Heart Anatomy

Describe the pathway of fetal blood flow.

1. Oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred across the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical cord. 2. This blood flows through the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava and then right atrium. 3. This blood flows through the oval foramen into the left atrium. 4. This blood flows into the left ventricle and then into the ascending aorta. 5. This blood gets sent to the brain and lower body. 6. Deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the fetal body enters the right atrium. This blood enters the right ventricle and then the pulmonary trunk. This blood bypasses the fetal lungs through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta, which connects to the umbilical arteries and flows back into the placenta.

List 4 common congenital heart anomalies and the problem associated with each form.

1. Patent ductus arteriosus: Bypasses the lungs. 2. Patent oval foramen: Bypasses the lungs. 3. Ventricular septal defect: Bypasses the lungs. 4. Ventricular hypertrophy: The ejection of blood is reduced.

Explain the function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.

Chordae tendineae hold AV valves in place while the heart is pumping blood. Papillary muscles prevent prolapse of AV valves. These contract during heart contraction.

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart including the pulmonary circulation.

Deoxygenated blood begins in the right atrium. This blood flows into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. This blood then flows through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk, where it enters the right and left pulmonary arteries, which takes the blood to the lungs. The blood, which is now oxygenated, enters the right and left pulmonary veins and is taken to the left atria. This blood passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. Finally, the blood passes through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta where it is pumped to the rest of the body.

List 5 fetal vasculature structures and what they become in a post-partum person.

Ductus arteriosus -> Ligamentum arteriosum Oval foramen -> Oval fossa Ductus venosus -> Ligamentum venosum Umbilical vein -> Round ligament of the liver Umbilical artery -> Medial umbilical ligament

Explain how you differentiate between the anterior and posterior sides of the heart.

On the anterior side of the heart the pulmonary trunk is the most anterior vessel. The ascending aorta is left of the pulmonary trunk, and the superior vena cava is left of the aorta. There are a lot more openings in the posterior side of the heart.

List the 4 problems associated with a fetus suffering from the tetralogy of Fallot.

Right ventricle hypertrophy Ventricular septal defect Pulmonary valve stenosis Narrowed pulmonary trunk

Differentiate between semilunar and AV valves.

Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) separate the ventricles from major arteries. The AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) separate the atria from the ventricles.

Explain why a fetus has a ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.

The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta, which allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's non-functioning lungs. The oval foramen connects the right and left atria, also allowing blood to bypass the fetus's lungs.

Identify the location, origin and destination of the great, middle, small and anterior cardiac veins.

The great cardiac vein is located in the anterior interventricular sulcus and drains into the small cardiac vein. The middle cardiac vein is located in the posterior interventricular septum. The small cardiac vein originates on the right margin of the heart. All three veins flow into the coronary sinus.

Describe what vessels drain into the coronary sinus and where this vessel drains.

The great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, which drains into the right atrium.

Explain the reason for the myocardium thickness difference between the r. and l. ventricles.

The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker in comparison to the right because the left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.

Identify the location, origin and destination of the R. and L. coronary arteries and the branches discussed in class.

The right and left coronary arteries originate from the ascending aorta and feed the respective sides of the heart. The right coronary artery branches into the right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery. The left coronary artery branches into the left marginal artery and the anterior interventricular artery.

Cite the different names for the r. and l. AV valves.

Tricuspid Bicuspid (mitral)

Describe the function of each heart valve.

Tricuspid: Allows flow of blood from the right atria to right ventricle. Bicuspid: Allows blood flow from the left atria to left ventricle. Pulmonary: Allows blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk. Aortic: Allows blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta.