Healthful living final study guide

What is considered "healthy sleep patterns"?

Adults should get between 7-9 hours of sleep each night and adolescents should get 8 - 10 hours of sleep each night.

What affects a person's risk of addiction?

Genetics, environment, age, medical history.

Good stress vs. Bad stress

Good stress is short-term and it inspires and motivates you, focuses your energy and enhances performance. Bad stress, however, is the kind that wears you out, leaves you jittery and is harmful to your health. Bad stress, or distress, can lead to anxiety, confusion, poor concentration and decreased performance.

Frontal lobe

Responsible for initiating and coordinating motor movements; executive functions, your sense of self

Meds used for acute crisis ex. Panic attacks

SSRIs, SNRI's, Benzodiazepines

By removing the hippocampus how does that impact memory?

The brain can't form new memories

how the triad works collectively to manifest a person's decision.

The brain reward system is a brain circuit that causes feelings of pleasure when it's "turned on" by something we enjoy (see figure), like eating good food or being in love. Whenever this reward circuit is activated, our brains note that something important is happening that's worth remembering and repeating.

How is hunger related to difficulty with learning?

When someone is hungry they have difficulty learning because they are distracted by the hunger and find it hard to focus.

Sleep

your brain's glymphatic (waste clearance) system clears out waste from the central nervous system. It removes toxic byproducts from your brain, which build up throughout the day. This allows your brain to work well when you wake up.

What is the difference between FIXED and GROWTH mindset?

A fixed mindset means you believe intelligence, talent, and other qualities are innate and unchangeable. If you're not good at something, you typically think you will never be good at it. By contrast, a growth mindset means you believe intelligence and talent can be developed with practice and effort.

Depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

Schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions.

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder which means you are hyper and have trouble paying attention

What all body functions are controlled by the brain?

All of them

Most common mental health disorders in the U.S.

Anxiety and depression

Things the midbrain is responsible for

Awareness of body parts, processing vision (color, size motion), controlling movement, The midbrain acts somewhat like a "relay station".

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar means mood swings from depressed to excitable

What is the first organ to shut down if oxygen is not present?

Brain

Neural basis of addiction

Cellular adaptations in prefrontal glutamatergic innervation of the accumbens promote the compulsive character of drug seeking in addicts by decreasing the value of natural rewards, diminishing cognitive control (choice), and enhancing glutamatergic drive in response to drug-associated stimuli.

Difference between: conscious and unconscious when dealing w/ the brain/mental processes

Conscious is things we control such as arm movement, unconscious is things like heartbeat or digestion

Limbic reward system

Deep within the brain is a set of structures called the limbic system. The limbic system contains the brain's reward circuit or pathway. The reward circuit links together a number of brain structures that control and regulate our ability to feel pleasure. Feeling pleasure motivates us to repeat behaviors.

Receptors

Every neuron in your brain has hard-working receptors on its surface that receive signals from nearby neurons.

Excitatory effects and inhibitory effects

Excitatory neurotransmitters have excitatory effects on the neuron. This means they increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. Inhibitory neurotransmitters have inhibitory effects on the neuron. This means they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action.

What effects would psychoactive drugs have on the brain?

Increased neurotransmitter activity.

What is the "emotional brain"?

Limbic system

How are memories and senses related?

Lots of memories are senses and senses allow you to create memories

Mania

Mania means easily excitable and elevated mood

How or where are memories stored?

Memories occur when a specific group of neurons reactivate. Memories are formed and stored in the hippocampus.

Explain how they combine to remodel the brain during adolescence.

Pruning gets rid of weak synapses myelination coating the neuron with a fatty thing which makes the connection faster. Unused connections are not myelinated

How does sleep help learning and memory?

Research suggests that sleep helps learning and memory in two distinct ways. First, a sleep-deprived person cannot focus attention optimally and therefore cannot learn efficiently. Second, sleep itself has a role in the consolidation of memory, which is essential for learning new information.

Things the forebrain(cortex) is responsible for

Senses become organized and conscious, Planning and executing of movements, Emotions, Memory, Thinking! Our sense of self

Stress - what does it affect and how can it affect?

Stress is a natural response to an unpleasant event or thought that happened or will happen. Stress is normal and as long as it doesn't last too long or come around for no reason it is not an issue. If you're constantly under stress, you can have physical symptoms, such as headaches, an upset stomach, high blood pressure, chest pain, and problems with sex and sleep. Stress can also lead to emotional problems, depression, panic attacks, or other forms of anxiety and worry. Stress is also an unpleasant feeling meaning that constant stress can lead to an unpleasant life.

Synapse

Synaptic function is to transmit nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and muscle cell.The synapse, rather, is a small pocket of space between two cells where they can pass messages to communicate.

Review the 5 senses

Taste, Touch, Smell, Sight, Hearing

Brain circuit conveys info 2 ways = what are they

The electrical signals are action potentials, which transmit the information from one of a neuron to the other; the chemical signals are neurotransmitters, which transmit the information from one neuron to the next.

fight or flight

The fight or flight response is a response to sensed danger. This is not always actual danger. When the flight or fight response is activated in the amygdala

Things the hindbrain is responsible for

The hindbrain assists in the regulation of autonomic functions, maintaining balance and equilibrium , movement coordination.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. Areas within the cerebrum control muscle functions and also control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.

What is the job of your NERVE's? What do they connect to, what do they provide/do?

The nerves sense any physical feeling from outside the body such as pain or touch. Nerves also send signals to and from the brain to control muscles, glands etc.

What drugs can increase the chances of later in life - developing psychological disorders?

The vast majority of illegal drugs and some legal drugs such as Benzodiazepines

Why are adolescents more at risk of developing addiction to drugs?

There are multiple factors involved in the way that drugs change the brain and the processes involved with drug abuse and addiction. In a teenager, the effects of changes in the brain occur much faster than in adults. This is because the brain is not yet fully developed. Adolescents also don't have as rational and logical decision making as an adult.

What happens when drugs disrupt the brain's communication system?

They amplify or disrupt the communication between neurons

Legal limit and legal age- dealing w/ alcohol

You have to be 21 to drink alcohol and when driving the legal limit is 0.08 but for people under 21 the legal limit is 0.00

Neurotransmitters

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

Hippocampus

a complex brain structure embedded deep into the temporal lobe. It has a major role in learning and memory.

Nicotine

a drug, a toxic colorless or yellowish oily liquid that is the chief active constituent of tobacco. It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells. Nicotine is also used in insecticides.

receptor

a part of a neuron activated by a neurotransmitter

Naloxone Nasal spray

an emergency treatment for opioid overdose that temporarily reverses the effects of overdose. Naloxone works by blocking the chemical effect opioids have on the brain and restoring breathing.

anxiety

anxiety is feelings of worry or fear

Dopamine

associated with pleasurable sensations, along with learning, memory, motor system function, and more. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter.

Fear

based in the amygdala and fear is a natural, powerful, and primitive human emotion. It involves a universal biochemical response as well as a high individual emotional response. Fear alerts us to the presence of danger or the threat of harm, whether that danger is physical or psychological.

Amygdala

commonly thought to form the core of a neural system for processing fearful and threatening stimuli, including detection of threat and activation of appropriate fear-related behaviors in response to threatening or dangerous stimuli.

Tolerance

happens when a person no longer responds to a drug in the way they did at first. So it takes a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same effect as when the person first used it.Tolerance occurs when the drug is used repeatedly and the body adapts to the continued presence of the drug.

Occipital lobe

helps to process visual information including the recognition of shapes, color, light, and movement.

What about stimulants' effects on the brain?

increase the activity of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine. Prescription stimulants increase alertness, attention, and energy. Their misuse, including overdose, can also lead to psychosis, anger, paranoia, heart, nerve, and stomach problems.

Neurons

information messengers. They use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information between different areas of the brain, and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system

Sleep deprivation

is when a person gets under the recommended/needed hours for sleep for a prolonged period of time.

synapses

part of the circuit that connects sensory organs, like those that detect pain or touch, in the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Synapses connect neurons in the brain to neurons in the rest of the body and from those neurons to the muscles.Neurotransmitters are a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

Prefrontal cortex

plays a central role in cognitive control functions, and dopamine in the PFC modulates cognitive control, thereby influencing attention, impulse inhibition, prospective memory, and cognitive flexibility

label the brain's reward system and the 3 parts of the brain involved.

prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala. -The cortex is the decision that is responsible for executive functions and decisions made. -The amygdala assesses your emotional state and evaluates the level of threat. -The nucleus accumbens processes the risk and rewards dopamine for you to chase what you love and want. The brain reward system is a brain circuit that causes feelings of pleasure when it's "turned on" by something we enjoy (see figure), like eating good food or being in love. Whenever this reward circuit is activated, our brains note that something important is happening that's worth remembering and repeating.

dendrite

receiving part of a neuron

Parietal lobe

responsible for touch and feelings of pain, this lobe interprets language and words along with information from your eyes

Temporal lobe

responsible for understanding language helps integrate information from your senses. you're temporal lobe also has a role to play in short term memory.

Terminal

small swellings found at the terminal ends of axons

Limbic system

supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it critically aids the formation of memories

withdrawal symptoms

symptoms that occur when lowering the dose or quitting a drug that has the ability to form physical dependence. Physical dependence occurs when the brain cannot function normally without the drug

axon

where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons