HC Ethics Chapters 1-10
The common morality is characterized by all but one of the following characteristics: a. concrete b. universal c. content thin d. accepted by all who are committed to morality
a. concrete
Whereas the moral norms discussed in Chapter 1 chiefly govern right action, character ethics or virtue ethics concentrates on the _____________ who performs actions.
agent
BC7 explain that "professionals" are distinguished by all but which of the following characteristics: a. maintain self-regulating organization b. committed to providing a service to others c. specialized knowledge and training d. employs many people
d. employs many people
Particular moralities are all of the following except one: a. concrete b. non universal c. content thin d. exemplified by professional codes of ethics
d. exemplified by professional codes of ethics
In order to counter burnout in the practice of medicine, BC7 recommend instilling _________________________ alongside compassion.
detachment
The person of ___________________ is disposed to understand and perceive what circumstances demand in the way of human responsiveness.
discernment
A "practice" is a set of technical skills.
false
According to BC7, criteria of moral status rarely come into conflict.
false
All supererogatory acts are extraordinarily arduous, costly, or risky, so that they are best considered as optional to the moral actor.
false
Aristotle suggests that moral character and moral achievement are functions of a strong family upbringing and training in doing the right thing in a variety of different situations.
false
BC7 consider the common morality ahistorical and a priori.
false
BC7 explain that a moral virtue is a disposition to act in accordance with moral principles and ideals.
false
BC7 explain that conscience is a special moral faculty and self-justifying moral authority.
false
BC7 explain that persons of true integrity can and should always negotiate and compromise his or her values in an intrainstitutional confrontation.
false
BC7 explain that supererogatory actions are located on an altogether different scale than obligations.
false
BC7 explain that the domain of obligatory actions is continuous with the domain of norms of supererogation by exceeding those obligations.
false
BC7 explain that violations of professional standards of conduct are rightly understood as violations of the rules of professional associations.
false
Charles Bosk points out that there are three different types of error or mistake: technical, judgmental, and mathematical.
false
Descriptive ethics and metaethics are nonnormative because their objective is to establish what ought to be the case or what is ethically valuable and not what is factually or conceptually the case.
false
Detachment involves the ability to make fitting judgments and reach decisions without being unduly influenced by extraneous considerations, fears, personal attachments, and the like.
false
Feelings and a certain type of motivation are morally important in a virtue theory in a way that can be also accurately presented by an obligation-based theory.
false
If an act is morally right then a law allowing that act is morally right.
false
If an act is right and the actor is blameless then the actor is virtuous.
false
If cultures or social groups approve a trait and regard it as moral, their approval is sufficient to qualify the trait as a moral virtue.
false
In the case of dilemmas, BC7 argue we are obligated to perform both morally required actions in the situations involved.
false
John Rawls, citing the "Aristotelian principle," explains that the virtues are moral excellences and that lack of them will undermine our ability to act compassionately and according to relevant principles.
false
On the approach of BC7, rules specify criteria of moral status whereas guidelines specify principles.
false
On the theory of moral status based upon moral agency, an individual has moral status if he or she is capable of making moral judgments about the rightness and wrongness of actions and the individual is committed to morality.
false
Our feelings and concerns for others lead us to actions that can be reduced to following rules.
false
Particular moralities apply to all people in all cultures.
false
Problems of professional ethics usually arise from conflicts over appropriate professional standards or conflicts between the duty to be objective researchers and partial advocates.
false
Seeing how to follow a rule in a situation involves a form of conscientiousness that is independent of seeing that the rule applies.
false
Seeing how to follow a rule in a situation involves a form of integrity that is independent of seeing that the rule applies.
false
The American Medical Association has from the 19th century to the present more and more emphasized the virtues as important to medical practice.
false
The ethics of care originated primarily in the Judeo-Christian tradition.
false
The terms "status" and "standing" have been transported into ethics from medicine and the notion of "autonomy."
false
The virtue of integrity represents two aspects of a person's character: coherent integration of aspects of the self and willingness to go above and beyond what is required in any particular situation.
false
Theoretical ethics employs general concepts and norms to address particular problems.
false
There is a clear boundary between obligatory and supererogatory actions.
false
Two types of nonnormative ethics are distinguishable: descriptive ethics and practical ethics.
false
Cognitive properties are measured by being able to reflect on their lives and being self-determined by their beliefs.
true
Defenses of the ethics of care often find principles irrelevant in the moral life.
true
Discernment involves the ability to make fitting judgments and reach decisions without being unduly influenced by extraneous considerations, fears, personal attachments, and the like.
true
Distrust has been engendered by mechanisms of managed care.
true
Even with a conscientious objection, health care workers have an ethical duty to disclose options for obtaining legal, morally controversial. services, as well as in many cases a duty to provide a referral for those services.
true
Good health care often involves insight into the needs of patients and considerate attentiveness to their circumstances, which derive more from emotional responsiveness than from reason.
true
In a strong sense, "status" means to have rights.
true
In a theory of moral status based upon human properties, humans and only humans have moral status.
true
In professional life the traits that warrant encouragement and admiration often derive from role responsibilities.
true
It is fundamental to morality that actions that cause pain and suffering to others are prohibited unless one has a morally good and sufficient reason for performing those actions.
true
Landmark legal decisions can both represent and alter communal norms.
true
Moral virtue is a disposition to act or a habit of acting in accordance with, and with the aim of following, moral principles, obligations, or ideals.
true
Norms are specified by narrowing their scope, allowing for the creation of guidelines governing moral status.
true
Nurses and physicians must understand the feelings and experiences of patients to respond appropriately to them.
true
Nurses, physicians, and pharmacists must understand the feelings and experiences of patients to respond appropriately to them and their illnesses and injuries.
true
On the approach of BC7, rules specify principles whereas guidelines specify criteria of moral status.
true
Professional moralities are one form of particular morality.
true
Professionals may mistakenly suppose that they are satisfying all relevant moral requirements by strictly following rules of their professional code of ethics.
true
Supererogation means paying or performing beyond what is owed and doing more than what is required.
true
The common morality contains moral character traits.
true
The theory of moral status based upon relationships holds that relationships that establish roles and obligations are what give an individual moral status.
true
There are core tenets in every acceptable particular morality that are not relative to cultures, groups or individuals.
true
Unlike the virtue of integrity, which is focused on the self, compassion is directed at others.
true
Utilitarian Jeremy Bentham famously complained that the virtues are not reliable.
true
Virtues such as loyalty, courage, generosity, kindness, respectfulness, and benevolence at times lead persons to act inappropriately and unacceptably.
true
What often matters most in the moral life is not adherence to moral rules, but having a reliable character, a good moral sense, and an appropriate emotional responsiveness.
true
When relationships are voluntary and among intimates it is appropriate for the law to forbid lawsuits for harms that occur.
true
Without exhibiting partiality, we would impair or sever our most important relationships.
true
_________________________ is a confident belief in and reliance on the moral character and competence of another person.
trustworthiness
To be _______________________________ is to merit confidence in one's character and conduct.
trustworthy
An individual acts _______________ if he or she is motivated to do what is right because it is right, has ried with due diligence to determine what is right, intends to do what is right, and exerts appropriate effort to do so.
conscientiously
BC7 explain that conscience is a form of self-reflection.
true
BC7 explain that physicians and nurses who express no compassion in their behavior fail to provide what patients need most.
true
BC7 explain that the domain of supererogatory actions is continuous with the domain of norms of obligation by exceeding those obligations.
true
BC7 use an analogy of education to argue for aspiring to act beyond the moral minimum.
true
Both dissimilarity to and distance from other persons function to limit our sympathy.
true
Caring itself has a cognitive dimension.
true
Carol Gilligan maintains that men tend to embrace an ethic of rights and justice whereas women tend to affirm an ethic of care.
true
BC7 consider ________________________ as a fundamental virtue in relationships, practices, and actions in health care.
care
The set of universal norms shared by all persons committed to morality is called the ______________________________.
common morality
In its most general sense, "moral ______________________" means soundness, reliability, wholeness, and integration of moral character.
integrity
_________________ involves analysis of the language, concepts, and methods of reasoning in normative ethics.
metaethics
Children involved in research that is not intended to benefit them have sometimes been treated as if they have a diminished moral status and even as utilitarian means to the advancement of research goals.
true
Descriptive ethics and metaethics are ____________________ because their objective is to establish what factually or conceptually is the case not what ethically ought to be the case or what is ethically valuable.
non normative
In a strong sense, moral status means to have ___________________.
rights
Name the three characteristics of a "public policy" as per BC7:
set of normative, enforceable guidelines, accepted by an official public body, to govern a particular area of conduct.
A health care worker who has a conscientious objection to performing some procedure should inform their employers ahead of time about these objections.
true
A pharmacist refusal to fill a prescription for an emergency contraceptive is an example of a "conscientious objection."
true
A rights-based or obligation-based account may neglect appropriate forms of empathy.
true
A still common, though controversial, presumption in medicine and biomedical ethics is that some groups have no moral rights and some groups have fewer or weaker rights.
true
According to BC7, the properties of experiencing pain and suffering are almost certainly sufficient to confer some measure of moral status.
true
According to Kant, moral autonomy of the will exists if and only if one knowingly governs oneself in accordance with universally valid moral principles.
true
All persons with normal moral capacities can cultivate the character traits of most importance to morality.
true
An outright denial of moral status is implausible in light of the fact that virtually every nation and major scientific association has guidelines to alleviate, diminish, or otherwise limit what can be done to animals in biomedical research.
true
Aristotle explained that we acquire virtues much as we do the ability to cook.
true
Aristotle suggests that moral character and moral achievement are functions of self-cultivation and aspiration.
true
BC7 argue that a breach of integrity happens when a physician enters into a sexual relationship with a patient.
true