Health and Nutrition Exam 2

What is connective tissue?

The most abundant tissue type in the body, made up of collagen, provides support and protection.

Where does the first double bond occur in a fatty acid?

The third carbon.

Why is fat necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

They can't be absorbed without fat in the gut.

_____ ______ ______ are unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond

Trans fatty acids

What is the function of LDL?

Transports cholesterol molecules through the body.

What are the three lipids found in foods and the body?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

_______ is known as a protein-splitting enzyme secreted from the pancreas

Trypsin

________ is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins

Trypsin

The most common type of diabetes is

Type 2 diabetes

A fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bond within the carbon chain is known as _______

Unsaturated fatty acid

Name some sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.

Vegetable oils, soybeans, walnuts, peanut butter, flaxseeds, wheat germ.

_______ _______ ______ are fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet

essential fatty acids

Vegetarian diets are often lower in _____ and _______ , causing possible problems with a plant-based diet in children

fat, energy

Any excess of protein intake is converted into _____ ______.

fatty acids

Personalized nutrition involves making dietary choices based upon your _______ _________

genetic makeup

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues to the liver to be eliminated is known as __________

high density lipoprotein

In the stomach ________ ______ and ______ participate in the chemical digestion of protein.

hydrochloric acid, pepsin

When individuals have a high-protein diet,

it supports the deposition of protein in tissues and the growth of a young person

What is an omega-3 fatty acid?

A fatty acid where the double bond forms at the third carbon.

What is collagen?

A protein that provides structural support to body tissues.

What is trans fat?

A type of fat created by manufacturers through hydrogenation, which increases shelf life and resistance to rancidity.

What are some negative effects of consuming too much saturated fat?

High levels of bad LDL cholesterol and increased risk for heart disease.

What are the risks for women over 35 getting pregnant?

Higher risk for diabetes and hypertension

Where are omega-6 fatty acids typically found?

In processed foods.

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

Increased risk of blood clots, heart attack, or stroke.

What are the risks of overdoing protein intake?

Increased risk of heart disease, kidney stones, calcium loss from bones.

_______ fiber generally does not change in water

Insoluble

_______ is a hormone secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas, helping regulate blood glucose levels

Insulin

_________ helps glucose enter cells

Insulin

What is the main nutrient missing from breast milk?

Iron

What happens to a mother's diabetes after delivery?

It goes back to normal

Why is cow milk dangerous for babies?

It is not suitable for their little bodies

How does trans fat affect heart health?

It raises LDL (bad) cholesterol and lowers HDL (good) cholesterol, increasing the risk for heart disease.

What are the risks associated with gestational diabetes?

Jaundice, birth defects, breathing problems in the baby

elevated _____ is strongly linked to increased risk of CVD

LDL

What is macrosomia?

Large baby weighing more than 8 pounds, 13 oz

What are the advantages of breastfeeding over formula?

Less expensive, more convenient

How much saturated fat should be consumed for heart health?

Less than 10 percent of total calories.

In the body, ______ provides insulation against cold temperatures

Lipids

_______ is the synthesis of fatty acids; 2 carbon acetyl CoA units are bound together

Lipogenesis

What is the increased risk for foodborne illness during pregnancy?

Listeria infection

What are the desired levels of LDL and HDL?

Low LDL and high HDL.

What are the increased nutrient needs for pregnant women?

More calories, carbs, and protein

_______ are chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol; found in grains, fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and legumes

Stanols

__________ is the presence of lipid in the stool, and can occur in the gallbladder

Steatorrhea

What are the steps in treating Protein Energy Malnutrition?

Step 1: Address life-threatening factors, Step 2: Restore depleted tissue, Step 3: Transition to foods and physical activity.

What are the functions of proteins?

Structural and mechanical support for body tissues.

What are the functions of proteins in the body?

1. Provide structural and mechanical support and maintenance. 2. Build enzymes and hormones. 3. Maintain fluid balance. 4. Maintain acid-base balance. 5. Transport substances. 6. Provide antibodies for the immune response.

2 of the 3 most important dietary monosaccharides for humans include:

1. glactose 2. glucose 3. lactose

What participates in the chemical digestion of protein in he stomach?

1. hydrochloric acid denatures food proteins and activates pepsin 2. polypeptides enter the smaller intestine and the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes 3. enzymes release by absorptive cells break down shortened peptide into dipeptides and tripeptides

Proteins are used to:

1. maintain fluid balance 2. prevent edema 3. act as a buffer 4. maintain acid-base balance 5. maintain the proper pH of body fluids

Some roles of lipids in the body include:

1. providing and storing energy 2. forming and maintaining cell membranes 3. producing steroid hormones 4. insulating the body against cold temperatures 5.cushioning the body against bumps and blows

How much carbs should pregnant women consume per day?

175 grams

What is the AMDR of DRI for fat?

20-35 percent of total calories.

What is the maximum daily sodium intake?

2300 mg, but it decreases to 1500 mg as you get older

How much breast milk should a baby consume in a day?

24 oz in the first 6 months, 16 oz in the second 6 months

What is the recommended weight gain for women with a BMI of 18.5-24.9?

25-35 pounds

How many additional calories should pregnant women consume in the second trimester?

340 calories

What is Marasmic Kwashiorkor?

A condition that combines the symptoms of both Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

What is polypharmacy?

A condition where a person takes multiple medications

What is Protein Energy Malnutrition?

A condition where an individual does not get enough protein, leading to wasted and stunted growth.

What is an omega-6 fatty acid?

A fatty acid where the double bond forms at the sixth carbon.

What are the functions of fat-soluble vitamins?

Absorption and utilization.

What should be avoided while breastfeeding?

Alcohol, illicit drugs, excessive caffeine, raw meats, and fish with high mercury content

Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of _________, containing _____, ______, ________, and __________.

Amino acids; Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

______ refers to a metabolic pathway that builds larger molecules from smaller ones; most chemical reactions that occur in living cells require specific enzymes

Anabolism

A serious drop in blood pressure that occurs when sensitive people are exposed to food allergens is known as ______

Anaphylaxis

What is the difference between animal and plant sources of protein?

Animal sources are considered complete, while plant sources are not.

What exercises should be done for muscle strengthening?

At least twice a week

What contributes to the development of atherosclerosis?

High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and smoking.

What are some examples of foods that contain fat?

Butter, processed foods, fish (for omega-3 fatty acids).

_______ is a group of diseases that affect the heart and the blood vessels, including the coronary artery disease of the blood vessels

CVD

What are the non-essential amino acids?

Can be synthesized by the body.

______ refers to metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones

Catabolism

_______ _______ is an inherited condition in which the protein gluten cannot be absorbed, resulting in damage to the small intestine and poor absorption of nutrients

Celiac Disease

The body uses _______ as a precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and Vitamin D

Cholesterol

Why is cholesterol important for the body?

Cholesterol is a part of our cell membranes and a precursor for vitamin D, sex hormones, and bile acids.

What is plaque made of in atherosclerosis?

Cholesterol-laden foam cells, platelets, and other substances.

What is pica?

Craving for nonfood substances

What can alcohol dependence lead to in the elderly?

Displacement of nutritional food

______ is defined as the capacity to do work

Energy

________ is the capacity to perform work, and can neither be created nor destroyed

Energy

What is the role of fat in the body?

Energy source, insulation, cushioning.

What are the objectives for Chapter 14?

Explain importance of lifestyle factors, identify nutrient needs, describe benefits of breastfeeding, discuss nutritional needs of infants

What makes up the 25-35 pounds of weight gain during pregnancy?

Extra fat, uterus and breast weight, increased blood volume, baby weight, placenta and other fluids

_________ are a hydrocarbon chain found in lipids, usually identified by the number of carbon atoms and the type of bond between them

Fatty Acids

What are monounsaturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids that contain one double bond, causing them to bend.

What are saturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids that contain only single bonds between carbon molecules.

What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids that contain two or more double bonds.

What is colostrum?

Fluid produced after birth, rich in antibodies, proteins, minerals, and vitamin A

_________ is an unpleasant physical reaction following consumption of certain foods

Food intolerance

What can be used as an alternative to breast milk if a baby can't digest it?

Formula

What stimulates the release of fat from fat cells?

Glucagon.

A person suffering celiac disease must avoid consuming foods that contain _______.

Gluten

What is the importance of DHA omega 3 fat during pregnancy?

Good for brain development and retina

A low ____ is linked to an increased risk of CVD

HDL

How does having enough protein in a meal affect satiety?

Having enough protein in a meal can keep you feeling full for longer compared to having carbs.

What are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

Healthier than saturated and trans fats.

What are the essential amino acids?

Must be obtained from the diet.

What are the key nutrient needs for women in the first trimester?

N/A

What are the two points of view on high protein low carb diets?

N/A

What is atherosclerosis?

Narrowing of arteries from plaque buildup.

Do babies grow as fast as they did in infancy?

No, their growth slows down

What are conditionally essential amino acids?

Non-essential amino acids that must be consumed in the diet under certain conditions.

What is gestational diabetes?

Occurs in women during pregnancy

What are DHA and EPA?

Omega-3 fatty acids that should be consumed in a total of about 1000 milligrams.

Why are essential fatty acids important?

Our bodies cannot produce omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, so we need to obtain them from external sources.

How are amino acids formed together?

Peptide bonds.

A vegetarian who consumes fish, milk products, and eggs for animal protein is a _________

Pescavegetarian

What is lactation?

Production of breast milk after childbirth

What hormones are involved in lactation?

Prolactin (promotes milk production) and oxytocin (causes milk release)

Why is protein important for moving cholesterol throughout the system?

Protein helps transport cholesterol because fat does not mix well with water.

What are the deficiencies associated with vegetarian diets?

Protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, riboflavin, vitamins B12 and A, omega-3 fatty acids.

How can proteins be used in the body?

Proteins can be used as fuel or energy.

What is the effect of proteins on satiety?

Proteins increase satiety, helping control appetite and weight.

What is the energy value of proteins?

Proteins provide 4 calories per gram.

What foods should pregnant women avoid to reduce the risk of foodborne illness?

Raw and undercooked meat, fish, poultry, unpasteurized milk, cheese, and juices

What are the benefits of vegetarian diets?

Reduced risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, stroke, and obesity.

What are the risks of eating too little protein?

Reduction of lean body mass, increased risk of frailty, impaired healing, decreased immune function.

What is the function of HDL?

Removes excess cholesterol from the bloodstream.

What is an example of a complete source of protein?

Rice and beans, as they complement each other in terms of amino acid content.

What should be minimized in the diet to promote heart health?

Saturated fat and trans fat.

What are the three main types of fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

What are the symptoms of Marasmus?

Severe deficiency of calories, emaciation, lack of growth, loss of fat stores.

What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor?

Severe deficiency of dietary protein, edema, muscle loss, skin rashes, hair changes, water and electrolyte imbalances.

________ _______ _____ is an essential fatty acid

alpha-linolenic acid

Alanine is an _____ ____ that can be made by the body

amino acid

After absorption, _______ ______ travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

amino acids

The metabolic reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones is called _________

anabolism

Series of specific reactions in the cell are known as ________ _________

chemical pathways

The liver uses _______ to make bile

cholesterol

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called __________

coenzymes

a _____ carbohydrate has 3 or more monosaccharides joined together

complex

Consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to ___________

dehydration

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of ___________

diabetes

The synthesis of fatty acids is known as ______

lipogenesis

The ________ is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans

liver

a lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissue is known as __________

low density lipoprotein

Of the lipoproteins ____ _____ ______ contain the highest percentage of cholesterol.

low density lipoproteins

Some common foods known for producing allergic responses include

milk and nuts

Foods that provide a high-protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal protein includes :

nuts, legumes, an dairy products such as cottage cheese or greek yogurt

_______ _______ digests starch in the small intestine

pancreatic amylase

lectin is a type of _________

phospholipid

a typical vegetarian diet can include

plant-based foods

The main source of added sugar in American diets are _____ _____ ____ and ______ ______

refined sugar cane sugar beets

Fructose is an example of _______ __________.

simple carbohydrates

_______ fiber usually dissolves in water or swells

soluble

Digestion of proteins begin in the _____, and the into the ______ _____; the pancreas and intro the capillary of the vilus, from the liver into the hepatic portal vein and the rest to circulation

stomach, small intestine

When you have protein-energy malnutrition,

you lack or have an inadequate amount of one or more of the essential amino acids, reducing the protein's ability to support growth, repair, and maintain tissue

What is the recommended sodium intake for individuals over 50?

≤1,500 milligrams/day