HES 145 - chapter 12
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
-atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, legs, or in the arms -some have no symptoms, others have pain and aching in calves or feet
coronary heart disease (CHD)
-brought on by a blood clot in a coronary artery or an atherosclerotic narrowing that blocks an artery -when blood does not flow readily, there is a decrease in corresponding oxygen flow, and an area of the heart suffers permanent damage -the greatest CVD killer
leukemias
-cancers of the blood-forming parts of the body -an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells
biggest killer in the US
-coronary heart disease (CHD) -causing nearly 1 in every 7 deaths in the United States
occupational and environmental risks
-exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, benzene, arsenic, and vinyl chloride -exposure to radioactive substances -radiation -chemicals in foods
hereditary impacts on CVH
-family history -amount of cholesterol you produce, stress, etc.
genetic and physiological risks of cancer
-genetic predisposition -oncogenes: cancer-causing genes that typically stay dormant but can be activated -hereditary disposition
Aspirin
-has blood-thinning properties -may reduce the risks for future heart attacks among those who have already had a myocardial infarction (MI) event -may increase risk for gastrointestinal bleeding and stroke in those that take it daily -Thrombolysis can be performed if a victim reaches the emergency room quickly enough
infectious diseases and cancer
-hepatitis B and hepatitis C can cause liver cancer -HPV can cause cervical cancer
hypertension
-high BP -untreated hypertension damages blood vessels and increases risk of heart failure and stroke -1/3 US adults have high blood pressure -"silent killer" -diagnosed when systolic pressure exceeds 140
breast cancer risk
-increases with age, includes family history of breast cancer, periods that began early and ended late in life, never having had children, and weight gain after age 18 -regular exercise can help prevent breast cancer
ovarian cancer prevention
-low-fat diet, sleep, stress management, weight control and regular exercise -having an annual pelvic exam is also important
symptoms of ovarian cancer
-most common: enlargement of the abdomen -other symptoms include fatigue, pain during intercourse, unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel or bladder habits
malignant tumors
-not enclosed in a shell and can spread to other organs in a process called metastasis -malignant cells disrupt RNA and DNA, producing mutant cells
angina pectoris
-occurs when there is not enough oxygen to supply the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain or pressure -drugs can dilate veins and provide pain relief (nitroglycerin) -calcium channel blockers can relieve cardiac spasms -beta-blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle
treatment for colon and rectal cancer
-radiation, chemotherapy or surgery -regular exercise, aspirin use, hormone replacement therapy, healthy weight, and removal of polyps appear to decrease risk of colon cancer
breast cancer treatments
-range lumpectomy to radical mastectomy to various combinations of radiation or chemotherapy -selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs), and aromatase inhibitors
lung cancer
-symptoms include: a persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, voice change, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis -smoking, including secondhand smoke, is a primary risk factor -leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States
breast cancer detection
-the earliest signs can be detected with mammograms, even before lumps are felt -regular self-examinations are key
systolic blood pressure
-the upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure -indicates pressure in the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts
angioplasty
-uses a balloon to open the artery to allow blood to flow more freely -carries fewer risks and may be more effective in selected cases than bypass surgery -stents may be inserted to prop open an artery
congestive heart failure (CHF)
-when the heart muscle is damaged or overworked and lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body, and blood and fluids back up into the lungs and other body tissues -shortness of breath and tiredness -treated with digitalis and vasodilators
obesity and cancer risks
-women who gain 55 pounds or more after age 18 have almost a 50% greater risk of breast cancer -relative risk of colon cancer in men is 40% higher for obese men -gallbladder and endometrial cancers are 5x higher in obese individuals than in individuals of healthy weight
health factors (3)
1) having optimal total cholesterol without medication 2) having optimal blood pressure without medication 3) having optimal fasting blood glucose without medication
the cardiovascular system includes: (4)
1) heart 2) arteries, arterioles (small arteries) 3) veins, venules (small veins) 4) capillaries (minute blood vessels)
other risks being studied (2)
1) inflammation and C-reactive protein: occurs when tissues are injured, can lead to plaque formation, during inflammatory reaction, c-reactive protein levels are high 2) homocysteine: amino acid that may promote fat deposit and encourage blood clot development on damaged aterial walls
types of stroke (2)
1) ischemic 2) hemorrhagic
behavioral factors (4)
1) not smoking 2) recommended physical activity 3) a healthy diet pattern 4) a healthy weight
research shows a strong association between CVD problems and the following risk factors: (7)
1) obesity/high BMI 2) exposure to smoking 3) lack of physical activity 4) high cholesterol 5) diabetes 6) high blood pressure 7) genetics
nonmodifiable risks (4)
1) race and ethnicity 2) heredity 3) age 4) gender
weapons for treating cardiovascular disease: (4)
1) statin drugs: chemicals that lower blood cholesterol levels 2) ace inhibitors: cause muscles surrounding the heart to contract, thereby lowering BP 3) beta-blockers: reduce BP by blocking the effects of epinephrine 4) CPR
cancer staging is typically staged based on: (4)
1) the size of the tumor 2) how deeply it has penetrated 3) the number of lymph nodes that are affected 4) the degree of metastasis
acquired (environmental) risks (6)
1) tobacco use 2) poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity 3) stress and psychosocial risks 4) inflammation, certain infectious agents, certain medical treatments 5) drug and alcohol consumption 6) excessive sun exposure and exposure to carcinogens
breast cancer diagnosis rates
1/8 women will be diagnosed
how many US adults meet all of these ICH metrics?
18% meet 5 or more
prostate cancer symptoms
weak or interrupted urine flow; difficulty starting or stopping urination; urge to urinate frequently; blood in urine or pain in low back, pelvis, or thighs
M in TNM system
whether the cancer has metastasized
______ are more likely to die after a first heart attack
women
ventricles
the heart's two lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels
atria
the heart's two upper chambers, which receive blood
N in TNM system
the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer
T in TNM system
the size and extent of the main tumor
skin cancer treatment
-99% of skin cancers are treated with surgery -radiation, electrodesiccation, and cryosurgery are also used
prostate cancer risk factors
-age, race, and family history -eating more fruit and vegetables may help lower risk
2nd leading cause of death in the US
cancer
veins
carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body
for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (NCEP/ATPIII), a person would have three or more of the following risks: (5)
1) abdominal obesity 2) elevated blood fat 3) low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol 4) elevated blood pressure 5) elevated fasting glucose
modifiable risks (7)
1) avoid tobacco 2) cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol: reduce low-density lipoproteins (LDL), increase high-density lipoproteins (HDL), reduce triglycerides 3) maintain a healthy weight 4) exercise regularly 5) control diabetes 6) control blood pressure 7) manage stress
2 most common, most curable forms of skin cancer
1) basal cell 2) squamous cell carcinoma
categories of cancer (4)
1) carcinomas 2) sarcomas 3) lymphomas 4) leukemias
how blood travels through the body (6)
1) deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium 2) from the right atrium, blood travels to the right ventricle 3) blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it receives oxygen 4) oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of heart 5) blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle 6) the left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts
symptoms of TIAs (6)
1) dizziness 2) weakness 3) temporary paralysis or numbness in face or other regions 4) temporary memory loss 5) blurred vision 6) slurred speech
cervical and endometrial (uterine) cancer risk factors (4)
1) early onset of intercourse 2) having multiple partners 3) unprotected sex 4) infection with HPV
methods of diagnosing CVD (6)
1) electrocardiogram (ECG) 2) angiography (aka catheterization) 3) positron emission tomography (PET) scan 4) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 5) ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scan 6) cardiac calcium score: measures amount of calcium containing plaque in coronary arteries
causes of cancer (6)
1) genetic and physiological risks 2) reproductive and hormonal risks (breast and cervical cancers) 3) obesity 4) inflammation 5) occupational and environmental risks 6) infectious diseases and cancer
risk factors for skin cancer (6)
1) having fair skin; blonde, red, or light brown hair; blue, green, or grey eyes 2) always burning before tanning, or burning or peeling easily 3) don't tan easily but spend a lot of time outdoors 4) using no or low sun protection factor sunscreen or expired sunscreen 5) have previously been treated for skin cancer or have a family history of skin cancer 6) severe sunburns during childhood
arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
3rd most common cancer in the US
colon and rectal cancer
components of the heart (4)
4 chambers: 2 upper chambers are called atria, 2 lower chambers are called ventricles
race that has the highest overall rates of CVD and high BP
African-American/black
ABCD rule about melanoma
Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter
screening tests for colon and rectal cancer
colonoscopy; barium enemas; and at home, noninvasive colon cancer test
cancer
uncontrolled growth and abnormal cellular development results in a neoplasm
race that has high rates of obesity and high cholesterol
Mexican-American
valves
regulate the flow of blood between chambers
most widely used cancer staging system
the TNM system
ICH is defined as
the absence of clinical indicators of CVD and/or presence of: 1) health factors or 2) behavioral factors
sinoatrial node
a cluster of electric pulse-generating cells that serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart
tachycardia
an abnormally fast heart beat
bradycardia
an abnormally slow heart beat
arrhythmias
an irregularity in the heart rhythm that occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinate heartbeat don't work properly
testicular cancer diagnosis
average age at diagnosis is 33; however, teens and middle-aged men are often affected
remission
the cancer is responding to treatment and is under control
cardiometabolic risks
the combined risks that indicate physical and biochemical changes that can lead to CVD and type 2 diabetes
colon and rectal cancer warning signs
blood in the stool and rectal bleeding
stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
blood supply to the brain is interrupted
arterioles
branches of arteries
venules
branches of veins
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment
lymphomas
develop in the lymphatic system
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects
carcinomas
epithelial tissues are the most common cancer sites
ovarian cancer risk factors
family history, no children, and use of fertility drugs
benign tumors
harmless and consist of ordinary-looking cells enclosed in a fibrous shell or capsule that prevents them from spreading
coronary bypass surgery
helps patients who suffer from coronary blockages or heart attacks
underlying causes of CHF
high BP, heart attack, pneumonia
the American Heart Association now focuses more on:
ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) rather than mortality rates and the disease process
CABG
in bypass surgery, a blood vessel is taken from another site in the patient's body and implanted to "bypass" blocked coronary arteries
diastolic blood pressure
indicates pressure in the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity
breast cancer symptoms
lumps, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation, distortion, nipple discharge, tenderness, etc
impact of gender on CVH
men are at greater risk until age 60, then women higher risk after age 80
malignant melanoma
more lethal form of skin cancer
CVD kills:
more than 17 million each year
sarcomas
occur in the mesodermal or middle layers of tissues such as bones, muscles, and general connective tissues
risk factors of colon and rectal cancer
older age, obesity, family history, and colitis
5th leading cause of death in women
ovarian cancer
considerable evidence suggests that _________ reduces the risk for several cancer types
physical activity
atherosclerosis (CAD—coronary artery disease)
plaque buildup in inner lining of arterial wall
2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in men after lung cancer (excluding skin cancer)
prostate cancer
cervical and endometrial (uterine) cancer prevention
regular pap tests are crucial for early detection