Health Ch.1

US Life Expectancy

#42 AGE 79 found in CIA world factbook South Africa #222 AGE 49- not 3rd world country like people think

Social Determinants

**Factors Influencing Health Behavior Choices *Personal - genetics, age, gender, and education *Environmental -Interpersonal - co-workers, family, and peers -Community/Social - physical environment, education, transportation, access to health care, work conditions, urban design, and SES -Public policy - national, state, and local laws, Healthy People 2020, FDA, USDA, EPA, and CDC

Controversies in Health Care

**Health care crisis in the U.S. Americans lag behind citizens of other wealthy nations in life expectancy, infant mortality, etc. 2008 - 47 million in U.S. without health insurance Up to 45,000 die annually due to no insurance 62% of bankruptcies in '07 linked to health costs Health care in America is rationed based on the ability to pay - should it be accessible to all?

The Healthy People Initiative

*Healthy People 2020 -Eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death -Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups -Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all -Promote healthy development and healthy behaviors across every stage of life *Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators & Priority Issues -physical activity -obesity -tobacco use -substance abuse -responsible sexual behavior -mental health -injury and violence -environmental quality -immunization -access to health care ****Know goals

Levels of prevention

*Primary prevention: strategies emphasize general health promotion, risk factor reduction, and other health protective measures. Measures meant to elliminate injury and illness -Some examples of primary prevention include: --Immunization --Public health education --Chlorination and filtration of public water --Laws (i.e. seatbelts, child safety seats) *Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of disease. Its purpose is to cure disease, slow progression, or reduce impact on individuals or communities. Short term, acute care. -Some examples of secondary prevention include: --BSE, TSE, Mammography, Colonoscopy --Screening for Hypertension, Diabetes, HIV --Medical interventions (going to DOC) *Tertiary prevention seeks to reduce the impact caused by the disease on the patient's function, longevity, and quality of life. Long term. Not always cured, treated to an extent. -Some examples of tertiary prevention include: --Cardiac rehabilitation --Physical and Occupational therapy --Follow-up exams

Public Health & Community Health

*Public Health -Focuses on the health of populations of people rather than individuals, wide spread, VA *Community Health -Aims to improve the health of those people within a defined community (government or private), focused, defined, Harrisonburg

Enhancing Your Readiness to Change

*Transtheoretical or "Stages of Change" model -Precontemplation - Contemplation - Preparation - Action - Maintenance - Termination ***You will be given examples of these

Dealing with Lapse and Relapse

-Don't give up -Return to a previous stage of the behavior change process if needed -Reevaluate your goals and strategy if necessary

Building Motivation to Change

-Examine the pros and cons of change -Boost self-efficacy -- Locus of control (internal control versus external control) -Visualization and self-talk -Role models and supportive people -Identify and overcome barriers to change

Reaching Wellness through Lifestyle Management

-Getting serious about your health -Examine your current health habits - Choose a target behavior -Learn about your target behavior - Find help

Factors that influence wellness

-Health habits - Heredity/family history -Environment - Access to health care -Taking personal responsibility for your wellness

DEFINITIONS OF "HEALTH"

-Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity -The overall condition of body or mind and the presence of absence of illness or injury.

Being Healthy for Life

-Maintaining good health is an ongoing process -Keep informed about the latest health news -There are some things you can't completely control ----Heredity ----Health care ----Environment -Be active in promoting healthy lifestyles and environmental choices in others

Wellness

-Optimal health and vitality, encompassing all the dimensions of well-being *7 dimensions- all inter-related Physical Emotional Intellectual Interpersonal-social Spiritual Environmental Financial

5 Leading causes of death for age group 15-24

-unintentional injury -homicide -suicide -malignant neoplasms (cancer) -heart disease

10 Great Public Health Achievements of the Past Century

-vaccinations -motor vehicle safety -safer workplaces -control of infectious diseases -safer and healthier foods -healthier mothers and babies -family planning -flouridation of drinking water -recognition of tobacco as a health hazard -reduced deaths from heart attack and stroke

Developing Skills for Change: Creating a Personalized Plan

1-Monitor your behavior and gather data 2-Analyze the data and identify patterns 3-Devise a plan of action --Get what you need --Modify your environment --Control related habits --Reward yourself --Involve the people around you --Plan for challenges 4-Make a personal contract **SMART acronym

Chronic disease

A disease that develops and continues over a long time. *leading causes of death -All people:#1 heart disease -Teens (15-24): accidents/unintentional injuries, cars, alcohol

Health Challenges in a Changing Society

Be an informed (and skeptical) consumer Develop "health literacy" - the ability to read, understand, and act on medical information and learn to navigate the health care system Understand and critically evaluate medical research studies (correlation vs. cause & effect; repeated results; sponsors of studies; peer-reviewed publications) Understand current health concerns

Infectious disease

Conditions caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. -contracted by humans

Incidence

Measure of the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time. Although sometimes loosely expressed simply as the number of new cases during some time period, it is better expressed as a proportion or a rate with a denominator. -Answers the questions: "How many people per year newly acquire this disease?".

Health Issues for Diverse Populations

Sex and gender Ethnicity Income and education Disability Geographic location Sexual orientation

Mortality rate

The number of deaths in population in a given period of time. -death rates

Health Promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health. *Determinants: might put you at risk for disease (genetics, age)

Disease Prevention

The process of providing tools that people and communities need to protect their health by reducing risks; promoting health; preventing disease, injury, and disability; and preparing for new health threats -reduce health risks

Prevalence

The proportion of a population found to have a condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use). It is arrived at by comparing the number of people found to have the condition with the total number of people studied, and is usually expressed as a fraction, as a percentage or as the number of cases per 10,000 or 100,000 people -Answers the question: "How many people have this disease right now?"

Morbidity rate

The relative incidence of disease among a population. -illness, injury, expresses rates, states, numbers -includes injury