HGAD FINAL

For adolescents, the transition to the new school setting is often accompanied by _______.

A decline in grades

Which of the following is a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

A distorted body image

Which of the following is a potential benefit of adolescent employment?

Adolescents learn to appreciate the value of money and education

Which of the following is true of the adolescent growth spurt?

Adolescents tend to eat enormous quantities of food to fuel their growth spurts

Which of the following statements is true of gender differences in cognitive abilities?

As a group, females surpass males in verbal ability throughout their lives

Which of the following is a depressant?

Barbiturate

Adolescents from authoritative homes tend to _________

Be more competent

In the context of moral development, in adolescence, many—not all—individuals ______.

Become capable of formal-operational thinking

Which of the following statements is true of sexual self-stimulation?

It is the most common sexual outlet in adolescence

Which of the following statements is true regarding adolescent changes?

Many adolescents are relatively slender compared with their preadolescent stature

Visual-spatial ability refers to the ability to ____.

Mentally manipulate and rotate shapes or objects

Unlike early-maturing boys, late-maturing boys are ______.

More dependent and insecure than early-maturing boys

Calcium intake is particularly important for females to ______.

Prevent osteoporosis later in life

The structures that make reproduction possible are referred to as ______.

Primary sex characteristics

Firearms account for 80% of homicides and approximately what percentage of suicides?

50%

During _____, adolescents undergo an identity crisis in which they examine their values and make decisions about their life roles.

A psychological moratorium

A persistent pattern of drug use characterized by frequent intoxication; impairment of physical, social, or emotional well-being; and possible physical addiction is called ______.

A substance use disorder

Which of the following is the first noticeable sign of puberty in boys?

Accelerated growth of the testes

In the context of the identity statuses theorized by James Marcia, the moratorium status is associated with:

Active exploration of alternatives

Puberty most often coincides with which developmental period?

Adolescence

In the context of parenting styles, which of the following statements is true?

Adolescents from authoritative homes show the most competent behavior

Which of the following is a stimulant?

Amphetamine

Which of the following is a sex hormone?

Androgen

Which of the following is a maladaptive response that some females experience to lose weight after gains from menarche?

Anorexia nervosa

In comparison with adolescents who do not communicate well with their parents, those who do _______.

Are more likely to use birth control

Which of the following statements is true about gender differences in cognitive abilities?

Boys begin to outperform girls on many types of visual-spatial tasks starting at age eight or nine

Which of the following is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent cycles of binge eating and purging?

Bulimia nervosa

Which of the following is an example of juvenile delinquency?

Chris, a 15-year-old, committing homicide during a fight in the high school campus

Conflicts between adolescents and parents typically center on issues such as _______.

Curfews

Which of the following is an example of the personal fable?

Darren, a 15-year-old, is a chain smoker and feels invulnerable to the harmful effects of nicotine

Which of the following statements is true of dating in adolescence?

Dating prepares adolescents for adult courtship

Which type of drugs include alcohol, narcotics derived from the opium poppy (such as heroin, morphine, and codeine), and sedatives (such as barbiturates and methaqualone)?

Depressants

In the context of sexual orientation, a lesbian ______.

Desires sexual intimacy with women

Which of the following is a difference between early-maturing girls and girls who mature later on?

Early-maturing girls are at greater risk for substance abuse than girls who mature later on

In Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, the primary task for adolescents is to develop ______.

Ego identity

In adolescent girls, the vaginal lining varies in thickness according to the amount of _____.

Estrogen

Which hormone causes the labia, vagina, and uterus to develop during puberty?

Estrogen

Which of the following is a predictor of school dropout?

Excessive school absence

In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, active questioning and searching among alternatives to establish goals, values, or beliefs are involved in ______.

Exploration

The transition to middle, junior high, or high school generally involves a shift from a smaller neighborhood elementary school to a school that _______.

Focuses on increased autonomy for students

Amelia's teachers are of the opinion that she can become a successful lawyer and encourage her to achieve that goal. Inspired by their encouragement, she plans to study business law in college. However, she takes this decision without considering other career options. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, this scenario exemplifies the stage of _____.

Foreclosure

In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, active exploration of potential career options without actively committing to one of them is associated with _________.

Foreclosure

In which status do individuals make commitments without considering alternatives?

Foreclosure

Jonah is a 15-year-old boy. His parents believe that Jonah has all the qualities required to become a scientist and encourage him to plan his future accordingly. Influenced by his parents' encouragement, Jonah decides to take up research in the field of science. He selects his career solely on the basis of his parents' views. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Jonah's decision illustrates _____.

Foreclosure

Postconventional thought, when found, first occurs during adolescence, apparently because what form of thinking is a prerequisite for it?

Formal operational

The top level in Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory is the stage of _____.

Formal operations

Marijuana, Ecstasy, LSD, and PCP are examples of _________.

Hallucinogenics

Which of the following situations is the least likely to cause a teenager to initiate sexual activity at an early age?

Having close relationships with their parents

Puberty is controlled by a feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, the gonads—the ovaries in females and the testes in males—and _______.

Hormones

Which of the following statuses is characteristic of younger adolescents and of older adolescents who drift through life or become alienated and rebellious?

Identity diffusion

Rob is a teenager who often skips school to go to the movies. He has no interest in studies and gets angry when his parents try to speak to him about his attitude. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Rob is most likely in the _____.

Identity diffusion stage

Amanda is at the prom with her friends. She is dressed in a beautiful dress and perfect accessories. In spite of that, she feels awkward and self-conscious. She thinks each person in the hall is watching and judging her appearance critically. Amanda's example illustrates the concept of _____.

Imaginary audience

Olivia is attending a birthday party with her friends. She is wearing a new dress that she recently bought from a boutique. She is quite self-conscious about how she's looking in the dress and is assuming that her friends are also scrutinizing her outfit. This scenario illustrates the concept of _____.

Imaginary audience

Which of the following is a characteristic of programs designed to prevent school dropouts?

Involvement of families or community organizations

Bulimia nervosa, like anorexia nervosa, _____.

Is related to severe weight gain

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?

It distorts perceptions

Which of the following statements is true of marijuana?

It helps users relax and elevates their mood

In the context of adolescent egocentrism, which of the following is true of the concept of the imaginary audience?

It involves the assumption that other people are concerned with one's appearance more so than they really are

In the context of Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral development, which of the following statements is true of Stage 5?

It is recognized that many rights have great value and should not be violated

Which of the following best describes the personal fable?

It is the belief that a person's feelings and ideas are special and unique and that he or she is invulnerable

Which of the following statements is true of petting?

It is used by adolescents to express affection

Which of the following best describes the term juvenile delinquency?

It refers to children or adolescents engaging in illegal behavior or activities

In the context of Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral development, which of the following statements is true of Stage 6?

It relies on supposed universal ethical principles, such as those of human life, individual dignity, justice, and reciprocity

Which of the following statements is true of cocaine?

It spikes the blood pressure

The growth of which of the following structures is responsible for the deepening of the voice among adolescent boys?

Larynx

The female athlete triad describes women who have ______.

Low availability of energy

Which of the following is a hallucinogenic drug?

Marijuana

What term refers to acts of sexual self-stimulation?

Masturbation

Unlike childhood peer groups, adolescent peer groups _______.

May include more members of the opposite gender

Homosexual people have an erotic orientation toward______.

Members of their own gender

Which of the following statements is true of menarche among adolescent girls?

Menarche comes later to girls who have a lower percentage of body fat

Which of the following examples illustrates a personal fable?

Monica is experimenting with the drugs available on campus. She thinks she can never get addicted to any of it because she is young and healthy.

The stage in which an adolescent embarks on an ethnic identity search is similar to Marcia's _________.

Moratorium

Tamara is about to graduate from high school. She is confused about options for college. She enjoys studying both languages and life sciences. She has taken an appointment with the high school career counselor to explore her options. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Tamara is most likely in the _____.

Moratorium stage

In comparison to friendships of childhood, friendships in adolescence are _______.

More likely to stress the importance of intimate self-disclosure

In comparison with their late-maturing peers, early-maturing boys are ______.

More poised, relaxed, and good-natured

Which of the following statements is true of adolescents?

Most adolescents feel that they are close to and get along with their parents

Which of the following statements is true of intervention efforts to prevent school dropouts?

Most intervention efforts are usually not introduced until students are on the verge of dropping out

Which of the following statements is true of nutrition during adolescent years?

Most teenagers do not consume enough calcium

Which of the following statements is true of parental and peer influence during adolescence?

Parents and peers seem to exert influence on different domains

Jared received a sport-utility vehicle as a present from his dad for his seventeenth birthday. As a result, he has become quite popular among his schoolmates. He often brags about his new car and takes his friends on long rides, usually driving over the speed limit. He believes that driving at high speeds is a thrilling experience. He considers himself too smart to be caught by cops for violating the traffic rules. This scenario illustrates the concept of _____.

Personal fable

In the context of gender differences in cognitive ability, which of the following improves visual-spatial performance?

Playing with toys such as blocks, Legos, and Erector sets

Children in early childhood tend to view right and wrong in terms of rewards and punishments. Lawrence Kohlberg referred to such judgments as _____.

Preconventional

Osteoporosis is a condition involving ______.

Progressive loss of bone tissue

Which of the following stages of development is characterized by reaching sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce?

Puberty

In middle childhood, conventional thought tends to emerge, and children usually begin to judge right and wrong in terms of ______.

Rules and laws

Physical indicators of sexual maturation that are not directly involved in reproduction are known as _____.

Secondary sex characteristics

Which of the following statements is true of self-esteem?

Self-esteem tends to decline after middle childhood and improves after the age of 12 or 13

Which of the following statements is true of the development of sexual identity?

Sexual differentiation of sex organs and brain occur at different times

In middle childhood, conventional thought tends to emerge, and children usually begin to judge right and wrong in terms of _______.

Social conventions, rules, and laws

Ahmed is a social activist. He organized demonstrations and other forms of civil disobedience in California against fur dealers because he firmly believes that it is wrong to kill animals for their fur. According to Kohlberg, Ahmed is in which stage of postconventional level of moral development?

Stage 6

Unlike boys, adolescent girls who make friends are less likely to stress the importance of _________ .

Status

Nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines are the most common _____.

Stimulants

Who among the following is at greater risk of dropping out of school?

Students from low-income households

At puberty, the pituitary gland stimulates the testes to increase their output of ______.

Testosterone

Which of the following hormones is associated with sexual behavior in adolescent boys?

Testosterone

Which of the following triggers the development of acne?

Testosterone

Which of the following is a difference between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics?

The primary sex characteristics are structures that make reproduction possible, while the secondary sex characteristics are not directly involved in reproduction

According to Kohlberg, the postconventional level is a period during which moral judgments are derived from moral principles and people set moral standards according to ______.

Themselves

Which of the following is characteristic of adolescents in the stage of identity diffusion?

They tend to be alienated and rebellious