HDF 211 Exam 1
How many US babies are born underweight?
1 in 13
What is an epidural analgesia and when is it used? How does it work?
A regional pain relieving drugs is delivered continuously through a catheter and to small space in the lower spine. Limits paid to the pelvic region allowing the woman to still feel pressure and move her trunk and legs
What do continuous/discontinuous and quantitative/qualitative changes in development refer to and how do these two terms differ from one another?
A. Continuous: gradual changes and increments B. Discontinuous: great change and shifts C. Quantitative: change in amount D. Qualitative change in quality D. Continuous: Quantitative:: Discontinuous: Qualitative
What are the 4 goals of science/theories?
A. Describe - what is happening B. Explain - why does this happen C. Protect - which people are most likely to have this D. modify - change the behavior
What is the nature - nurture debate about?
A. Nature - biology, genetics nurture - environment, experience B. In nature versus nurture debate concerns the relative importance of an individual's and eight qualities ("nature", I. E. nativism, or innatism) and determining or causing individual differences and physical and behavioral traits.
What are passive, evocative, and active genotype - environment interactions?
A. Passive Child receives genes and environment and a match well B. Evocative Child's genes alter the environment (shy kid changes the parents Outlook) C. Active genotype - environment interactions Child seeks out environment (try to find a place to belong)
What is the Apgar scale? What is considered a "good" score for these scales?
An Apgar scale is a method to assess the newborn's physical condition (Appearance/Color, Pulse/Heart rate, Grimace/Reflex, irritability, Activity/Muscle tone, Respiration). 7 or better
What are the stages in Erikson's theory Eight Stages of Man?
Eight Stages of Man Successful resolution of crisis equals healthy development Trust versus Mistrust - Birth to 1 year Autonomy versus Shame - 1 to 3 years Initiative versus Guilt - 3 to 6 years Industry versus Inferiority - 6 to 11 years Identity versus Role Confusion - Adolescence Intimacy versus Isolation - Early Adulthood Generativity versus Stagnation - Middle Adulthood Integrity versus Despair - Late Adulthood
What are some typical neurophysiological methods to study brain functioning?
Electroencephalogram Records electrical brain wave activity Event related potentials Identifies regions of stimulus induced activity MRI Blood flow and oxygen metabolism PET Blood flow and oxygen metabolism aid by radioactive substances Near-infrared Optical Topographically Light absorbed looks at blood flow and oxygen metabolism
You are the main theorists (what were their names) behind each major theory presented in class and the text?
Erikson's theory Eight Stages of Man Piaget's theory Freud's theory
What is evolutionary psychology (or ethology)?
Evolutionary psychology is the theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits - such as memory, perception, or language - as adaptations, I. E., As the functional products of natural selection. Drive, desires, behaviors are instinctual and developed through adaptation via evolution
Give an example of normative and non-normative influences.
Examples of normative influences are puberty and menopause. Examples of non-normative influences are death of a parent would the child is young and pregnancy during adolescence.
What kind of research design is necessary for researchers to draw conclusions regarding cause and effect?
Experimental Research Design
What are the typical primitive reflexes that are present in newborns?
Eye blink Rooting Sucking Moro - arms embrace when thinks it's falling Palmar Grasp Tonic neck - fencing position Stepping Babinski - toes curl when you stroke plantar
What are the stages of childbirth and what happens during each stage?
First stage When contractions gradually open up the neck of your uterus (cervix). It consists of early labor, active labor and the transitional phase. Second stage When you push your baby out to the world. Third stage When you deliver the placenta.
What concerns are there for the health and development of low birth weight babies?
Frequent illness, and attention, ever activity, sensory impairments, poor motor coordination, language delays, low intelligence test scores, deficit and school learning, emotional and behavioral problems
What would someone believe if they argued that nature (or nurture) were more an important influences on development?
From the nature point of views psychological characteristics and behavioral differences that emerge their infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is how you are brought up (nurture) space that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child development of the concept of maturation applies only to the biological.
What is random assignment and what role does it play in experimental research designs?
Random assignment involves assigning individuals to an experimental treatment or program at random, or by chance (like the flip of a coin). This means that each individual has equal chance of being assigned to either group. When using random assignment, neither the researcher nor the participant can choose the group to which participant is assigned. Experimental design, random assignment of adjustment and experiments or treatment and control groups help to ensure that any differences between and within the groups are not systematic at the outset of the experiment. Random assignment is not guaranteed the groups are "matched" or equivalent, only the any differences are due to chance.
Define each of the key principles of (Baltes) lifespan approach
1. Physical Growth of the body, brain, health, sensory, and motor skills, genes, hormones, genetics, heredity 2. Cognitive Thinking, learning, memory, reasoning, language, intelligence, wisdom 3. Emotional/Social (psychosocial) Personality, initial stability, relationships 4. Nurture Biology, genetics 5. Nurture Environment, experience
What are the key principles of (Baltes) lifespan approach?
1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Emotional/social 4. Nature 5. Nurture
What are the common research methods discussed in class? What are the basic research designs?
1. Quantitative: Correlational Causal Comparative, Experimental, Quasi-experimental 2. Qualitative: Case Study, Narrative, Grounded Theory, Phenomenology
How many hours on average will a neonate the per day?
16 hours
What is the average length and weight of a newborn?
20 inches long 7.5 pounds
What is the infant mortality rate in the United States?
6.6 and cents per 1000 births
What are critical and sensitive periods (what was the point of the video clip!)?
A critical period really is a specific time during which an organism has to experience stimuli in order to progress through developmental stages properly. A sensitive period, neural systems are particularly responsive to relevant stimuli, and are more susceptible to change when stimulated. Sensitive periods have more flexible onsets and offsets, and appear to be strongly influenced by experience. (When something develops best Language) (When something develops best Language)
What should new parents know (or do) to reduce the odds of SIDS?
Quit smoking, change the infant sleeping position, moving a few bedclothes
What is a cohort and how could cohort effects influence development?
Cohort effect: The effects of being born at about the same time, exposed to the same event society, and influenced by the same demographic trends and thus, having similar experiences that make the group unique from other groups. They can influence development and that this group may have been exposed to certain environmental conditions, given certain medications, etc. that will affect their development.
What do correlational studies tell us?
Correlational studies are used to look for relationships between variables. There are three possible results of a correlational study: a positive correlation, and negative correlation, and no correlation.
What are some concerns about co-sleeping?
During co-sleeping, a baby can be hurt by: Getting trapped by the bed frame Headboard or footboard Getting stuck between the bed and the wall, furniture or another object Falling off the bed Being smothered by pillows, blankets or quilts From lying face down on the bed Having another person role on top of them
What is developmental cognitive neuroscience?
Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how children's minds change as they grow up, interrelations between that and how the brain is challenging, and environmental biological influences on that different parts of the brain control different behaviors
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning as a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; are spot that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
What are the stages in Piaget's Theory?
Cognitive - Development Theory Sensorimotor - Birth to 2 years Preoperational - 2 to 7 years Concrete Operational - 7 to 11 years on
What is the definition for referring to a baby as "premature"?
Babies born three weeks or more before the end of 38 weeks or who weigh less than 5.5 pounds
How is habituation used to study infant memory and knowledge?
Habituation and this habituation are another method used to study infant perception and preference. After looking at a stimulus for a certain amount of time, you become bored of it. Just like after a while we stopped feeling was on our body. Our brain gets bored with the touch sensation, and so eventually it stops informing us of it. On this basis, the colleges and for that babies. Looking at a stimulus if they get bored with it. If the stimulus is then presented with a new stimulus, is likely he or she will prefer looking at the new stimulus that the infant has not seen before. If the infant does not prefer the new stimulus we can't infer that the that is capable of discriminating between the two stimuli. Discrimination between two stimuli allows researchers to detect stage of perceptual development an infant has reached. Habituation of the time is standard method for studying cognitive processes in infancy. This message has a long history and derives from the study of memory habituation itself. Often, however, is not clear how researchers make decisions about how to habituation as a tool to study processes such as categorization, object representation, and memory.
What is habituation and recovery?
Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon of learning and memory which was first seen in classical (Pavlovian) conditioning and refers to the reemergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay.
What treatments are used to reduce problems for these babies?
Hammocks, waterbeds, mobiles, recording in a heartbeat soft music or the mother's voice, massage, kangaroo care, training
What is the difference between an idiographic and a nomothetic explanation?
Idiographic and nomothetic methods represent two different approaches to understanding social life. An ideagraphic method that services on individual cases are events. Ethnographers, for example observe the minute details of everyday life to construct an overall portrait. A nomothetic method, on the other hand, focuses on general statements that count for larger social patterns that form the context of single events or individual behavior and experience.
What is imprinting?
Imprinting is any kind of phase - sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior. It was first used to describe situations in which an animal or person learns characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore said to be "imprinted" onto the subject. Imprinting is hypothesized to have a critical period.
What does the terms plasticity mean in reference to development?
In psychology, when we talk about plasticity we're referring to "brain plasticity", which refers to the ability for nerve cells change through new experiences. The process of changing nerve cells as learning, and it was once believed that the only kind of change that could take place after childhood was related to strength in a nerve cell connection, not the ability for the cells to actually change. This psychologist now believe that nerve cells actually can continue to change and function well into adulthood.
How do researchers use concordance rates across sibling pairs to identify heritability?
In twin studies, the degree of importance (Agreement between traits exhibited by the twins) for a trait is compared and MZ and DZ twins reared together or apart. The greater the difference, the greater the heritability.
What factors increase the likelihood of infant mortality?
Physical defects, low birth weight, poverty, weak health care
What factors are related to an increased likelihood of a woman having a low birth weight baby?
Poverty, undernourishment, exposure to harmful environmental influences, twins
What are the stages of Freud's theory?
Psychoanalytic Theory Id - unconscious drives animation Ego - conscience Superego - societal rules and expectations Oral - Birth to 1 year Anal - 1 to 3 years Phallic - 3 to 6 years Latency - 6 to 11 years Genital - Adolescence
What are the differences in smiling at 1 month, 4 to 6 weeks, three months, and 6 to 8 months?
Innate reaction, response to stimuli, the to elicit a response
Is co-sleeping with infants more common in the US or other countries?
It is more common in other countries
What do genotype-environment interactions suggest?
Jane - environment interaction (or genotype - environment interaction or G*E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Genotype - environment interaction effects serve to distinguish behavioral traits from the medical and physiological phenotypes studied by human geneticists. Behavioral genetic research supports the heritability, not the genetic determination of behavior.
What are the main advantages to bottle-feeding? What are some reasons why mothers do not breast-feed?
Know how much baby eight Stay fuller longer More freedom Increased funding for father Less restriction on clothing, birth control, diet, less physical discomfort
What is lateralization of the brain?
Lateralization of the brain is specialization of the two hemispheres.
What are the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
Left hemisphere Verbal abilities and positive emotion. Left brain is the logical brain responsible for words, logic, numbers, analysis, lists, linearity and sequence. It controls the right side of your body. Right hemisphere Spatial abilities and negative emotion. The right brain is the creative brain and is responsible for resin, spatial awareness, color, imagination, daydreaming, holistic awareness and dimension. It controls left side of your body.
What is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each versus each other?
Longitudinal In a longitudinal study, researchers conduct several observations of the same subjects ever period of time, sometimes lasting many years. The benefit of the longitudinal study is that researchers are able to track development or changes in the characteristics of the target population at both the group and the individual level the key here is that longitudinal studies extend beyond the single time. Therefore longitudinal study is more likely to suggest cause and effect relationships than a cross-sectional study by virtue of its scope. A disadvantage is that the rate there is a risk of individuals and the sample dropping out are not completing the study. Cross-sectional The defining feature of a cross-sectional study is that it can compare different population groups at a single point in time. The benefit of a cross-sectional study design is that it allows researchers to compare many different variables at the same time. We could for example, look at age, gender, income and educational level in relation to walking and cholesterol levels, with little or no additional cost. However cross-sectional studies may not provide definite information about cause-and-effect relationships. This is because such studies are for a snapshot of a single limit in time; they do not consider what happens before after the snapshot is taken. Therefore, we cannot know for sure if our daily walkers has the cholesterol levels before taking up their exercise regimes, or if the behavior of daily walking help to reduce the cholesterol levels that previously were high.
What role does maternal employment play in breast-feeding duration?
Maternal employment, may detract from breast-feeding as mother needs to be at work which may leave her with less time and energy to breast-feed.
What are the levels or contexts and Bronfenbrenner's theory?
Microsystem This refers to the immediate surroundings of the individual. These contacts include the person's family, peers, role, and neighborhood. It is in the microsystem that the most direct interactions with social contexts take place; with parents, peers, and teachers. For example, the individual is not merely a passive recipient of experiences in these settings, that someone you actually helps to construct social settings. Mesosystem This refers to the relations between the different microsystem or connections between contexts. Some common examples are the connection between family experiences in school experiences, school experiences to church experiences, and family experiences to peer experiences. For example, children whose parents rejected that may have difficulty developing positive relations with their friends or peers. Exosystem Is concerned with the connection between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role an individual's immediate context. For example, a wife's or child's experience at home a be influenced by the husband's experiences while at work. The father might receive information that requires were travel, which might increased conflict with the wife and effect patterns of interaction with the child. Macrosystem Describe the culture in which individuals live. Culture the ways of people. Cultural contexts would include socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity.
What are the health advantages of breast-feeding (both dietary and generally)? What might some social or emotional advantages be?
Milk is easier to digest, less colic, spitting up, gas, constipation Colostrum helps get rid of meconium Greater antibody protection Lowered risk of allergies Promotes mouth development Lowered risk of obesity Easier transition to fruits and vegetables Immediate cheap bonding between mother and child
What is the difference between MZ and DZ twins?
Monozygotic (MZ) Genetically identical twins derived from a single fertilization involving one egg and one sperm. Dizygotic (DZ) twins Twins derived from two separate and nearly simultaneous fertilizations, each involving one egg and one sperm
What is the process of the myelination?
Myelination is the process by which a fatty layer, called myelin, relates around the nerve cells (neurons). Myelin particularly forms around the long shaft, or axon, of neurons. Myelination enables nerve cells transmit the faster and allows for more complex brain processes. Thus, process is virtually important to have a central nervous system functioning.
What are neurons, synapse, synaptic pruning, and neurotransmitters?
Neuron A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; and our cell. Synapse A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a bit grass across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. Synaptic pruning Synaptic pruning refers to the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neoronal transmissions. Neurotransmitters A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.
What is an example of a non-shared environment?
Non-shared environmental (NSE) influences or exposures, and contrast, are unique to each sibling, such as trauma experienced by only one child in the family.
Be able to define normative age-graded and normative history-graded influences.
Normative age-graded influences: Biological, sociocultural, and environmental influences that are similar for individuals and a particular age group Normative history-graded influences: Influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.
What is the difference between normative and non-normative influences?
Normative= typical Non-normative= atypical
What does novelty preference show?
Novelty preference shows recent memory After passage of time there is a shift back think that is familiar showing remote
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning is sometimes referred to as instrumental learning, is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. It encourages the subject to associate desirable or undesirable outcomes for certain behaviors.
Under what conditions are cesarean deliveries typically performed?
Rh incompatibility, premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, serious maternal illness, infections, breech births
How does sampling relate to generalizability (our ability to generalize results) or research results?
Sampling is a representative part of a population to determine the characteristics of a population. The results produced from a study on this sample gives the researcher the ability to infer population characteristics based on the sample also known as generalizability.
How do each of these goals contribute to our knowledge in reference to human development?
Scientific research and theories allow us to describe phenomenon and explain what happens. Their experimental research we can make casual effects predict future outcomes, and then we can adjust our behaviors in an attempt to produce better outcomes.
What does SIDS refer to?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) or crib death is the sudden death of an infant that is not predicted by medical history and remains unexplained after thorough forensic autopsy and detailed death scene investigation.
What is the cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex the outer layer of the cerebral (the cerebral cortex) Comprised of folded gray matter and play an important role and consciousness. Surrounds the rest of the brain, largest and most complex Has lots of neurons and synapses
What is the info processing approach?
The infant processing approach sees the individual as a processor of information, in much the same way that a computer takes in information and follows a program to produce an output. Compares the human mind to a computer, suggesting that we too are information processors and that it is possible and desirable to study internal mental/mediational processes that lie between the stimuli (in our environment) and the response we make.
What are the key differences and ideas behind behaviorism and social learning?
The key differences and ideas behind behaviorism include rewards and punishments shape behavior (classical - Watson, Pavlov; operant - Skinner) The key differences and ideas behind social learning are children learn by observing, modeling, imitation
What are postural reflexes and locomotor reflexes?
The postoral reflexes support control of balance, posture and movement a gravity based environment. Postoral reflex development is smeared and infants increasing ability to control its body, posture and movement. Locomotor reflexes are involuntary modifications of ligament of events produced by sensory signals from receptors in the limbs and body.
What are the rooting, tonic neck, palmar grasp, stepping, and Moro reflex? What is the point of babies being born with these reflexes?
These are primitive reflexes that are reflex actions originating in the central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants, but not neurologically intact adults. Moro reflex: The legs and had extent while the arms jerk up and out with the palms up and thumbs flexed. Shortly afterward the arms are brought together in the hands clenched fist, and the infant cries loudly. Rooting: The rooting reflex assist in the act of breast-feeding. Newborn infant will turn his head toward anything that strokes his cheek her mouth, searching for the object by leaving his head in steady decreasing arcs until the object is found. Tonic neck: when the child's head is turned to the side, arm on that side will straighten in the opposite arm will bed (sometimes the nation will be very subtle or slight). Palmar grasp: When an object is placed and the infants hand strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp Stepping: when the soles of their feet touch a flat surface they will attempt to block by placing 1 foot in front of the other. Innate reflexes in place to help protect newborns in the first few months of life when they are the best helpless.
Why are these concerns less of an issue in developing countries?
Typically, in the United States, parents have more room in their home to offer their children their own bed.
How does this rate compare to other countries?
United States is 28th in the world
What are the concerns about negative outcomes for the newborn space (or the mother) when mother's have an epidural?
Weaker contractions prolonged labor and increase the chance of needing a C-section, babies have low Apgar scores, are sleepy and withdrawn, poorly, or are irritable when awake
Give an example of what someone would believe if they argued that nature (or nurture) were more an important influences on development.
When the infant forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received language comes from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of stimulation and the environment and more broadly, on the civilization within which the child is reared.
