Health 1020 Chapter 3
The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in ___?
Activating some digestive enzymes, making dietary minerals soluble and partially digesting protein
Fat is ___
Adipose tissue
Epinephrine is also called
Adrenaline
The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of ___ ?
Amylase
Liver
Bile
One substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is
Bile
Parts of the Urinary System
Bladder, Urethra and Kidneys
least complex to most complex
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system
Only the enzymes from the digestive system are made of protein
FALSE
The stomach is the size of most nutrient digestion and absorption
FALSE
The secretion of more cholesterol into bile may lead to ___ ?
Gallstones
Chromosome
Genetic material which contains several genes
What 2 factors are needed for development of celiac disease?
Genetic predisposition to celiac disease and dietary exposure to gluten
Pituitary Glands
Growth Hormone
In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine ___ ?
Has increased bacterial action, lacks villi and lacks digestive enzymes
Stomach
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
What illustrates the connectedness of the immune system with nutritional status?
Impaired wound healing due to vitamin C deficiency, an individual with HIV and increased risk of food-borne illness and famine and increased rate of infection
Pancreas
Manufactures hormones
What organelles are capable of converting energy from nutrients into a cell form the cells can use?
Mitochondria
What cell components are organelles?
Mitochondrion and Lysosome
Glucose is ___
Muscle and liver
Facilitated Diffusion
Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier protein
Passive Diffusion
Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to one of a lower concentration without the aid of a carrier
Active Absorption
Nutrients move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration which requires a carrier protein and energy
Endocrine System
Regulates metabolism through the actions of hormones
Mouth
Salivary Amylase
When gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine , a person usually experiences pain in the
Upper right abdomen
what are the components of urine
Urea, Water and Excess Vitamins
Weight, skinfold thickness and body circumference are measures of
anthropometric data
The chyme produced in the stomach is very acidic and would damage the absorptive cells that line the small intestine. To neutralize this acid, the pancreas releases ___ into the small intestine
biocarbonate
Vitamins and minerals support metabolism by
contributing to enzyme activity
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system
facilitate the exchange of oxygen, delivering hormones to target cells and distributing nutrients
The initial goal of diet therapy for diarrhea is to provide
fluids and electrolytes
Bile is stored in the ___
gallbladder
The storage form of glucose in the body
glycogen
Regular use of ___ may cause constipation
iron supplement, antacid and calcium supplements
Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to
liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile
The kidney and lungs work together to
maintain acidic-base balance
regulatory system that centrally controls body functions
nervous
Insulin lowers blood glucose by___?
promoting the uptake of glucose into body cells
Gene
segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein
Stomach
some alcohol (about 20%)
Gallbladder
stores bile
RNA
transmits the genetic code from the nucleus to sites of protein synthesis within the cell
Components of urine
water, vitamins and urea
Genetic variations that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
A delay in the removal of cholesterol form the blood and high levels of homocysteine in the blood
The high energy compound generated by metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and the proteins in cells
ATP
What signs and symptoms can indicate a peptic ulcer?
Abdominal pain after eating, unexpected weight loss and nausea and vomiting
Calcium is ___
Bones
Digestive System
Breaks down food both mechanically and chemically
Self contained living structures that join together to form tissues are called ___
Cells
What accurately describes an organelle
Compartment, particle or filament and preforms a specialized function
Nervous System
Detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions
What are digestive complaints that commonly caused by bacterial infection?
Diarrhea and peptic ulcers
Preventing pathogens from invading the body is what 2 system's job?
Digestive and Immune
The order of the Small Intestine as they appear on the GI
Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
The regulation of blood glucose level by insulin and glucagon is the ___ function of the pancreas
Endocrine
Adrenal Glands
Epinephrine & Nonrepinephrine
Vitamins and Minerals can be broken down to yield energy
FALSE
The brain primarily relies on ___ for energy
Glucose
Small Intestine
Glucose, Vitamins and bile acids
Pancreas
Insulin & Glucagon
The pain to related GERD is due to ___?
Irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid
The organs that work together to maintain the acid-base balance of the blood
Kidney and Lungs
What digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes , has a number of mucus-producing cells, absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and has the minerals sodium and potassium?
Large Intestine
Fats are digested by ___?
Lipase
Pancreas
Lipase, amylase, protease and bicarbonate
___ vessels empty their contents (including chylomicrons) into the cardiovascular system through a duct near the heart
Lymph
What are possible causes of acute diarrhea?
Microorganisms and Mal absorbed carbohydrates
Digestive Organs in the Order that they digest food
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
The pathway that food takes
Mouth, pharynx, epiglottis and esophagus
Large Intestine
Potassium and sodium
Rolls of the endocrine system
Produce hormones, plays a major roll with the regulation of metabolism and maintains water balance
Liver
Produces bile
An individual with GERD should not lie down after eating as this ___ ?
Promotes stomach acid to enter the esophagus
What substances are needed for chemical actions to take place within the cells of the body?
Protein, vitamins, minerals and oxygen
What are present in blood but are not present in lymph?
Red blood cells and platelets
Lymphatic System
Removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption
Urinary System
Removes waste products from the circularly system
The ___ is the organ in which the chyme is formed during digestion
Stomach
Causes of hemorrhoids
Straining during bowel moments, pregnancy and obesity, added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus
Each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process
TRUE
Nutrition influences gene expression
TRUE
Digestive Enzymes are very specific with regard to ___?
They type of chemical reaction they catalyze, vitamin or mineral co-factors they require to function and pH of the environment in which they function
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone
Cardiovascular System
Transports nutrients, waste, gases and hormones throughout the body
Name one of the primary taste sensations
Umami
Lymph contains what?
White blood cells, plasma and dietary fats
a deficiency of ____ is likely to impair the immune system
Zinc, Protein and Vitamin A
The exchange of nutrients , oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the
capillaries
The order of the Large Intestine
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon
Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes
consuming more fluids daily and consuming more fiber daily
Regularly ignoring the need to defecate may lead to
hemorrhoids and constipation
The circulation of water-soluble nutrients from the GI tract to the liver is via the ___?
hepatic portal vein
What is the name of the cellular structure that houses DNA
nucleus
The mitochondria are sometimes called the ___ of the cell
powerhouses
DNA
stores genetic codes in the nucleus
Nutrition Advise
structures to meet personal and cultural preferences will be met with greater success
Peristalsis refers to
waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tact