Health Psychology Week 6 Questions

_________ and __________ are the two most critical hormones released during the stress-response.

Glucocorticoids Adrenaline

According to Robert Sapolsky's writing on Endocrinology of the stress-response, the two most critical hormones released during the stress-response are:

Glucocorticoids and adrenaline

Which part of the body secrets endorphins?

Pituitary gland

___________________________________ examines how people develop and sustain hope, wisdom, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, and perseverance in the face of significant stress.

Positive Psychology

_________ is the evaluation of the significance of a stressor or threatening event.

Primary appraisal

In the early 1900s, __________ related to infectious pathogns were the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently, _______ are the major causes of mortibidty and mortality in the U.S. and most industrialized countries.

acute diseases, chronic diseases

The three-stage General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), consists of:

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

According to Ulchino, familial transaction include the following that set the basis for "supportive relational schemas":

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: Affection Positive involvement

This provokes a stress response

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: Famine Bills Fatal illness

Biological reactions to stress have been shown to affect all of the following health systems EXCEPT:

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: Immune System Endocrine System Nervous System

Lack of control in terms of the stress response is associated with the following:

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: Increased glucocorticoid secretion Increased risk for ulcers

According to Sapolsky, what aspects of psychological stressors are most stress inducing?

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: Lack of predictability Lack of control Lack of outlets for frustration

In cases of ______________________, children average half the expected height for their age and secrete little GH, even after stimuli that normally elicit GH secretion.

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: Psychosocial dwarfism Stress dwarfism Psychogenic dwarfism

The following are classic features of stress-related disease:

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: a.It is rare that stress directly causes illness b.Stress is likely to worsen a pre-existing disease c.Stress may impair defenses against some other pathogenic risk factor

What behavioral and psychological elements can be targeted in the Bio-Behavioral Model of Cancer related stress and its overall disease course?

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: compliance health behaviors stress

How can stress make the H. pylori more damaging?

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING: Blood flow to the GI tract is inhibited during stress, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients is curtailed. The stomach decides that it is a waste of energy to thicken walls and make mucus if there is only minimal exposure to gastric acids. Glucocorticoids are powerful inhibitors of prostaglandin synthe

What are the two most critical hormones released during the stress response?

Adrenaline, and glucocorticoids

Chronic activation of the cardiovascular stress-response can result in all of the following except:

Increased cortisol levels

According to the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, monitoring (vigilant style of attention) tends to be associated with __________ while blunting (avoidant style of attention) tends to be associated with _________:

Increased distress/arousal and active coping; decreased worry and adherence

Given the general framework of antecedent factors influencing perceived social support, potential mechanisms, and links to health presented in Uchino (2009), which of the following combinations of personality/individual differences may present the greatest risk for negative health outcomes:

Low parental affection, high familial conflict, low self-esteem, low feelings of control

In Sapolsky's article, Endocrinology of the stress-response, the outer layer of the adrenal gland (the cortex) secretes:

NONE OF THE FOLLOWING: Adrenaline Insulin Epinephrine

In the article by Wenzel et al., the primary appraisal process of the Transactional Model Of Stress and Coping, includes which of the following:

NONE OF THE FOLLOWING: Perceived control over outcomes Perceived control over emotions Self-efficacy

What is the most widely researched coping style?

Optimism

Which is most likely to represent early developmental influences?

Perceived Support

_________ relates to an individual's potential to to access social support through a more intrapersonal approach, whereas _________ refers to the utilization or exchange of social resources and is more characteristic of a more interpersonal social approach.

Perceived Support; Received Support

In accordance to the Uchino article on social support, match the concept with its appropriate description.

Perceived social support, intrapersonal approach

. ______________ has been more consistently related to beneficial health outcomes.

Perceived support

What has a great affect on health outcomes?

Perceived support

The majority of studies have found an association between ____________________________ and ______________________________ even when controlling for baseline demographic factors and physical health status.

Perceived support; lower mortality rates

According to Uchino (2009), a majority of studies have found an association between _______ support and ______ mortality rates.

Perceived; lower

__________ examines how people develop and sustain characteristics such as hope, wisdom, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, and perseverance in the face of significant stress.

Positive Psychology

Within the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, (blank) is considered a (blank) of emotional well-being, functional status, and health behaviors, while (blank) is considered a (blank) of those same outcomes.

coping effort; mediator; dispositional coping style; moderator

How does Uchino define received support?

Arising from situational factors

During the stress-response, the core (or medulla) of the adrenal gland secretes which hormone?

Epinephrine

Which of the following is not an example of a secondary appraisal to a stressor?

Examining one's motivational relevance

Which of the following in NOT a strategy of Motivational Interviewing?

Inform the patient without providing choices

Why may perceived support fail?

There is a conflict in the relationship that can undermine the effectiveness of the support.

What is the difference between a stressor and a stress response?

A stressor is anything that disrupts physiological balance and a stress response is the body's adaptation to reestablish balance.

Which of the following is a demonstration of secondary appraisal within the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping?

A student remembers that he often takes things too personally, especially when they are from people he loves.

People with high perceived support:

Are more receptive and benefit more from received support

Seyle developed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) hypothesizing that living organisms exhibit nonspecific changes in response to stressors. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the three stages:

Awareness

"The problems from a patient's difficult childhood caused the cancer", "The client wanted to have cancer", and "The client's negative attitude is making the tumor grow faster" all represent

Cancer myths that are often believed by both those diagnosed with cancer and those who are not.

Information seeking, direct action, inhibition of action, intrapsychic processes, and turning to others for support are techniques used in the _____ for the reduction of stress:

Cognitive behavioral approach model

According to the Transactional Model, the emotional and functional effects of primary and secondary appraisals are mediated by actual _________________________.

Coping strategies

What is the difference between primary and secondary appraisal?

Primary appraisal is a person's judgment about the significance of an event and Secondary appraisal is an assessment of a person's coping skills

_________ refers to one's evaluation of the significance of a stressor, while _________ refers to one's evaluation of the controllability of the stressor.

Primary appraisal; secondary appraisal

An approach that is gaining in popularity is the examination of ___________________ factors as potential mediators of links between _________________ and health

Psychological factors, social support

______________ is one of the most well documented psychosocial factors influencing physical health.

Social Support

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between prolonged stress, sickness, and disease:

Stress makes you more likely to get diseases that make you sick

The _________ is the body's adaptation designed to reestablish the balance

Stress response

Which of the following is NOT a psychological mechanism that has been shown to influence perceived support?

Stress tolerance

According to Wenzel, Glanz, & Lerman, demands made by the internal or external environment that upset balance or homeostatis are:

Stressors

What is optimism?

Tendency to have generalized positive expectancies for outcomes.

All of the following are prominent critical hormones within the stress-response system EXCEPT

Testosterone

What model is the framework for evaluating the process of coping with stressful events:

The Transaction Model of Stress and Coping

The effectiveness of received support (as a coping option) depends heavily on:

The context

Why do immunologists no longer believe that the suppression of immune function is due to the body conserving energy?

The discovery of glucocorticoid-induced killing of lymphocytes that showed the body actually expends energy in order to suppress immune function

According to Sapolsky, "the word stress was borrowed by biologists from _______ in a fairly imprecise way."

engineers

What is primary appraisal?

evaluation of the significance of a stressor or threatening event

Uchino proposes that the development of a(n) (blank) is associated to health through such mechanisms as proactive coping, healthy behavioral choices, and cooperation with medical regimens.

positive psychosocial profile

According to Bert Uchino, perceived support refers to ________________ and received support refers to _________________.

potential access to social support; reported receipt of support resources

According to Uchino, "_______ support is less likely to represent early developmental

received

Circulating fats maintained in the form of fatty acids and glycerol are stored in adipose tissue as _____________.

triglycerides