Health Issues: Chapter 8 - Rejecting Tobacco Use

A small percentage of smokers, known as ___, can smoke on occasion without becoming dependent.

"chippers"

Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoke can be described on the basis of what two phases?

(1) a particulate phase (2) a gaseous phase

The relationship between tobacco use and cardiovascular disease is centered on what two major components of tobacco smoke?

(1) nicotine (2) carbon monoxide

A typical cigarette supplies how many milligrams of nicotine?

0.05 - 2.5 mg

A two-pack-a-day smoker can anticipate cancer-related tissue changes in ___ years.

10

Once carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin and becomes carbohemoglobin, the red blood cells remain relatively useless during the remainder of their ___-day lives.

120

When was the surgeon general's first official statement of concern by the federal government regarding the dangers of smoking?

1964

Smokers increase their risk of cardiac arrest by ___ times.

2 - 4

A one-pack-a-day smoker can anticipate cancer-related tissue changes in ___ years.

20

What is the term for an amount of smoking equal to smoking one pack of cigarettes a day for 20 years?

20 pack-years

In the opinion of the American Cancer Society (ACS), ___ percent of all cancer cases are heavily influenced by tobacco use.

30

Smoking and using oral contraceptives, especially after age ___, increases the risk of experiencing a fatal cardiovascular accident.

35

A half-pack-a-day smoker can anticipate cancer-related tissue changes in ___ years.

40

What is the lethal dose of nicotine to humans?

40 - 60 mg (0.06 - 0.09 mg/kg)

At least ___ of the chemicals in the gaseous phase have been determined to be carcinogens or co-carcinogenic promoters.

60

Two-pack-a-day smokers can expect to die ___ years earlier than their nonsmoking counterparts will.

7 - 8

___ percent of men with lung cancer are cigarette smokers.

87

What is the temperature of the burning tip of the cigarette?

900 degrees Celsius 1,652 degrees Fahrenheit

___ is now the leading cause of death for Americans under 80 years of age.

Cancer

___ is one of the most harmful components of tobacco smoke.

Carbon monoxide

___ is the leading cause of death among all adults.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

___ reflects a strong emotional desire to continue tobacco use despite restrictions on smoking and the awareness of health risks.

Compulsion

True or False. Nicotine is a powerful vasodilator of the peripheral blood vessels.

False. Nicotine is a powerful vasoconstrictor of the peripheral blood vessels.

True or False. Norepinephrine is a powerful depressant that decreases the heart rate.

False. Norepinephrine is a powerful stimulant that increases the heart rate.

___ is made possible by the existence of various reward systems built around the use of tobacco.

Indulgence

___ suggests that susceptible people smoke to emulate, or model their behavior after, smokers whom they admire or with whom they share other social or emotional bonds.

Modeling

___ traps much of the suspended particulate matter within tobacco smoke.

Mucus

True or False. Burning tobacco forms carbon monoxide (CO) gas.

True

True or False. Carbohemoglobin is unable to transport oxygen to the tissues and cells where it is needed.

True

True or False. Carbon monoxide is a gas with a very strong physical attraction for hemoglobin.

True

True or False. Carbon monoxide is colorless.

True

True or False. Carbon monoxide is odorless.

True

True or False. Carbon monoxide is tasteless.

True

True or False. Chippers have a highly developed level of control over their smoking.

True

True or False. Dependence can imply both a physical and a psychological relationship.

True

True or False. Nicotine can decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.

True

True or False. Nicotine can increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.

True

True or False. Nicotine can increase very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels.

True

True or False. Nicotine has long-term and short-term disruptive influences on the central nervous system (CNS).

True

True or False. Nicotine has long-term disruptive influences on the central nervous system (CNS).

True

True or False. Nicotine has short-term disruptive influences on the central nervous system (CNS).

True

True or False. Nicotine increases blood platelet adhesiveness.

True

True or False. Nicotine is a powerful psychotropic drug.

True

True or False. Nicotine is a powerful vasoconstrictor of the peripheral blood vessels.

True

True or False. Nondaily smokers can show classic signs of withdrawal.

True

True or False. Research shows that irreversible atherosclerotic damage to major arteries also occurs with smoking.

True

True or False. Norepinephrine is a powerful stimulant that increases the heart rate.

True.

Nicotine also affects the transmission of nerve signals at the neuromuscular junction by mimicking the action of ___.

acetylcholine

What theory of dependence suggests that nicotine stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, causing the release of beta endorphins that produce euphoria?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) theory

Only the gases and the smallest particles reach the ___.

alveoli

What is the term for chest pain that results form impaired blood supply to the heart muscle?

angina pectoris

What are the mood-enhancing, pain-reducing, opiatelike chemicals produced within the smoker's body in response to the presence of nicotine?

beta endorphins

What are the naturally occurring opiatelike chemicals?

beta endorphins

An elevated heart rate increases cardiac output, which increases ___.

blood pressure

In the ___ of nicotine addiction, each inhalation of smoke releases a concentrated dose of nicotine into the blood that reaches the brain and results in a period of neurohormonal excitement.

bolus theory

What is one of the oldest and most general theories of addiction?

bolus theory

What is the theory of nicotine addiction based on the body's response to the bolus (ball) of nicotine delivered to the brain with each inhalation of cigarette smoke?

bolus theory

Once carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin and becomes ___, the red blood cells remain relatively useless during the remainder of their 120-day lives.

carbohemoglobin

When carbon monoxide (CO) is inhaled, it quickly bonds with hemoglobin and forms a new compound called ___.

carbohemoglobin

What is a chemical compound that can "inactivate" red blood cells?

carbon monoxide (CO)

What is the most damaging compound found in the gaseous phase of tobacco smoke.

carbon monoxide (CO)

What is the term for environmental agents, including chemical compounds within cigarette smoke, that stimulate the development of cancerous changes within cells?

carcinogens

What is the term for immediate death resulting from a sudden change in the rhythm of the heart causing loss of heart function?

cardiac arrest

An elevated heart rate increases ___, which increases blood pressure.

cardiac output

The ___ is one of the body's principal control and coordination mechanisms.

central nervous system (CNS)

The respiratory mucus, with its trapped particulates, is continuously swept upward by the ___.

cilia

What are the small, hairlike structures that extend from cells that line the air passages?

cilia

The state of ___ causes users to consume greater quantities of nicotine over extended periods of time, further endangering their health.

dependence

What is the term for a physical or psychological need to continue the use of a drug?

dependence

Cigarette smokers are more than ___ the risk of experiencing a myocardial infarction.

double

What is the term for a potentially fatal condition in which a circulating blood clot lodges in a smaller vessel?

embolism

Nicotine also causes the release of ___ from the adrenal glands.

epinephrine

What is the term for a complex interplay of physical and emotional states that suggest heightened energy, enhanced mood, and greater resistance to pain and discomfort?

euphoria

Women who both smoke and use oral contraceptives are ___ times more likely to die from myocardial infarction than are women who only smoke.

four

What is the portion of the tobacco smoke containing carbon monoxide and many other physiologically active gaseous compounds?

gaseous phase

The respiratory mucus is produced by specialized ___ cells.

goblet

What is the small area of the brain at ear level that plays a critical role in the communication of information to the area of the brain where behavioral decisions are formulated?

insula

What is the term for the process of adopting the behavioral patterns of a person one admires or has bonds with?

modeling

In a normally functioning respiratory system, particulates in the inhaled air settle on the lining and become trapped in ___.

mucus

What is the clear, sticky material produced by specialized cells within the mucous membranes of the body?

mucus

What is the leading cause of death from cardiovascular disease?

myocardial infarction

What is the term for a heart attack?

myocardial infarction

Women who both smoke and use oral contraceptives are four times more likely to die from ___ than are women who only smoke.

myocardial infarction

What is the term for the death of heart muscle as a result of a blockage in one of the coronary arteries?

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

What is a physiologically active, dependence-producing drug found in tobacco?

nicotine

Part-time smokers are also called ___.

nondaily smokers

Nicotine stimulates the nervous system to release ___.

norepinephrine

Fully ___ of all cardiovascular disease can be traced to cigarette smoking.

one-third

Smoking and using ___, especially after age 35, increases the risk of experiencing a fatal cardiovascular accident.

oral contraceptives

A person who smokes one pack of cigarettes per day collects four ___ of tar in his or her lungs in a year.

ounces

Sandwiched between regular smokers and chippers is a newly emerging group of smokers called ___.

part-time smokers

The ___ phase includes nicotine, water, and a variety of powerful chemicals known collectively as tar.

particulate

What is the portion of the tobacco smoke composed of small suspended particles?

particulate phase

The development of addiction reflects a strong genetic predisposition to ___.

physical dependence

What is the term for the tendency of platelets to clump together, thus enhancing the speed at which the blood clots?

platelet adhesiveness

What theory suggests that nicotine, through the effects of mood-enhancing dopamine, may allow smokers to "treat" feelings of tiredness, lack of motivation, or even depression?

self-medication theory

What is a chemically rich, syrupy, blackish-brown material obtained from the particulate matter within cigarette smoke when nicotine and water are removed?

tar

What is the term for adjusting the level of nicotine by adjusting the rate of smoking?

titration

What is the term for the particular level of a drug within the body?

titration

RAD9 is an important ___ suppressor gene.

tumor