberation c: refractoin d: shadowing

d: shadowing

All of the following are true statements concerning read magnification except a: increases pixel dimension b: postprocessing function c: maintains the same number of scan lines d: significantly enhances spatial resolution

d: significantly enhances spatial resolution

The artifact that may cause a fluid filled cyst to appear filled-in as a: reverberation b: acoustic speckle c: ring down d: slice thickness

d: slice thickness

Which of the following waves propagate in a medium a: heat b: light c: x-ray d: sound

d: sound

The lowest measured intensity is a: spatial peak, temporal peak b: spatial average, temporal average c: spatial peak, temporal average d: spatial average, temporal average

d: spatial average, temporal average

The distance of one pulse is called a: pulse repetition frequency b: pulse repetition period c: pulse duration d: spatial pulse length

d: spatial pulse length

The sonographer notices during a pulsed wave Doppler examination that blood flow moving toward the transducer is displayed below the zero baseline. Which Doppler instrument control may be altered a: velocity scale b: indicent angle c: sample volume length d: spectral invert

d: spectral invert

All of the following are true statements concerning the Doppler examination except a: positive Doppler shifts are displayed above the zero baseline b: negative Doppler shifts are displayed below the zero baseline c: the greater the red blood cell velocity, the greater the Doppler shift d: the optimal Doppler intercept angle is 90 degrees

d: the optimal Doppler intercept angle is 90 degrees

The fundamental frequency for pulsed wave transducers is determined primarily by the elements a: propagation speed b: bandwidth c: quality factor d: thickness

d: thickness

The damping material decreases all of the following except a: pulse duration b: spatial pulse length c: number of cycles in a pulse d: time for reception

d: time for reception

The sonographer notes that the middle section of the image display is too bright. Which of the following instrument controls would be best to adjust to improve the displayed image. a: overall gain b: transmit gain c: reject d: time gain compensation

d: time gain compensation

Which of the following would the sonographer most likely alter to better visualize a structure close to the transducer a: persistance b: sweep speed c: baseline tag d: transmit focus

d: transmit focus

All of the following are ways in which the sonographer may increase frame rate except decrease a: image depth b: number of transmit focus c: display width d: transmit frequency

d: transmit frequency

Lateral resolution may be improved by all of the following except increasing a: transducer diameter b: transducer frequency c: focusing d: transmit gain

d: transmit gain

Which type of wave is present when particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave advancement a: longitudinal b: parallel c: harmonic d: transverse

d: transverse

The units for duty factor are a: Hertz b: mm c: ms d: unitless

d: unitless

The rate at which sound vibration propagates through a medium is called all of the following except a: sound speed b: propagation speed c: speed of sound d: velocity

d: velocity

As the color Doppler image depth is increased all of the following will decrease except a: pulse repetition frequency b: Nyquist limit c: frame rate d: wall filter

d: wall filter

All of the following are possible units for amplitude except a: degrees b: decibels c: pascal d: watts

d: watts

The units for intensity are a: Hertz b: watts c: mm Hg d: watts per centimeter squared

d: watts per centimeter squared

The sonographer would like to image with the ighest frame rate. Which image depth would be best to choose a: 26 cm b: 24 cm c: 22 cm d: 20 cm e: 16 cm

e: 16 cm

The sonographer needs to prove that flow is present in a patient with severe internal carotid artery disease. All of the following are useful techniques except a: increase PW doppler sample volume size (length) b: decrease PW color flow doppler wall filter c: decrease color flow Dopppler velocity scale d: alter the Doppler intercept angle e: utilize power doppler f: decrease the PW doppler zero baseline

f: decrease the PW doppler zero baseline

The sonographer would like to improve the B-mode image. All of the following would be useful to do except alter the a: transmit gain b: gain c: TGC d: image dpeth e: transmit frequency f: tissue harmonics g: transmit focus h: Nyquit limit i: compression j: postprocessing curves k: zoom

h: Nyquit limit