Health 1020 Chapter 3

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in ___?

Activating some digestive enzymes, making dietary minerals soluble and partially digesting protein

Fat is ___

Adipose tissue

Epinephrine is also called

Adrenaline

The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of ___ ?

Amylase

Liver

Bile

One substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is

Bile

Parts of the Urinary System

Bladder, Urethra and Kidneys

least complex to most complex

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system

Only the enzymes from the digestive system are made of protein

FALSE

The stomach is the size of most nutrient digestion and absorption

FALSE

The secretion of more cholesterol into bile may lead to ___ ?

Gallstones

Chromosome

Genetic material which contains several genes

What 2 factors are needed for development of celiac disease?

Genetic predisposition to celiac disease and dietary exposure to gluten

Pituitary Glands

Growth Hormone

In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine ___ ?

Has increased bacterial action, lacks villi and lacks digestive enzymes

Stomach

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

What illustrates the connectedness of the immune system with nutritional status?

Impaired wound healing due to vitamin C deficiency, an individual with HIV and increased risk of food-borne illness and famine and increased rate of infection

Pancreas

Manufactures hormones

What organelles are capable of converting energy from nutrients into a cell form the cells can use?

Mitochondria

What cell components are organelles?

Mitochondrion and Lysosome

Glucose is ___

Muscle and liver

Facilitated Diffusion

Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier protein

Passive Diffusion

Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to one of a lower concentration without the aid of a carrier

Active Absorption

Nutrients move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration which requires a carrier protein and energy

Endocrine System

Regulates metabolism through the actions of hormones

Mouth

Salivary Amylase

When gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine , a person usually experiences pain in the

Upper right abdomen

what are the components of urine

Urea, Water and Excess Vitamins

Weight, skinfold thickness and body circumference are measures of

anthropometric data

The chyme produced in the stomach is very acidic and would damage the absorptive cells that line the small intestine. To neutralize this acid, the pancreas releases ___ into the small intestine

biocarbonate

Vitamins and minerals support metabolism by

contributing to enzyme activity

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

facilitate the exchange of oxygen, delivering hormones to target cells and distributing nutrients

The initial goal of diet therapy for diarrhea is to provide

fluids and electrolytes

Bile is stored in the ___

gallbladder

The storage form of glucose in the body

glycogen

Regular use of ___ may cause constipation

iron supplement, antacid and calcium supplements

Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to

liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile

The kidney and lungs work together to

maintain acidic-base balance

regulatory system that centrally controls body functions

nervous

Insulin lowers blood glucose by___?

promoting the uptake of glucose into body cells

Gene

segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Stomach

some alcohol (about 20%)

Gallbladder

stores bile

RNA

transmits the genetic code from the nucleus to sites of protein synthesis within the cell

Components of urine

water, vitamins and urea

Genetic variations that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

A delay in the removal of cholesterol form the blood and high levels of homocysteine in the blood

The high energy compound generated by metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and the proteins in cells

ATP

What signs and symptoms can indicate a peptic ulcer?

Abdominal pain after eating, unexpected weight loss and nausea and vomiting

Calcium is ___

Bones

Digestive System

Breaks down food both mechanically and chemically

Self contained living structures that join together to form tissues are called ___

Cells

What accurately describes an organelle

Compartment, particle or filament and preforms a specialized function

Nervous System

Detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions

What are digestive complaints that commonly caused by bacterial infection?

Diarrhea and peptic ulcers

Preventing pathogens from invading the body is what 2 system's job?

Digestive and Immune

The order of the Small Intestine as they appear on the GI

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

The regulation of blood glucose level by insulin and glucagon is the ___ function of the pancreas

Endocrine

Adrenal Glands

Epinephrine & Nonrepinephrine

Vitamins and Minerals can be broken down to yield energy

FALSE

The brain primarily relies on ___ for energy

Glucose

Small Intestine

Glucose, Vitamins and bile acids

Pancreas

Insulin & Glucagon

The pain to related GERD is due to ___?

Irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid

The organs that work together to maintain the acid-base balance of the blood

Kidney and Lungs

What digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes , has a number of mucus-producing cells, absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and has the minerals sodium and potassium?

Large Intestine

Fats are digested by ___?

Lipase

Pancreas

Lipase, amylase, protease and bicarbonate

___ vessels empty their contents (including chylomicrons) into the cardiovascular system through a duct near the heart

Lymph

What are possible causes of acute diarrhea?

Microorganisms and Mal absorbed carbohydrates

Digestive Organs in the Order that they digest food

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

The pathway that food takes

Mouth, pharynx, epiglottis and esophagus

Large Intestine

Potassium and sodium

Rolls of the endocrine system

Produce hormones, plays a major roll with the regulation of metabolism and maintains water balance

Liver

Produces bile

An individual with GERD should not lie down after eating as this ___ ?

Promotes stomach acid to enter the esophagus

What substances are needed for chemical actions to take place within the cells of the body?

Protein, vitamins, minerals and oxygen

What are present in blood but are not present in lymph?

Red blood cells and platelets

Lymphatic System

Removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption

Urinary System

Removes waste products from the circularly system

The ___ is the organ in which the chyme is formed during digestion

Stomach

Causes of hemorrhoids

Straining during bowel moments, pregnancy and obesity, added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus

Each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process

TRUE

Nutrition influences gene expression

TRUE

Digestive Enzymes are very specific with regard to ___?

They type of chemical reaction they catalyze, vitamin or mineral co-factors they require to function and pH of the environment in which they function

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Hormone

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, waste, gases and hormones throughout the body

Name one of the primary taste sensations

Umami

Lymph contains what?

White blood cells, plasma and dietary fats

a deficiency of ____ is likely to impair the immune system

Zinc, Protein and Vitamin A

The exchange of nutrients , oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the

capillaries

The order of the Large Intestine

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fluids daily and consuming more fiber daily

Regularly ignoring the need to defecate may lead to

hemorrhoids and constipation

The circulation of water-soluble nutrients from the GI tract to the liver is via the ___?

hepatic portal vein

What is the name of the cellular structure that houses DNA

nucleus

The mitochondria are sometimes called the ___ of the cell

powerhouses

DNA

stores genetic codes in the nucleus

Nutrition Advise

structures to meet personal and cultural preferences will be met with greater success

Peristalsis refers to

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tact