HES 145 - chapter 12

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

-atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, legs, or in the arms -some have no symptoms, others have pain and aching in calves or feet

coronary heart disease (CHD)

-brought on by a blood clot in a coronary artery or an atherosclerotic narrowing that blocks an artery -when blood does not flow readily, there is a decrease in corresponding oxygen flow, and an area of the heart suffers permanent damage -the greatest CVD killer

leukemias

-cancers of the blood-forming parts of the body -an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells

biggest killer in the US

-coronary heart disease (CHD) -causing nearly 1 in every 7 deaths in the United States

occupational and environmental risks

-exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, benzene, arsenic, and vinyl chloride -exposure to radioactive substances -radiation -chemicals in foods

hereditary impacts on CVH

-family history -amount of cholesterol you produce, stress, etc.

genetic and physiological risks of cancer

-genetic predisposition -oncogenes: cancer-causing genes that typically stay dormant but can be activated -hereditary disposition

Aspirin

-has blood-thinning properties -may reduce the risks for future heart attacks among those who have already had a myocardial infarction (MI) event -may increase risk for gastrointestinal bleeding and stroke in those that take it daily -Thrombolysis can be performed if a victim reaches the emergency room quickly enough

infectious diseases and cancer

-hepatitis B and hepatitis C can cause liver cancer -HPV can cause cervical cancer

hypertension

-high BP -untreated hypertension damages blood vessels and increases risk of heart failure and stroke -1/3 US adults have high blood pressure -"silent killer" -diagnosed when systolic pressure exceeds 140

breast cancer risk

-increases with age, includes family history of breast cancer, periods that began early and ended late in life, never having had children, and weight gain after age 18 -regular exercise can help prevent breast cancer

ovarian cancer prevention

-low-fat diet, sleep, stress management, weight control and regular exercise -having an annual pelvic exam is also important

symptoms of ovarian cancer

-most common: enlargement of the abdomen -other symptoms include fatigue, pain during intercourse, unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel or bladder habits

malignant tumors

-not enclosed in a shell and can spread to other organs in a process called metastasis -malignant cells disrupt RNA and DNA, producing mutant cells

angina pectoris

-occurs when there is not enough oxygen to supply the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain or pressure -drugs can dilate veins and provide pain relief (nitroglycerin) -calcium channel blockers can relieve cardiac spasms -beta-blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle

treatment for colon and rectal cancer

-radiation, chemotherapy or surgery -regular exercise, aspirin use, hormone replacement therapy, healthy weight, and removal of polyps appear to decrease risk of colon cancer

breast cancer treatments

-range lumpectomy to radical mastectomy to various combinations of radiation or chemotherapy -selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs), and aromatase inhibitors

lung cancer

-symptoms include: a persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, voice change, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis -smoking, including secondhand smoke, is a primary risk factor -leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States

breast cancer detection

-the earliest signs can be detected with mammograms, even before lumps are felt -regular self-examinations are key

systolic blood pressure

-the upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure -indicates pressure in the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts

angioplasty

-uses a balloon to open the artery to allow blood to flow more freely -carries fewer risks and may be more effective in selected cases than bypass surgery -stents may be inserted to prop open an artery

congestive heart failure (CHF)

-when the heart muscle is damaged or overworked and lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body, and blood and fluids back up into the lungs and other body tissues -shortness of breath and tiredness -treated with digitalis and vasodilators

obesity and cancer risks

-women who gain 55 pounds or more after age 18 have almost a 50% greater risk of breast cancer -relative risk of colon cancer in men is 40% higher for obese men -gallbladder and endometrial cancers are 5x higher in obese individuals than in individuals of healthy weight

health factors (3)

1) having optimal total cholesterol without medication 2) having optimal blood pressure without medication 3) having optimal fasting blood glucose without medication

the cardiovascular system includes: (4)

1) heart 2) arteries, arterioles (small arteries) 3) veins, venules (small veins) 4) capillaries (minute blood vessels)

other risks being studied (2)

1) inflammation and C-reactive protein: occurs when tissues are injured, can lead to plaque formation, during inflammatory reaction, c-reactive protein levels are high 2) homocysteine: amino acid that may promote fat deposit and encourage blood clot development on damaged aterial walls

types of stroke (2)

1) ischemic 2) hemorrhagic

behavioral factors (4)

1) not smoking 2) recommended physical activity 3) a healthy diet pattern 4) a healthy weight

research shows a strong association between CVD problems and the following risk factors: (7)

1) obesity/high BMI 2) exposure to smoking 3) lack of physical activity 4) high cholesterol 5) diabetes 6) high blood pressure 7) genetics

nonmodifiable risks (4)

1) race and ethnicity 2) heredity 3) age 4) gender

weapons for treating cardiovascular disease: (4)

1) statin drugs: chemicals that lower blood cholesterol levels 2) ace inhibitors: cause muscles surrounding the heart to contract, thereby lowering BP 3) beta-blockers: reduce BP by blocking the effects of epinephrine 4) CPR

cancer staging is typically staged based on: (4)

1) the size of the tumor 2) how deeply it has penetrated 3) the number of lymph nodes that are affected 4) the degree of metastasis

acquired (environmental) risks (6)

1) tobacco use 2) poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity 3) stress and psychosocial risks 4) inflammation, certain infectious agents, certain medical treatments 5) drug and alcohol consumption 6) excessive sun exposure and exposure to carcinogens

breast cancer diagnosis rates

1/8 women will be diagnosed

how many US adults meet all of these ICH metrics?

18% meet 5 or more

prostate cancer symptoms

weak or interrupted urine flow; difficulty starting or stopping urination; urge to urinate frequently; blood in urine or pain in low back, pelvis, or thighs

M in TNM system

whether the cancer has metastasized

______ are more likely to die after a first heart attack

women

ventricles

the heart's two lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels

atria

the heart's two upper chambers, which receive blood

N in TNM system

the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer

T in TNM system

the size and extent of the main tumor

skin cancer treatment

-99% of skin cancers are treated with surgery -radiation, electrodesiccation, and cryosurgery are also used

prostate cancer risk factors

-age, race, and family history -eating more fruit and vegetables may help lower risk

2nd leading cause of death in the US

cancer

veins

carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body

for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (NCEP/ATPIII), a person would have three or more of the following risks: (5)

1) abdominal obesity 2) elevated blood fat 3) low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol 4) elevated blood pressure 5) elevated fasting glucose

modifiable risks (7)

1) avoid tobacco 2) cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol: reduce low-density lipoproteins (LDL), increase high-density lipoproteins (HDL), reduce triglycerides 3) maintain a healthy weight 4) exercise regularly 5) control diabetes 6) control blood pressure 7) manage stress

2 most common, most curable forms of skin cancer

1) basal cell 2) squamous cell carcinoma

categories of cancer (4)

1) carcinomas 2) sarcomas 3) lymphomas 4) leukemias

how blood travels through the body (6)

1) deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium 2) from the right atrium, blood travels to the right ventricle 3) blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it receives oxygen 4) oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of heart 5) blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle 6) the left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts

symptoms of TIAs (6)

1) dizziness 2) weakness 3) temporary paralysis or numbness in face or other regions 4) temporary memory loss 5) blurred vision 6) slurred speech

cervical and endometrial (uterine) cancer risk factors (4)

1) early onset of intercourse 2) having multiple partners 3) unprotected sex 4) infection with HPV

methods of diagnosing CVD (6)

1) electrocardiogram (ECG) 2) angiography (aka catheterization) 3) positron emission tomography (PET) scan 4) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 5) ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scan 6) cardiac calcium score: measures amount of calcium containing plaque in coronary arteries

causes of cancer (6)

1) genetic and physiological risks 2) reproductive and hormonal risks (breast and cervical cancers) 3) obesity 4) inflammation 5) occupational and environmental risks 6) infectious diseases and cancer

risk factors for skin cancer (6)

1) having fair skin; blonde, red, or light brown hair; blue, green, or grey eyes 2) always burning before tanning, or burning or peeling easily 3) don't tan easily but spend a lot of time outdoors 4) using no or low sun protection factor sunscreen or expired sunscreen 5) have previously been treated for skin cancer or have a family history of skin cancer 6) severe sunburns during childhood

arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

3rd most common cancer in the US

colon and rectal cancer

components of the heart (4)

4 chambers: 2 upper chambers are called atria, 2 lower chambers are called ventricles

race that has the highest overall rates of CVD and high BP

African-American/black

ABCD rule about melanoma

Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter

screening tests for colon and rectal cancer

colonoscopy; barium enemas; and at home, noninvasive colon cancer test

cancer

uncontrolled growth and abnormal cellular development results in a neoplasm

race that has high rates of obesity and high cholesterol

Mexican-American

valves

regulate the flow of blood between chambers

most widely used cancer staging system

the TNM system

ICH is defined as

the absence of clinical indicators of CVD and/or presence of: 1) health factors or 2) behavioral factors

sinoatrial node

a cluster of electric pulse-generating cells that serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart

tachycardia

an abnormally fast heart beat

bradycardia

an abnormally slow heart beat

arrhythmias

an irregularity in the heart rhythm that occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinate heartbeat don't work properly

testicular cancer diagnosis

average age at diagnosis is 33; however, teens and middle-aged men are often affected

remission

the cancer is responding to treatment and is under control

cardiometabolic risks

the combined risks that indicate physical and biochemical changes that can lead to CVD and type 2 diabetes

colon and rectal cancer warning signs

blood in the stool and rectal bleeding

stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

blood supply to the brain is interrupted

arterioles

branches of arteries

venules

branches of veins

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment

lymphomas

develop in the lymphatic system

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects

carcinomas

epithelial tissues are the most common cancer sites

ovarian cancer risk factors

family history, no children, and use of fertility drugs

benign tumors

harmless and consist of ordinary-looking cells enclosed in a fibrous shell or capsule that prevents them from spreading

coronary bypass surgery

helps patients who suffer from coronary blockages or heart attacks

underlying causes of CHF

high BP, heart attack, pneumonia

the American Heart Association now focuses more on:

ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) rather than mortality rates and the disease process

CABG

in bypass surgery, a blood vessel is taken from another site in the patient's body and implanted to "bypass" blocked coronary arteries

diastolic blood pressure

indicates pressure in the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity

breast cancer symptoms

lumps, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation, distortion, nipple discharge, tenderness, etc

impact of gender on CVH

men are at greater risk until age 60, then women higher risk after age 80

malignant melanoma

more lethal form of skin cancer

CVD kills:

more than 17 million each year

sarcomas

occur in the mesodermal or middle layers of tissues such as bones, muscles, and general connective tissues

risk factors of colon and rectal cancer

older age, obesity, family history, and colitis

5th leading cause of death in women

ovarian cancer

considerable evidence suggests that _________ reduces the risk for several cancer types

physical activity

atherosclerosis (CAD—coronary artery disease)

plaque buildup in inner lining of arterial wall

2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in men after lung cancer (excluding skin cancer)

prostate cancer

cervical and endometrial (uterine) cancer prevention

regular pap tests are crucial for early detection